...Essay topic: why companies use currency derivatives? Currency derivative can be defined as a contract or financial agreement to exchange two currencies at a given rate or a contract whose value is derived from the rate of exchange of two currencies on spot (Shoup, 1998). Currency derivatives are developed and adopted to implement a strategy known as hedging, in which an organisation acquires a contract in order to offset an expected drop or rise in value of a position or future cash flow (Belk & Edelshain, 1997). This essay will outline the incentives and rationales behind an organisation that uses currency derivatives. There are three types of currency derivatives used in hedging, future contracts, forward contracts and options, although swaps are also commonly considered as a currency derivative (Shoup, 2008). These instruments are derived from a spot rate, which is the price of the “underlying currency” (Eiteman, Stonehill & Moffett, 2009). Options are normally more costly than future contracts and forward contracts, because options are rights rather than obligations to buy or sell a currency (gives buyers the right not to exercise the contract if the spot rate movement is not favourable) (Belk & Edelshain, 1997). Research in New Zealand indicates that 70% of currency derivative users used forwards, which are most prevalent currency derivative instrument (Chan, Gan & McGraw, 2003). This is possibly because forwards are easy to manage and understand and can be used in frequent...
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...Question (1) (a)Organization is a group of people who are united to go to a certain kind of goals in a manner of planning, organizing, monitoring, controlling, cooperating and discussing with each others. Although there are many resources (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship) that need to put into the business to achieve the organizational goals, the human resources play the most important role to reach that organizational goal since they are the one who will manufacture the products using land and capital and they will be the one who will serve the customers to be satisfied. So goals alignment between the human capital and organization is needed and this is the hardest and most conflict thing because human is the most intelligent people and they can find every single ways that can reduce using effort without noticing by senior supervisors or without breaking rules governed by the organization. For example, the man can produce 100 pieces with his actual effort but the daily average target for all the workers is 80 and there is no difference between manufacturing 100 and 80, he will definitely make only 80.This is called systematic soldiering (Taylor,1998).To solve the problems,driving forces are needed to find to boost the motivations to exert their full efficiency.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people are driven according to their needs physiological need, safety need, love (belongings) need, esteem need, and self-actualization needs) to be motivated and...
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...DERIVATIVES A derivative is a financial instrument - or more simply, an agreement between two people or two parties - that has a value determined by the price of something else (called the underlying). It is a financial contract with a value linked to the expected future price movements of the asset it is linked to - such as a share or a currency. There are many kinds of derivatives, with the most notable being swaps, futures, and options. However, since a derivative can be placed on any sort of security, the scope of all derivatives possible is nearly endless. Thus, the real definition of a derivative is an agreement between two parties that is contingent on a future outcome of the underlying. Some of the widely known underlying assets are: * Indexes (consumer price index (CPI), stock market index, weather conditions or inflation) * Bonds * Currencies * Interest rates * Exchange rates * Commodities * Stocks (equities) Categorization Derivatives are usually broadly categorized by the: * relationship between the underlying and the derivative (e.g., forward, option, swap) * type of underlying (e.g., equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives or credit derivatives) * market in which they trade (e.g., exchange-traded or over-the-counter) * pay-off profile (Some derivatives have non-linear payoff diagrams due to embedded optionality) Another arbitrary distinction is between:...
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...Derivatives and Hedging Over recent years, the volatility in the financial markets has increased due to substantial changes domestically and internationally. This has given rise to increased financial price risks faced by both domestic and multi-national companies. Financial Derivatives are widely used by corporations to adjust to exposure to currency risk, interest rate risks, commodity price risks, and security holdings risk. Largely, companies are currently exposed to risks caused by unexpected movements in exchange rates and interest rates. Companies with a growing global presence are especially exposed to a wide range of financial risks, in particular foreign exchange risks and interest rate risk. Although, financial risks are the center of business operations of financial service firms, but they also impact the risk exposure of non-financial corporations. The management and supervision of these risks has become vital for the existence of companies in today’s unpredictable financial markets. The major financial risks that most firms are exposed to are interest rate risk, currency rate risk, commodity price risk, and security holdings risk. Interest rate risk is a very common type of risk, and result from a discrepancy in the sensitivity of a firms assets and liabilities to interest rate movements. On the other hand, currency risk exposure is virtually encountered by all firms, even if their exposure is not from a transaction or a translation risk. Many firms are...
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...SPEECH Indian Derivatives Market - A Regulatory and Contextual Perspective Shyamala Gopinath Indian Derivatives Market - A Regulatory and Contextual Perspective* Shyamala Gopinath Let me first thank Euromoney for inviting me for this seminar on Indian derivatives market. The esoteric world of derivatives has come into sharp focus in recent times precisely on account of their complexity and recent events have triggered a debate on their impact on the financial system stability. My discussion today will be confined to the regulatory framework in India in regard to forex, debt and credit derivative markets and the regulatory imperatives arising in dealing with these instruments and their future development, particularly in the context of global developments. The financial markets, including derivative markets, in India have been through a reform process over the last decade and a half, witnessed in its growth in terms of size, product profile, nature of participants and the development of market infrastructure across all segments - equity markets, debt markets and forex markets. Derivative markets worldwide have witnessed explosive growth in recent past. According to the BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity as of April 2007 was released recently and the OTC derivatives segment, the average daily turnover of interest rate and non-traditional foreign exchange contracts increased by 71 per cent to US $ 2.1 trillion in April 2007...
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...$2331000 of accrued wages. The wages were all earned within the past 2 weeks, and no single employee is due more than $2000. Long-term bank loans actually consist of two different loans: $5 million in straight unsecured debt, plus another $4563000 in loans that are subordinate to the $5 million loan. In recent times, with the financial markets strengthening up, more and more people entering this financial market as players, there arises the need to further increase the scope of the financial markets which primarily dealt in stocks and debt. This lead to the rise of the product: derivatives. Derivatives are those financial instruments which derive its value from its underlying asset, the asset can be anything. The scope of derivatives has been really widening. So, this assignment also focuses on some of the derivatives like futures, options, forward rate agreements and swaps. These derivatives were earlier designed to cover the risks from uncertain conditions, or rather for the purpose of hedging; however they have been widely used for further purposes like speculation, different forms of trading, arbitraging, etc. Of course, future cash flows cannot be predicted with certainty. The greater the banks confidence in a companys future cash flow, the more it will be willing to lend against it. A critical part of a credit officers expertise is to make judgments about the relative risks to a companys cash flow posed by unforeseen events, both external to the company (changes...
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...7-14 7206 Terms……………………………………………………………. 7-15 7207 Interest Rate Risk……………………………………………… 7-16 7208 Matching Maturities……………………………………………. 7-17 7209 Foreign Currency Risk………………………………………… 7-18 7210 Financial Derivatives…………………………………………... 7-19 7300 Planning………………………………………………………… 7-21 7400 Risk Measurement and Board Reporting…………………… 7-22 7401 Mix and Yields…………………………………………………. 7-25 7402 Growth………………………………………………………….. 7-26 7403 Financial Margin……………………………………………….. 7-27 7404 Interest Rate Risk Measurement…………………………….. 7-28 7405 Monitoring Derivatives………………………………………… 7-35 7500 Risk Management……………………………………………… 7-36 7501 Reliance on Qualified and Competent Staff and Volunteers 7-37 7502 Managing Interest Rate Risk… ……………………………… 7-38 Executive Summary The goal of asset/liability management (ALM) is to properly manage the risk related to changes in interest rates, the mix of balance sheet assets and liabilities, the holding of foreign currencies, and the use of derivatives. These risks should be managed in a manner that contributes adequately to earnings and limits risk to the financial margin and member equity. Proper management of asset/liability risk is facilitated through board approved policy, which sets limits on asset and liability mix, as well as the level of interest rate risk and foreign currency risk to which the credit union is willing to expose itself. Policy should also set...
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...of the corporate, banks, FI and trading houses P&L A/cs. That is something risk management struggles with, say the experts. In Richard Meyers’ estimation, risk managers or traders do not socialize enough. “It’s all about visibility,” he said. Meyers, chairman and CEO of Richard Meyers & Associates, a talent acquisition and management firm in New Jersey, relates the story of a firm that decided to adopt an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) strategy. Instead of appointing its risk manager to head ERM, the company brought in someone else. Why? Time has come when organizations across the world have to do deep amendments in their Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) policies covering foreign exchange hedging programs, diversification in derivatives portfolio, Enterprise risk management policies and deeper and deeper understanding towards financial models. With this background paper would...
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...International Financial Management Assignment: Exchange Rate Risk Management As the world of business becomes increasingly global, multinational corporations (MNCs) are establishing the production and marketing operations in foreign countries. These MNCs face a variety of challenges. One of challenge faced by MNCs in foreign markets is fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Movements in exchange rates can cause instability in profit margins and significant losses to an MNC’s bottom line. Thus, exchange rate risk management is an integral part in MNC’s decisions about foreign currency exposure. Measuring and managing exchange rate risk exposure are important functions in reducing a MNC’s vulnerabilities from major exchange rate movements. In order to manage currency exchange rate risks, MNC often use financial instruments or currency derivatives. Required: 1. What are the types of exchange rate risks faced by the MNCs? 2. Understand the attempt for the use of foreign exchange derivatives (exchange rate risk management approaches) that can benefits the MNCs. Assignment required student to demonstrate professional skills in research, presentation and communication with full references and an appropriate bibliography. * Assignment should be completed using a word processor and should be no more than 10 pages, using Arial 12, single spaced. * Submission should be a single word document. * This is an independent assessment, and it is unlikely that students...
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...Derivative Market – A Case Study on NSE A Report Submitted as per the curriculum of the Master in Business Administration Under Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa. By L Rama kumari Roll No.: 200960712 Regd. No.: 0906202013 [pic] March 2011 Under the Guidance of Mr. Shom Prasad Das NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Palur Hills, Berhampur- 761008, Orissa, India DECLARATION I, L rama kumari, student of 2009-11 batch of NIST, Berhampur do here by declare that the report entitled “Derivative Market :A Case Study on NSE” that has been submitted by me as a partial fulfillment of the degree of MBA. This report is my own work and no part of this project has been ever submitted by me for any other purpose. I declare that the work has been carried out to the best of my knowledge and belief and according to my capacity and capability. Date: Place: L Rama kumari ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those individuals whose valuable contribution in a direct or indirect manner has gone into the making of this dissertation a tremendous learning experience for me. I take this privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude to our Hon. Director Prof. Sangram Mudali, Hon. Batch co-coordinator Mr.Chinmaya Sahu for encouraging doing this dissertation as a part of curriculum. I would like to express sincerely my deep...
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...Risk Management Analysis for Air NZ Abstract Recent financial theories argued firms can increase their values through hedging by reducing taxable income, agency cost and the cost of financial distress. This report provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of corporate risk management for the company Air New Zealand. We uses a time series OLS regression model. The fair value of derivatives is used as dependent variable to measure the extent of financial instrument usage. The result shows that the use of derivatives by Air NZ fails to add value to the company. FINA781 Report Page 1 1. Introduction Air New Zealand Limited is the national airline and flag carrier of New Zealand. Based in Auckland, New Zealand, the airline operates scheduled passenger flights to 56 destinations locally and internationally. Air New Zealand is a member of the Star Alliance global airline alliance, having joined in 1999. Air New Zealand originated in 1940 as Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL), a flying boat company operating trans-Tasman flights between New Zealand and Australia. TEAL became wholly owned by the New Zealand government in 1965, whereupon it was renamed Air New Zealand. The airline was largely privatized in 1989, but returned to majority government ownership in 2001 after a failed tie up with Australian carrier Ansett Australia. As of 2008, Air New Zealand carries 11.7 million passengers annually. Do hedging create firm value has been a popular topic argued through...
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...DERIVATIVES & RISK MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT – II By: ATTIKA RAJ, ROLL NO: MS10A009, MBA- 2012 BATCH, DOMS, IITM 2/21/2012 I. Case Analysis – Risk management Policy of Lufthansa Submitted in Assignment 1 II. Case Analysis: Commodity Market Derivatives Case Solutions: 1. Discuss the risk exposure of Amarnath hedge fund. Ans: The Amaranth hedge fund was exposed to following risks: a. Market risk: The risk that occurs from the volatility of investment returns b. Liquidity risk: It measures the degree of difficulty in exiting a given trading position c. Funding risk: It measures the extent to which they were able to meet margin calls on their natural gas position d. Capacity risk: The risk due to putting too much money into one particular strategy 2. What are the negatives to rolling a spread position? Ans: Negatives to rolling a spread position are: When rolling a spread position the investor expects the following months to which the contract was rolled over to be favourable and thus be able to unload its positions. But, if the market moves in a direction opposite to the one anticipated by the investor it can result in huge losses. Also, if the risk increases for a spread position with the increase in the leverage. In the case of Amaranth hedge fund, it had rolled its short positions prior to august into the next month, hoping that market conditions would change and enable it to unload its positions. There were now no more summer months into which it could roll these...
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...INDIAN DERIVATIVES MARKETS 1 Asani Sarkar 1 I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Arkadev Chatterjea, Neel Krishnan, Golaka C. Nath and V. Soundararajan in the preparation of this article. The views expressed in this article are mine alone, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or the Federal Reserve System. Derivatives OUP 1 1. Rise of Derivatives The global economic order that emerged after World War II was a system where many less developed countries administered prices and centrally allocated resources. Even the developed economies operated under the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. The system of fixed prices came under stress from the 1970s onwards. High inflation and unemployment rates made interest rates more volatile. The Bretton Woods system was dismantled in 1971, freeing exchange rates to fluctuate. Less developed countries like India began opening up their economies and allowing prices to vary with market conditions. Price fluctuations make it hard for businesses to estimate their future production costs and revenues. 2 Derivative securities provide them a valuable set of tools for managing this risk. This article describes the evolution of Indian derivatives markets, the popular derivatives instruments, and the main users of derivatives in India. I conclude by assessing the outlook for Indian derivatives markets in the near and medium term. 2. Definition and Uses of Derivatives A derivative security...
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...the United Kingdom banking and financial services industries. The BBA defines LIBOR as: The rate at which an individual Contributor Panel bank could borrow funds, were it to do so by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in reasonable market size, just prior to 11:00 [a.m.] London time. We can also define LIBOR as an indicative average interest rate at which a selection of banks (the panel banks) are prepared to lend one another unsecured funds on the London money market. Investors around the world use the LIBOR to calculate the interest rate on myriad forms of debt, from home mortgages and credit cards to municipal bonds and derivatives contracts. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which doggedly pursued the wrongdoing and brought the scandal to light, estimates that some $350 trillion worth of derivatives and $10 trillion worth of loans are based on LIBOR. LIBOR CALCULATION The LIBOR interest rates are not based on actual transactions. On every...
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...FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES (A Future of Indian Financial Market) Dr. Ritu Kothiwal, Associate Professor, BIET, Hyderabad Contact No: 09246193330 Email Id: kothiwal55@gmail.com Mr. Ankur Goel, Research Scholar (Management), Mewar University, GZB. Contact No: 9917745990 Email Id: mrankurgoel@gmail.com. ABSTRACT Among all the innovations that have flooded the international financial markets, financial derivatives occupy the driver's seat. These specialized instruments facilitate the shuffling and redistribution of the risks that an investor faces. Thus aids in the process of diversifying ones portfolio. The volatility in the equity markets over the past years has resulted in greater use of equity derivatives. The volume of the exchange traded equity futures and options in most of the mature markets have seen a significant growth. It goes beyond that the local derivative in the emerging markets have witnessed widespread use of the derivative instrument for a variety of reasons. This continuous growth and development by the emerging market participants has resulted in capital inflows as well as helped the investors in risk protection through hedging. INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVES: Derivatives are financial contracts whose values are derived from the value of an underlying primary financial instrument, commodity or index, such as: interest rates, exchange rates, commodities, and equities. The International Monetary Fund defines derivatives as "financial...
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