...The Influence of the Culture dimension ‘Power Distance’ on product choice: A Cross Cultural Exploration of Effects of Country of Origin on the Choice of Branded Products by Adriana Cordeiro Socha A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marketing and Consumer Studies Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Adriana Cordeiro Socha, September, 2012 ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF THE CULTURE DIMENSION ‘POWER DISTANCE’ ON PRODUCT CHOICE: A CROSS CULTURAL EXPLORATION OF EFFECTS OF CULTURAL TRAITS ON THE CHOICE OF BRANDED FOREIGN PRODUCTS Adriana Cordeiro Socha University of Guelph, 2012 Advisor Dr. Brent McKenzie Committee Dr. Vinay Kanetkar Dr. Sara Mann This thesis investigates how cultural traits, such as the cultural dimension of Power Distance, influence preference for foreign made branded products. Cultural background influences several aspects of human behaviour, including the behaviours of consumers. In marketing, individual cultural differences affect consumers’ choice as well as their response to advertising message and brand associations. One example, impact on consumer choice, is related to the country of origin (COO) of the product. The effect of COO has been extensively explored in the literature. However, cultural frameworks like those of Hofstede (2001) have seldom been considered as a factor explaining the variability of consumers’ preference (or avoidance) for products originating in different...
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...Marquette and Jolliet’s expedition may have been to find a route to the Pacific Ocean, but not everyone knows what accomplishments they made. On their expedition, they met two groups of Indians, one of them almost killing them if it weren’t for the calumet, peace pipe, that was given to them by the other group of Indians. They also made very impressive accomplishments. One of these accomplishments includes Marquette’s death. Marquette and Jolliet had a pretty interesting early life, including their jobs before their mission on the Mississippi. Jacques Marquette was born in Laon, France in 1637. Louis Jolliet, however, has an unknown exact birthday, but he was baptized on September 21, 1645. Marquette became a Jesuit missionary and Jolliet became a fur trader before their expedition. Governor Frontenac of New France, now Canada, sent Marquette and Jolliet to see if the Mississippi was a route to the Pacific Ocean in 1673. Marquette and Jolliet had quite an impressive expedition, given that they were trying to find a route to the Pacific Ocean. They went across the Fox River, through the Wisconsin River, down the Mississippi River, and on the Michigan River back home. They also explored Illinois and Arkansas during their expedition. While on their expedition, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet ran into two new species. They discovered the bison and a large catfish species, which Marquette described as, “...a monster with the head of a tiger, the nose of a wildcat, and whisker...
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...I have been asked to describe four different types of expeditions, I am going to start my assignment by explaining what expedition means, expedition means a journey organized for a particular purpose. A military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in foreign country can be referred to expedition. Expedition is personal development, it is about pushing yourself, and it encourages life and social skills. Expeditions combine adventure, cultural and educational activities for people who want to experience everything the nature has to offer. The first expedition am going to describe is an individual expedition. These expeditions are set up and planned by the individual. The motivation for carrying out an expedition is to achieve something different individually, The general age range for the people who take part in this form of expedition are between 18-45 and provide learning in different aspects as well as allowing the person to gain experience. The time for an expedition of this type is usually around a couple of days up to a week in length. An individual expedition can take many forms in their activity such as climbing, trekking and caving. This involves going to an appropriate place where such an activity can be completed, for example mountaineering would need you to go to a place such as the Alps or the Himalayas. If you are going mountaineering then you are expected to be within a mountainous region with the possible inclusion of snow and low cloud covering. The...
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...Unit 9: Outdoors & Adventurous Expeditions Workbook |Name | | |Group | | This completed workbook is to be submitted for assessment on the following date: ORIGINALITY STATEMENT: The contents of this workbook have been produced by me individually or with team members & is a true reflection of the activities undertaken as part of this unit. Name: Signed: INTRODUCTION Outdoor and adventurous expeditions are used by most of the Uniformed Public Services; particularly the Armed Forces, to develop the skills and values essential for effective teamwork. They provide opportunities for individuals and organisations to understand how they perform in difficult and arduous conditions. This workbook serves as a record of activities, development of skills, reflection, future plans and also includes witness statements to be completed by tutors or lecturers. Careful completion of this workbook in relation to the activities carried out will provide evidence to support the learning outcomes for the module. It should be completed with your own work and you may include photos and diagrams as you feel appropriate. You should complete the workbook electronically and will need to ask staff and tutors to complete witness statements...
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...The New World known today as America is a product of the meeting of two worlds, two different social, political and economic environments. America remained hidden for thousands of years and unknown to European explorers. Its discovery consisted of a clash of cultures, languages, traditions and history. Although they bear a similarity as they were both initially sponsored by monarchs in search of the Northwest Passage, the differences between the Spanish (1492 – 1548) and English (1584-1648) explorations are very clear. During the XV century the first marine expeditions that allowed having a better understanding of the world, were made. The major European explorers that were part of the Spanish and English explorations were Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Nunez Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Ponce De Leon, Hernan Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, Hernando De Soto, Francisco Coronado, and Sir Francis Drake. An important similarity on the explorations was that they were in search of the Northwest Passage , a route that the Far East could be achieved (India) from Europe traveling to the west. Other similarities included are the first voyages were made by Italian explorers and sponsored by monarchs. Christopher Columbus and John Cabot were from Italy. Columbus’ voyages were approved by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile of Spain. John Cabot received approval by Henry VII of England. These are the similarities, but now we will see how clear the differences were. ...
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...Military: Military expeditions are used by the military/army; the specialised forced to help them train their personnel in a variety of different skills. An example of this can be they might send a few soldiers in training to Arctic for Cold/Hot weather training to see how they are going to cope and do; The Aim of Expedition like that is to train soldiers to fight in any type of surroundings. Military expeditions also help to promote teamwork, leadership, and teamwork Regardless of the weather Conditions. Educational: This type of Expeditions is recycled to learn or to teach college /University Students in a new or foreign area. How this helps them is to progress and advance their Individuality, Freedom to learn new skills and things about the place where they are going to (The Expedition Location). Students will gain much more experience of doing outdoor activities with the group or on their own this is really helpful in many different ways. It is a good way to grow, Develop different types of abilities and talents which are useful in our every day to day life, Such as Map reading or orienteering events. Example of educational expedition is The Challenge expeditions approved by the Duke of Edinburgh's Award which include training, practice and qualifying ventures for schools, youth groups and uniformed organisations. Individual: A specific expedition is agreed to...
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...I, Meriwether Lewis, am here today to give an extremely important message relating to the expedition we recently underwent. Many of the Americans say that the expansion was not worth the money, I am here to tell you all that the expedition and expansion were completely and utterly worth it. In the terms of laymen, we discovered so many things it makes this area look barren. One of the reasons I say this expedition was a great exchange would be the fact that we discovered 178 plants. Many of these plants could be used to increase our medical knowledge. Why would spending fifteen million dollars not be worth it if we can help save more people as well as extend our lives? This is one of the rhetorical questions where the answer should be obvious, the value of that medical knowledge is far more valuable than the land itself which we got at a bargain price from the French. Secondly, despite the dangers, we opened many new possible trading locations with the natives, many of the tribes were very hospitable, if we try and have items for trade regularly, we could have large amounts of allies if we were ever to be attacked. What kind of person would rather not have allies that provide endless amounts of benefits by knowing the land we live on, more than we know it ourselves. Tribal warriors of the natives would be deadly factors if a nation decides to invade onto this land. In the words associated with the great philosopher, Sir Francis Bacon, “Scientia potentia est”, these words may...
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...research details the significance of space exploration on a nation’s economic, political, social, technological environmental factors. Table of Contents 1) Thesis 2) Detailed Outline 2) References Thesis Mankind has traversed the globe-from the highest mountain tops to the deepest depths of the oceans and everything else in between. The Earth is no longer mankind’s singular frontier to explore. Traversing the heavens is the future for mankind’s desire to conquer the unknown. While this reconnaissance of the unknown initially led to a fiercely competitive global race, it has bloomed into an international mutual coalition. NASA’s mission statement is “to reach for new heights and reveal the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all of mankind” ("What does nasa," 2010). Likewise, the fifteen other nations taking part in the International Space Station comprehend the importance of the “case for space” in the environmental agenda for their respective countries. Our civilization’s curiosity permitted its citizens to see Earth as a delicate biosphere against the imminent desolation of the cosmos. Thus, investments in space programs ranging from satellite launches to rocket development, and manned/unmanned exploration play a key role today-along the way landscaping every participant nation’s political, economic, sociocultural, and technological surface. Detailed Outline I. A description of space exploration and an explanation of the associated...
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...Extreme Exploration By: Santiago Lopez 5-13-14 Mr. Zorfrea Grant Elementary Lopez 1 People think that extreme exploration is helpful to satisfy curiosity, but others think it’s a waste of time and money. People think that it isn’t worth the cost. I believe it’s worth a cost because there are advances in medicine, technology, and the economy. Some find medicine which leads to new technology which leads to the growth in the economic community. For example in “The Adventure of Sojourner” the rover’s battery lasted for a month. That battery could be used in earth on cars and on helicopter which helps the economy. Others find medicine to cure diseases like cancer. We conduct extreme exploration so we could find plants or herbs. In space, we could find a planet that is undiscovered could have plants and water that cures injuries and illness. In deep sea exploration we could find underwater creatures that help the economy .In “Why Exploring the Ocean Is Mankind’s Next Giant Leap” Filmmaker, James Cameron, says “A new era of ocean exploration can yield discoveries that will help in form everything from critical medical advances to sustainable forms of energy.” When people conduct extreme exploration, new technology is invented. When new technology is invented it helps the economy. In “JFK’s speech” he states that “Just as wartime development of the radar gave us the transistor (use in radios), and all that it made possible, so research in space medicine...
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...Complications during the mission will arise as “No oxygen removal technique has been shown to work in space… proposed crop growth system will produce too much oxygen, poisoning colonists after 68 days” (Marks). With the lack of technology needed to stabilize the gases emitted throughout the space capsule poses serious questions of whether or not the exploration will even take place in the near future, because the crazy idea may just be ahead of its time. The true helplessness of humans in terms of surviving on mars is highlighted when possible death by poisoning of our breathing supply. The validation of the mission to be has truly been tested countless times, and continues to fail because the truth is, it's a flip of a coin whether the explorers survive or die. In conclusion, the expedition to colonize Mars will be short lived due to the lack of technology, and the damaging physical and psychological effects that will consume the minds and body of the astronauts and prevent the safe success of the mission. Several other reasons to cease the planned exploration of mars consist of the financial considerations, and the emotional and cultural barriers that will both diminish any chances of a successful mission taking place. Over prolonged periods of time, exposure to people of cultures and ethnicities of unfamiliarity can cause tensions that snap and cause arguments and alterations to occur. In regards to incidents that occured in 1999 during a test held by the Moscow Institute of Biomedical...
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...Ryan Torres English 1A Professor Miller May 10, 2014 Her Righteous Stuff Space exploration has come a long way since that night of October 4, 1957, when Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviet Union, eventually starting the Space Race. In Tom Wolfe’s book, The Right Stuff, he dives into the lives and perspectives of the male pilots/astronauts who accomplished one of the greatest feats of American and world history. But what about the women? In its early years, much like everything involving people in its early years, the space program was extremely male-dominant. However, in 1959 – according to an article from the Advances in Physiology Education – General Donald Flickinger and Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace II had suggested (from an engineering standpoint) it would have been “more practical” to try to send women into space because of their lower body weight and oxygen requirements. However, this suggestion was rejected by the Air Force. At least there was some sort of consideration of women involvement to play a crucial, early role in one of the most important times in American history. Despite the early times and setbacks for women, they continued to push through. Women have played a crucial role in the space program, from overcoming discrimination to make significant contributions in all aspects of space exploration, including mathematics and orbital flight. Women have made significant contributions to space flight, and one particular woman, Katherine G. Johnson, had had a...
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...Columbia Space Shuttle Simulation (LINDA HAM) 1. How would you characterize the culture of NASA? What are its strengths and weaknesses? NASA was created in 1958 to give the United States of America a position in the “space race” after the Soviet Union launched the satellite “Sputnik” into orbit. The goal of NASA was to put a man into orbit before any other country and shortly after that was completed, the new goal was to put a man on the moon. NASA gained recognition from all over the world for it’s success in space exploration but soon, the pressure from the government caused changes would lead to major problems. Culture can be defined as, “a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization.” During the time of the Columbia Mission I believe NASA’s culture was very static meaning it hadn’t changed in a long time. NASA’s culture focused on major values such as, safety, schedule efficiency, integrity, and communication. But out of these values, schedule efficiency took precedence over the others, which led to disaster. There are many strengths and weaknesses of NASA’s culture but the weaknesses caused the organization to become counterproductive in the long run. The strengths of NASA’s culture are that the organization has a very “can-do” attitude when it comes to task achievement, they have a legacy of excellence and technological advancement, the organization is bureaucratic, and there is a strong sense of pride and teamwork at NASA. There...
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...Some time ago, one of us asked, "Where is the theory of spacepower? Where is the Mahan for the final frontier?"1 Over 10 years later, such an exhortation still has resonance as the realm of spacepower still lacks a "space focused strategic theory" and a "binding concept" that can "aid understanding of what it is all about."2 This chapter seeks to provide an explanation, or at least plausible reasons, as to why such a theory of space-power has yet to transpire. First, we shall discuss the difficulties involved in creating a theory of spacepower that is able to endure the test of time and that has universal applicability. The chapter then examines recent attempts at theorizing on spacepower by James Oberg, Everett Dolman, and John Klein. Lastly, the chapter outlines what a theory of spacepower should look like, and just as importantly, what it should not look like, as a guide for future theorists. It should be noted that an exhortation of an "Alfred Thayer Mahan for the final frontier" is not to be confused with an endorsement of a Mahanian style of theory. Such a style of strategic theory may yet suffice (for the present, at least) for the purposes of guidance for spacepower, but we do encourage all plausible methods of elucidating a theory of space-power, be it directly influenced by the thought and style of either Mahan or of any other strategic theorist. Instead, the call for a Mahan for space-power is in fact a call for a theory that can match the stature of Mahan's collected...
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...SPACE: The Final Frontier Space, the final frontier. For years man has been fascinated with the vast, boundless, emptiness that surrounds and cradles our miniscule planet. Although it’s difficult to determine exactly what got me hooked on space exploration, I know it’s mainly about the discovery of things past-unknown to myself, or even the world. The technological and mechanical aspects very much intrigue me as well, in addition to it’s ability to bring many rivals together at a temporary truce for the sake of discovering something for all of mankind. Every kid has spend at least one day of their life looking up at the sky and thinking “I wonder what it’s like up there.” Maybe even wishing you could one day go up there and see for yourself. I had these childhood days, and still occasionally do. I ask myself, “What have we not discovered yet?” and “When will we make the next breakthrough of discovery, and how will that affect us as mankind?” I may think to myself and get lost in the concept that there is so much yet undiscovered to humans. Science has always been a strong-point of mine, as it is a subject built around, and constructed upon the basis of discovery. It comes as a surprise to many why we know so little about something that is so vast and limitless, not to mention something we are completely surrounded by! Space is incredibly , for lack of a better word, alien, to us. Some may argue that we know a lot about the universe outside the bounds of our earth’s atmosphere...
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...We have observed the night sky since the birth of humans. The curiosity of what is beyond the infinite sky grew until space exploration was brought to mind. The amazement of space distracts us from the issues of cost. To pay for space exploration every citizen must be taxed but with the money we are able to observe the beauty of earth from a different perspective. The power of earth’s beauty can help us comprehend that we should treat our earth with care. We do not realize that although space differs from earth it still contains the mysteries and varieties of illnesses. Before developing an opinion towards space exploration governments should consider the costs, a positive change to earth, and contamination of illnesses. Money defines the type of life a person lives. Whether they live with ease or with the discomfort from lacking money humans value the importance of a dollar. They budget their money to the point where each taxed dollar causes them annoyance. As Source C describes, each tax dollar must be split for various programs. Each program is in need of a vast amount of money but each citizen is also in need of money. With the issue of an unstable economy, families struggle to live day in and day out. At times, the issue of money causes avoidance to the health of earth. Earth has not been appreciated as it should be. We live for the benefits for ourselves without thinking of the harm it does to the world we live in. According to Source G, we create problems that affect...
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