...------------------------------------------------- CYBER CRIME IN ITS VARIOUS FORMS ------------------------------------------------- Amneet Bedi ------------------------------------------------- CSE-Dept, RBCENTW Hoshiarpur ------------------------------------------------- e-mail.: amneetb2@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Abstract: This Paper is a review paper on the topic of Cybercrime and its forms. The paper describes very basic information about cybercrime. It includes introduction to cyber crime, its brief history, its types along with their brief description, today’s scenario regarding cybercrime and an introduction to cyber security as a weapon against cybercrime . The paper is best suited for those who want to understand what cybercrime exactly is at the beginners’ level and what are the prevailing cybercrimes. ------------------------------------------------- Keywords: Cybercrime, cyber security, Hacking, spoofing, Cyber stalking, DOS Attack, Computer Vandalism, Cyber terrorism, Softaware Piracy, Phishing, Data diddling, Virus/ Worms, Trojan ,Cyber Laundering, Cyber contraband. ------------------------------------------------- Introduction: Today , the world is moving towards a point where everything from banking, stock exchanges, traffic control, telephones to electric power, health care, welfare and education depends on software. Undoubtedly...
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.....................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory ...........................................................................33 5. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...........................................................38 6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................44 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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...Consequences of Cyber Crime Phenomena for Developing Countries [Writer Name] [Institute Name] Abstract Purpose – The world wave of detail and communication technologies (ICT) expansion has turn out to be a brawny driving force in about each feature of expansion. This paper intends to discover the bang of cyber crime on developing countries mainly in terms of economic losses. Findings – The paper in general terminates that the internet is crushingly strong equipment for expansion. Inconsistently, the internet is a “double-edged sword,” offering several choices for peoples and associations to expand except at the similar time, has carried out with it fresh choices to execute crime. The paper disputes that the internet shows fresh confronts to law enforcement in every expanded and budding nations. Conversely, budding nations endure significantly as of the actions of internet crime than their expanded counterparts as budding nations have insufficient expertise, infrastructure and deficient law enforcement proficiency. Consequences of Cyber Crime Phenomena for Developing Countries Cyber crime means any act of crime through computers and networks; in general this act is called hacking. Moreover, this crime also comprises conventional crimes performed by the Internet. As an example; theft of identity, hate offenses, credit card account thefts, telemarketing and Internet fraud are viewed as cyber crimes when the unlawful activities are conducted by the Internet. Many...
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...CYBER CRIME IN ITS VARIOUS FORMS Abstract: This Paper is a review paper on the topic of Cybercrime and its forms. The paper describes very basic information about cybercrime. It includes introduction to cyber crime, its brief history, its types along with their brief description, today’s scenario regarding cybercrime and an introduction to cyber security as a weapon against cybercrime . The paper is best suited for those who want to understand what cybercrime exactly is at the beginners’ level and what are the prevailing cybercrimes. Keywords: Cybercrime, cyber security, Hacking, spoofing, Cyber stalking, DOS Attack, Computer Vandalism, Cyber terrorism, Softaware Piracy, Phishing, Data diddling, Virus/ Worms, Trojan ,Cyber Laundering, Cyber contraband. Introduction: Today , the world is moving towards a point where everything from banking, stock exchanges, traffic control, telephones to electric power, health care, welfare and education depends on software. Undoubtedly, this advancement and globalization offers many benefits to consumers and businesses but, unfortunately it also offers plenty of opportunities to organized crime. Globalization has promoted and strengthened the economics of illegal activities; offenders have become international entrepreneurs. The Internet provides money and information to all sorts of customers and businesses. It is notably the home of virtual worlds and their economies, which have attracted many people, including criminals. The unholy...
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...Need of Cyber Crime Law In India Abstract A Cyber space is a virtual space that has become as important as real space for business, education and politics. The growing danger from crimes committed against computers, or against information on computers, is beginning to claim attention in the India. The digital age has dramatically changed the scope of a crime by adding the electronic component and it comes a new form of science ≴Computer Forensic Science≵. Computer Forensic allows for the evidence of cyber crime to be admissible in court when prosecuting the cyber criminal. In most countries, existing laws are likely to be unenforceable against such crime. Cyber laws, as it stand today, gives rise to both positive & negative consequences. The main negative consequences is the digital soup so vague that many refer to it as the dark sides of technology and that cyber criminal currently have upper hand. The applicability and effectiveness of our existing laws need to be constantly reviewed to face the risk coming from the cyber world. In this paper we are going to firstly describe the computer forensic, cyber crimes, cyber laws of nation & technology challenges. Aim of this paper is to act as a catalyst to raise awareness regarding computer forensic which continues to grow as one of the most important branch of science and help in investigation of cyber crime which continues to grow as one of the most potent threats to the Internet and computer users of the cyber society of...
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......................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................................27 4.2 Routine Activity Theory ...........................................................................33 5. AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ...........................................................38 6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................44 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
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...The Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime Abstract The United States of America is the most connected and technologically advanced country in the world. The genius of our electrical engineers, computer scientists, and technology companies has helped to change the way that the world does business, made our daily lives safer and more enjoyable, and brought the world closer together. Albeit, these are remarkable innovations, but they have unfortunately given criminals, terrorists, and hostile states new opportunities to steal American property, disrupt our way of life, and compromise our National security. This paper will attempt to show the roles and challenges of law enforcement agencies such as the Secret Service, FBI, Department of Homeland Security, and others that have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism. This paper will also discuss how the U.S. could align the efforts of these agencies to better protect the nation against digital crimes and terrorism. Keywords: law enforcers, national security, protect, crime The Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime Cyber crooks are always working to steal the privacy and money of hard-working Americans. The computers of American consumers are subject to endless scams and schemes achieved by malicious e-mails, malware turning their computers into unwitting bots that send out unwanted spam, or the plethora of identity theft conjured up by these crooks to steal hard-working people’s...
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...Cyber crimes and effectiveness of laws in India to control them Under the Supervision of Dr. P.K. Rai Birendra Singh (M.Phil(CS)) Department of Computer Science APSU Rewa ABSTRACT:- India owes a lot to the exponential growth of the Information Technology service Industry over the last 15 years. Though India got its first codified Act in the Information Technology Act (“IT Act), in the year 2000, the IT Industry and in fact all businesses with cross-border obligations have been left crying themselves hoarse for more! The Indian Legislature has now passed a mish –mash legislation in December 2008, which clearly demonstrates the appeasement policy adapted to meet the various and in some instances divergent interests of the Industry and the Government. The scope of this paper is to highlight some important provisions of the cyber criminal laws in India relating to data protection, privacy, encryption and other cyber crimes and the extent to which the said provisions arm the enforcement authorities to combat not just existing but emerging trends in Cyber Crime. INTRODUCTION:- The general laws in India were drafted and enacted in the 19th century. Whilst each of the general laws have undergone modifications and amendments, the broad and underlying provisions have withstood the test of time, including unimaginable advancements in technology, which speaks to the dynamism of the General laws. The general laws referred to in this Article are the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“IPC”), which...
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...aware of the global threats that await the consumer and business it we are not prepared and educated. One of the fastest crime in the United States and all over the world is cybercrime. What is exactly cybercrime? According to the book Scene of the Cybercrime author Michael Cross defines it as a broad and generic term that refers to crimes committed using computers and the Internet, and can generally be defined as a subcategory of computer crime. It can be also said that cybercrime can lead to criminal offenses committed using the internet or another computer network as a tool of the crime (Cross, 2008). According to the Computer Security Institute's Computer Crime and Security Survey for 2007, 494 computer security professionals in the United States corporations, government agencies, universities, and financial medical institutions reported that computer fraud was the greatest source of financial losses, with losses resulting from virus attacks falling into second place for the first time in seven years. In addition to this, 29 percent of the organizations suffered a computer intrusion that they reported to law enforcement (www.gocsi.com). According to the Cyber snitch Voluntary Online Crime Reporting System, the most reported Internet related crime is child pornography, with other crimes ranging from desktop forgery to such potentially violent crimes as electronic stalking and terrorist threats. (Cybersnitch Web Site). (Mitnick & Simon, 2002). According to the website...
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...her, in all over the Bangladesh there are lots of women or girls who are facing problems of cyber crime and taking some deadly attempt. In the article “Cyber Crime” the author Supan (2015), he describes the definitions of cyber crime. To begin with, there are many cyber crimes which are actually women centered (morphing, cyber stalking, cyber pornography etc.). However, these types of cyber crime mainly destroy women’s reputation and the reason behind of this inexperienced in cyber world. Moreover, Supan (2015) morphing is basically done for blackmailing women or girls by changing their pictures using graphic animation. Furthermore, cyber stalking is another cyber crime which is done by former friend or ex-lover of women or girls with whom she shared her feeling and emotions, so they bother her taking this advantage. In addition, cyber pornography means criminals made a private video of a girl and upload it over the internet for destroying her respect. He also says, in our country dealing with rules and regulation for preventing cyber crime by information and communication technology act, 2006 (ICTA) and pornography control act, 2012 (PCA). The purpose of this essay is to analyze the article, discuss my points of agreement which include common effects (destroying reputation, create fear, harassing etc.) of cyber crime and also discuss my points of disagreements of which include cyber crime not only women centered. Reading the article has made it clear that Quazi MH Supan is targeting...
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...(ISSN: 2220-9085) Cyber Forensics: Computer Security and Incident Response Virginiah Sekgwathe1, Mohammad Talib2 1 Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime, Gaborone, BOTSWANA veesek@gmail.com 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, BOTSWANA talib@mopipi.ub.bw ABSTRACT The intensification of Information and Communications Technology usage in all facets of life exceedingly amplify the incidents of information security policy breaches, cyber crimes, fraud, commercial crimes, cyber laundering etc, hence require a well developed approach to tackle these incidents in order to realize legally defensible digital evidence. Since electronic evidence is fragile and can easily be modified, finding this data, collecting, preserving, and presenting it properly in a court of law is the real challenge. There is a need for use of semantic analysis to discover underlying security policy requirements and internal power structures and institutionalization of anti cyber attack, antimoney-laundering and regulatory schemes. The first responders to cyber security incidents often than always are an organization ICT personnel who are technically sound though may be deficient in investigative skill. The scientific standards of cyber forensics dictates the procedure as it promotes objectivity, a precise and well documented analysis, particularly that the findings maybe used as evidence against the attacker. This paper aims to contribute to...
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...Exploring Technical Careers PGCC Abstract In this paper I will be comparing three information technology careers and determine which one will be the most beneficial. Showing how each job ranks and how I qualified each job will also be shown in this paper. In the end you will see which job actually meet my standards and why I chose the job that I chose. Information Technicians, Cybercrime Investigators and Web Technicians are the careers that I closed took write about. I chose these three careers because they each have something in common. They all require the use of some type of computer. The only difference is the person doing the job, type of computer and what needs to be worked on. Each job was based on a certain criterion and from that I can determine which of the three categorized jobs was better for me or someone else to do that catered to my independent job category and what I prefer to do or of each one. Basically, it's a rating of a job like I would compare cars or a mortgage. Each of the three jobs had a rating and a Weighted Score. All of the jobs I had, I had to rate on a scale of benefits, environment, hours, location, Outlook, qualifications and salary. Then based on the totals determined which one of the three jobs would best fit me for my area of expertise the best and be best in my comfort zone. The information technician is an industrial occupation whose responsibility is maintaining communications and the computer systems. They are responsible for...
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...Cyber Crime and Security Submitted by: ABSTRACT : Society is becoming more dependent upon data and networks to operate our businesses, government, national defense and other critical functions. Cybercrime, which is rapidly increasing in frequency and in severity, requires us to rethink how we should enforce our criminal laws. The current model of reactive, police-based enforcement, with its origins in real-world urbanization, does not and cannot protect society from criminals using computer technology. This paper gives detailed information regarding cybercrime, its types, modes of cyber crime and security measures including prevention to deal effectively with cybercrime. It demonstrates a need for a timely review of existing approaches to fighting this new phenomenon of cybercrime in the information age. Though it is not possible to remove Cyber Crime from the world but we can reduce it to a large extent by creating awareness in Society. We suggest a system of administrative regulation backed by criminal sanctions that will provide the incentives necessary to create a workable deterrent to cybercrime. Index: 1. Introduction 2. Types of Cyber Crimes 3. Cyber Criminals 4. Mode of Cyber Crimes 5. Security 6. Case Study 7. Conclusion 8. References Introduction: Cybercrime is an umbrella term that covers a wide array of attacks and scams.Cyber crime also known as Computer crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network...
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... Date Law Enforcement Challenges In the world today, enhanced technology has come to permeate every aspect of life. Technology molds how people interact, how banking services are provided and even how crimes are committed. Cyber crimes have developed in volume and substance over the years, and this has posed a great challenge, especially to law enforcement agencies. This paper seeks to give a detailed explanation of the utmost challenges facing the jurisdiction systems against cyber crime, as well as the possible solutions to these challenges. Challenge facing law enforcement agencies investigating exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity Jurisdictional issues, as well as, determining who the online crime perpetrators are remains to be the greatest challenge the Law enforcement agencies face. Before arresting any suspect, law enforcers need to determine who the criminal is and his or her location. Determining this has become increasingly difficult over the years because it is extremely easy, and cheap, for individuals to hide their identities online due to the countless services that allow users to mask their IP addresses freely. Besides, some crimes such as obscenity are difficult to determine before making an arrest because of their nature. For instance, it is almost impossible to determine whether an individual charged with child pornography content downloaded the material intentionally or not. This difficulty...
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...geographic location and ability to conduct interviews in person with the computer crime detectives. The Fort Worth Police Department consists of several different divisions and units such as beat patrol, narcotics, SWAT (Specialized Weapons And Tactics team) and a VICE team which generally works with a combination of offenses...
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