...of Business Research 60 (2007) 277 – 284 Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993;...
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...development:- The rapid expansion of telecommunication facilities and mobile phone has provided opportunities for rural people to keep in touch with men and markets. Development of TV networks and reasonable channels has enabled the marketers to pass on message about product and services to rural people. In rural areas especially in large villagers and villagers near to towns and cities, children and youth have accused to information such as job opportunities, national news, weather conditions, bank loans etc..IT and internet are sure to spread up exchange of information in rural india though at a slower rate compare to urban market IV. Legal :- The government has come out with legislative measures to protect the interest of consumers some of the important ones are:- a. Money lenders:- The money lenders advance long term loans against security of land over period of time manipulate...
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...Journal of Business Research 60 (2007) 277 – 284 Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies Ana Maria Soares a,⁎, Minoo Farhangmehr a,1 , Aviv Shoham b,2 a School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal b Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel Received 1 March 2006; received in revised form 1 August 2006; accepted 1 October 2006 Abstract Growth of research addressing the relationship between culture and consumption is exponential [Ogden D., Ogden J. and Schau HJ. Exploring the impact of culture and acculturation on consumer purchase decisions: toward a microcultural perspective. Academy Marketing Science Review 2004;3.]. However culture is an elusive concept posing considerable difficulties for cross-cultural research [Clark T. International Marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory. Journal of Marketing 1990; Oct.: 66–79.; Dawar N., Parker P. and Price L. A cross-cultural study of interpersonal information exchange. Journal of International Business Studies 1996; 27(3): 497–516.; Manrai L. and Manrai A. Current issues in the cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1996; 8 (3/4): 9–22.; McCort D. and Malhotra NK. Culture and consumer behavior: Toward an understanding of cross-cultural consumer behavior in International Marketing. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1993;...
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...buying a product or service and this is called a decision- making process. Information search Evaluation of alternatives Perception of need: the process starts with a need of recognition of the product and with an awareness of problems (such as hunger etc.) The buyer will first recognise or notice the problem or need such as being hungry and then reacts to the influence of food such as a freshly baked pizza etc. If the need is strong then the buyer will float to the buying stage and if not then they will go onto the information stage. Information search: consumers or buyers will gain information from: * Personal sources - family, friends etc * Commercial sources – sales staff, packaging of product etc * Public sources – newspapers, radio etc * Experimental sources using the product, examining the product etc Evaluation of alternatives: * From the information gathered the consumer/buyer needs to determine how involved they are in purpose to the individual customer and its personal importance. * High involvement = high expenditure ( e.g. is buying a house or getting a mortgage) * Low involvement = low personal risk ( e.g. buying a sweet or chocolate) Purchase This is when the customer actually makes the decision to buy the product or service. Sometimes the decision can be influenced by things such as ‘try before you buy’ or free trials. Post purchase evaluation What did you make/think of this? This is an estimation or opinion made...
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...impulse buying. The research design to be used in this study will be descriptive research. CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Background of study. Impulse buying occurs ―when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately‖ (Rook, 1987). Impulse buying may be consequent to consumer perceived environmental cognitions or experienced internal states or traits, which can evoke positive reactions from shoppers that lead to profit gains (Newman & Patel, 2004). Most shoppers occasionally buy on impulse. This pervasive phenomenon draws substantial research interest. At present dramatic increase in personal disposable incomes and easy to get credit availability have made impulsive purchasing in retail environment a major leisure and lifestyle activity. Impulsive purchase behavior is driven by pleasure seeking goals causes a consumer to experience desires for products. There exists a need to explore more the impulse buying behavior in a non-Western context, especially for those emerging countries as they are becoming the most lucrative markets in the world. Hence, the present study aims to fill this research gap by examining consumer’s impulse buying behavior and what factor influence impulse buying. A scientific problem can be formulated in a question: why do consumers sometimes act unpredictably and buy on impulse? The aim of the study is to justify factors affecting consumer impulsive purchase behavior in supermarkets....
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...implementation and standardization strategies. Current research also show that, “targeting implementation also implies developing media and message strategies to reach each selected segment”(Johansson, 2009). Team A will construct a document that reviews the implementation strategy for their products which includes the protocol to be used in the global standardization of the merchandise. Factors influencing local and foreign buyer behavior There are many factors that could influence the local and foreign buyer behavior but in this paper, we will focus on four major aspects of influencing. The four key components that we will elaborate on are Cultural, Social, Personal, and Psychological factors. These four key components can be interchanged on the local and foreign buyers market. Understand these particular factors will not only be a good basis for a successful product launch but it can also help bridge the gap within global affairs and communication. Cultural factors involve many situations depending on the country of orgin, or if there is a specific need for the product within that country. According to Perrau, Culture is essential when it comes to understanding the desires and behaviors of a consumer (Perrau 2013). Throughout his subsistence, a consumer will be influenced by his family, his friends, his cultural environment or society that will “instruct” him morals, preferences as well as familiar behaviors to their own culture (Perrau 2013). When looking further into the...
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MARKETING Introduction The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as how The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); * The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); * The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; * Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and * How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. One “official” definition of consumer behavior is “The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.” Although it is not necessary to memorize this definition, it brings up some useful points: Behavior occurs either for the individual, or in the context of a group (e.g., friends influence what kinds of clothes a person wears) or an organization...
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...wow 1. Define consumer behavior. Consumer behavior – activities people undertake when obtaining, consuming, and disposing of products and services. 2. Why is consumption a key to understanding why consumers buy products Consuming means how, where, when, and under what circumstances consumers use products. For example, issues relating to consumption might include decisions about whether consumers use products at home or at the office. Researchers have focused on consumption analysis, which refers why and how people use products in addition to why and how they buy. Consumption analysis is a broader conceptual framework than buyer behavior because it includes issues that arise after the purchase process occurs – issues that often affect how people buy and the satisfaction they receive from their purchases. 3. What types of questions are answered by studying consumer behavior? 1. Why did you choose the school at which you are now studying? 2. Why did you buy your clothes from Abercrombie and Fitch, Old Navy, Benetton or any thousands of other retail stores? 3. How do you allocate the twenty-four hours of each day between studying, working, watching television, sleeping, working out in a gym, and watching or participating in a sport? 4. Do you usually cook your food from scratch, microwave it, or buy it already cooked in a restaurant to eat there or take home? Why do you eat certain types...
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...1.1 Introduction Consumer behavior is the act or process that been taken by buyer before purchased any kind of product or goods. According to Solomon, 2006 consumer behavior is the study of the process involved when individual or group select, purchase, use product or services to satisfy they need and wants. (p.6) Even though Solomon said that consumer behavior is the process of purchasing but Schiffman ANDKanuk (2007) agreed that consumer behavior its not only about the process itself but it also about method and approaches that been use to evaluate the decision making. Blakewell, 2001 also agreed with Schiffman and said that consumer behavior has responded to the modern marketing. Consumer are viewed as rational decision maker by Zinkhan 1992 always concerned with their self interest before purchase but due to modern marketing approaches their have five different aspect including advertisement give a huge impact to decision-making (Foxall, 1990). On consumer behavior theory, buyer will consider price as one of the aspect that will evaluate before purchased product but in modern marketing consumer will buy whatever product even though the price was higher as long supplier know how to attract the consumer to buy the product. Market strategy affect attitudes towards the products and services and ability to attract customer for future growth. It assesses the role of articulation of marketing strategy to fine tune business trends in promoting the product image and attractiveness...
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...Consumer behavior and factor as influenced by Korean entertainment media of teenager in Mueang District, Chiangmai Province By Ms. Chmanana Wonkboonma 491660009 Present to Assoc. Kunsuda Nimanussornkul This paper is partial fulfillment of the course 751409 Research Exercise in Economics Semester 2 Year 2009 Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University 2 Research Summary 1. Name and Surname Student code Chamanan Wonkboonma 491660009 2. Title Consumer behavior and factor as influenced by Korean entertainment of teenager in Mueang District, Chiangmai Province 3. Statement of the problem Korea has become a stream of new waves of cultural globalization era in addition to Japanese and Chinese culture. Cultural influences that have spread in the West mephitis characteristics unique to different cultures in Korea, this does not mean that in the past cultural prosperity but now means the world to manufacture a new culture (Modern society) to comply the current generation and also a mixture of old world with new world seamlessly, enabling the industry have begun a cultural growth and change and making new forms of culture. Currently the word "Korea" stands for fashionable and stylish in Asia, which is largely due to South Korea's close ties with Western culture, while maintaining Asian values and themes. Korean culture is currently influencing to consumers in Thailand, especially the Korea entertainment is very influential to the young consumer that considered a significant combined...
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...ASSIGNMENT BRIEF FOR UNIT 10: MRM Course Title | EDEXCEL LEVEL 7 BTEC ADVANCED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES | Student Name | | Unit Title: | MANAGEMENT RESEARCH METHODS | Reg. No | | Unit Number | 10 | E-mail | | Batch No | 1 | EDEXCEL No | | Assessor | KWAKU F.DARKWAH | Learner Signature | | Semester | 2 | | | | | | | Issued | | Date | | Submission Date | | Received By | | Review Dates | | | | | Progress of the student | | | Date / Signature | | UNIT 10: MANAGEMENT RESEARCH METHODS (MRM) Task 1: Identify a research proposal: L.O. 1.1: Identify a research question or hypothesis and justify choice I am doing research on the buying behavior of customer based in Ahmedabad of various diamond ornament brand like Asim, Tanisque, Gilli gold, etc Research question (1) While purchasing Jewellery what kind of Jewellery you love to wear? ( ) Branded ( ) Unbranded ( ) Both (2) Which Brand’s Jewellery you love to use the most? ( ) D’damas ( ) Gili Gold ( ) Sangini ( ) Nakshatra ( ) Asmi ( ) Others (3) Do you prefer diamond in your Jewellery? ( ) Yes ( ) No (4) In Which Jewellery You prefer the Diamond the most? ( ) Earrings ( ) Rings ( ) Penndel’s ( ) Bracelets ( ) Neckles (5) While purchasing the diamond jewellery which factor you consider? ( ) Price/...
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...3 Rationale of the Research 2 1.4 Problem statement 3 1.5 Aim and Objectives 3 1.5.1 Aim of the Study 3 1.5.2 Objectives of the Study 3 1.5 Research Questions 4 1.7 Significance of the Research 5 1.8 Dissertation Structure 5 Chapter II 6 Literature Review 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Consumers’ decision making and Internet 7 2.3 Consumer Behavior and Fashion trends 7 2.4 Branding and the Internet 9 2.5 Communication and Fashion 10 2.6 Sustainable Fashion and the Internet 12 2.7 Global Followers 12 2.8 Internet in China 13 2.8.1 The Public Containment 14 2.8.2 The Power of Internet in China 14 2.8.3 Internet and Politics in China 15 2.9 The Use of Internet in China 15 2.9.1 Socio-culture of China and the Internet 16 2.10 Fashion and Marketing 16 2.10.1 Consumer Intention 17 2.11 Summary 18 Chapter III 19 Research Methodology 19 3.1 Introduction 19 2.11 3.2 The philosophy of research - Positivism 20 2.12 Strategies for research 21 3.4.2 Sampling Procedures 21 3.4.3 Questionnaire Designing 22 2.13 3.6 Time Horizon 23 3.7.1 Secondary data Collection 23 3.8 Data Analysis Methods 23 CHAPTER IV 25 Data Analysis &Findings 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Data Analysis and Findings 25 4.2.1 Gender Distribution 26 4.2.2 Age Distribution 27 4.3 Internet and Social Networks usage 29 4.5 Discussion on Research Findings. 41 Chapter V 43 Conclusion and Recommendation 43 6.1 Conclusion 43 6.2 Recommendations 45 5.3 Research implications 47 5...
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...Innovation By Robert V. Kozinets, BBA, MBA. Ph.D. M A R C H 2 01 0 Executive Summary Marketers in today’s competitive world need an edge. This paper offers two of them. First, it tells marketers to consider social media not just as a marketing tool, but as a way to continuously build high-level consumer insight. Second, it offers a rigorous method based in anthropology for building social media data into applied cultural insights. That method is called netnography. In netnography, online interactions are valued as a cultural reflection that yields deep human understanding. Like in person ethnography, netnography is naturalistic, immersive, descriptive, multi-method, adaptable, and focused on context. Used to inform consumer insight, netnography is less intrusive than ethnography or focus groups, and more naturalistic than surveys, quantitative models, and focus groups. Netnography fits well in the front-end stages of innovation, and in the discovery phases of marketing and brand management. Netnography follows six overlapping steps: 1. Research planning 2. Entrée 3. Data collection 4. Interpretation 5. Ensuring ethical standards 6. Research representation A short illustration of a computationally assisted netnographic approach to a brand study of Listerine is provided. It demonstrates how insights can be used to inform marketing activities including brand perceptions, brand positioning and repositioning, segmentation studies, new...
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...A Study on How Celebrity Endorsers of Bench and Penshoppe Affect the Buying Behavior of Assumption Communication Students A Thesis Presented to The Department of Communication Assumption College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of Bachelor of Communication Major in Advertising Stephanie Rae D. Galeos Rameya Christelle C. Ramoso February 18, 2013 Chapter 1 The Problem and the Review of Related Literature Background of the Study Advertising is predominant to everyone. People are bombarded with advertisements. They rely on it; it makes their lives easier. Easier because they can get information from all the types of advertisements they see and hear everyday – print, billboards, online, television, radio, etc. Advertising can be perceived as an answer to one’s needs (basic and daily necessities) and wants (what they buy, but they do not need). Each of us is different, so we all have our perceptions toward a brand/product or other advertisements we see or hear. However, companies still look for the real reason why consumers buy, what they buy, and when they buy. This is because it will help them know what brand/product or service to offer in order to satisfy them, and possibly maybe, let them become loyal buyers/users. Consumers buy as they aim to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumer needs are their basic and daily necessities, while wants are the things they buy, but they do not really need, those which will improve/enhance...
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...QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS PAPER Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Paper Obbie Brown University: Course: Tutor: Date: Appropriate Academic Research An appropriate academic research can be defined as the research and the experimental developments which comprise creative works which are conducted on a systematic basis with an aim of increasing the pool of an individual’s or a group’s knowledge. The knowledge could include the in-depth knowledge of mankind, culture and the society. The stock of knowledge is then used to devise alternative solutions to the existing problems (Brew & Lucas, 2009). Quantitative Research Quantitative form of research is predetermined and involves a large number of respondents. It involves objective measurements which are both quantitative and are statistically valid. Quantitative research entails hard and objective data. Quantitative research seeks to quantify data and generalize the results from the predetermined sample to the target population. It also aims at measuring the incidence of various views and opinions in a given sample (Balnaves & Caputi, 2001). Qualitative Research Qualitative research involves the collection, analysis and interpretation of data through the application of the observatory techniques as well as listening to peoples’ opinions. While quantitative research entails the counts and measures of phenomena, the qualitative research focuses on meanings...
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