...Naturwissenschaften (2004) 91:255–276 DOI 10.1007/s00114-004-0515-y REVIEW Ulrich Kutschera · Karl J. Niklas The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis Published online: 17 March 2004 Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract In 1858, two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed natural selection as the basic mechanism responsible for the origin of new phenotypic variants and, ultimately, new species. A large body of evidence for this hypothesis was published in Darwin’s Origin of Species one year later, the appearance of which provoked other leading scientists like August Weismann to adopt and amplify Darwin’s perspective. Weismann’s neo-Darwinian theory of evolution was further elaborated, most notably in a series of books by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Julian Huxley and others. In this article we first summarize the history of life on Earth and provide recent evidence demonstrating that Darwin’s dilemma (the apparent missing Precambrian record of life) has been resolved. Next, the historical development and structure of the “modern synthesis” is described within the context of the following topics: paleobiology and rates of evolution, mass extinctions and species selection, macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium, sexual reproduction and recombination, sexual selection and altruism, endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution, evolutionary developmental biology, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and...
Words: 17126 - Pages: 69
...FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS THOUGHT Business 1050 – 005 #5947 Fall 2015 Monday Professor: W. Tim Miller Email: wtmiller@echelon-inc.com Text: Foundations of Business Thought, 1st edition, Boardman, Sandomir and Sondak (Gray cover) Outlines, notes, syllabus, handouts, etc., all be handled through Canvas. Bus1050, section 005, will meet Mondays a full 3 hours from 6:00 PM until 9:00 PM in SFEBB 160. We will use Canvas exclusively in this class for syllabus, handouts, notes, etc. Be familiar with Canvas. Foundations of Business Thought will introduce the student to the cultural, historical and philosophical thought surrounding the issues of business and commerce throughout the ages. By examining the words of great authors, we will get a sense of the timeless nature of business and make the observation that the issues currently facing individuals and business have their origins in writings centuries old and from a wide array of cultural and geographic underpinnings. A brief historical trace will be made to connect us to those businessmen and women who pursued many of the same goals we do today. The course will be divided into three semester sections with six functional areas, each followed by an Exam. A lecture outline is posted to Canvas in the week that section is started. Section 1: A. The Fundamentals of Business - We will read many of the classics of literature and philosophy to discern the authors' beliefs about business fundamentals and, in the...
Words: 3371 - Pages: 14
...COLLECTED VIEWS ON COMPLEXITY IN SYSTEMS JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN JR East Professor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts April 30, 2002 The term “complexity” is used in many different ways in the systems domain. The different uses of this term may depend upon the kind of system being characterized, or perhaps the disciplinary perspective being brought to bear. The purpose of this paper is to gather and organize different views of complexity, as espoused by different authors. The purpose of the paper is not to make judgments among various complexity definitions, but rather to draw together the richness of various intellectual perspectives about this concept, in order to understand better how complexity relates to the concept of engineering systems. I have either quoted directly or done my best to properly paraphrase these ideas, apologizing for when I have done so incorrectly or in a misleading fashion. I hope that this paper will be useful as we begin to think through the field of engineering systems. The paper concludes with some “short takes” -- pungent observations on complexity by various scholars -- and some overarching questions for subsequent discussion. AUTHOR A THEORY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS Edward O. Wilson Herbert Simon SOURCE Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge “The Architecture of Complexity”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 106, No. 6, December...
Words: 7863 - Pages: 32
...General Guide THE LIBRARY www.salford.ac.uk/library Referencing Guide: APA 6th (Harvard) Style Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 2 Part 1: Using In-Text Citations ...................................................................................................................... 3 Direct quotations ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Paraphrasing & summarising .................................................................................................................... 4 Citing multiple sources together ................................................................................................................ 4 Citing a source multiple times in the same paragraph .............................................................................. 5 Citing sources with the same author and year .......................................................................................... 5 Citing authors with the same name ........................................................................................................... 5 Citing corporate authors ............................................................................................................................ 6 Listing different numbers of authors ...................
Words: 9610 - Pages: 39
...Evrimsel Psikoloji Nedir? Evrimsel Psikolojiye Giriş Evrimsel psikoloji iki bilim alanının bir bileşimidir: Evrimsel biyoloji ve bilişsel psikoloji. Bu iki bilim alanı bir yap-bozun iki parçası gibidir. İnsan davranışını anlamak istiyorsak bu iki parçaya da ihtiyacımız var demektir. Önce bu iki bilim alanını ayrı ayrı ele alacağız, sonra da Evrimsel Psikolojinin, insan doğasını anlamak için, bu iki alanı nasıl birleştirdiğini göreceğiz. Dylan Evans & Oscar Zarate Uyarlayan: Doç. Dr. Hakan ÇETİNKAYA Düzenleyenler: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Seda DURAL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Evrim GÜLBETEKİN 1 1 Bilişsel Psikoloji Bilişsel Psikoloji, zihnin mekanizmalarını açıklamaya yönelik olarak ortaya atılmış en güçlü yaklaşımdır. BP, psikolojiyi belirsiz bir dizi fikirler topluluğu olmaktan kurtarıp, gerçek bir bilim olmasını sağlamıştır. BP’de iki temel görüş yer almaktadır: (1) Eylemlerimizin nedeni zihinsel süreçlerdir. (2) Zihin bir bilgisayardır. Eylemlerimizin Nedeni Zihinsel Süreçlerdir Psikoloji insan davranışının bilimidir ve “neden insanların davrandıkları gibi davrandıklarını “ açıklamaya çalışır. Aslında hepimiz amatör psikologlarız. Sürekli olarak kendimizin ve başkalarının davranışlarını açıklamaya çalışırız. Örneğin, Ali’yi evden çıkarken şemsiyesini alırken gördüğümüzde, durumu aşağıdaki gibi açıklama eğiliminde oluruz. YANİZİHİNBİR BİLGİSAYARGİBİ MİDİR? HAYIR, NEDENİNİ BİRAZDAN GÖRECEKSİN! ALİYAĞMUR YAĞACAĞINI DÜŞÜNÜYORVEBELLİ Kİ,ISLANMAK İSTEMİYOR...
Words: 15914 - Pages: 64
...the psychology Welcome & Introduction If your reading this your studying for AQA A Psychology Psya3 and the Relationship topic is one of the ones you have chosen. Its a wise move I think as its one of the easier ones to learn. I generally advise picking something you can relate to because you have some grounding for it as opposed to learning whole new concepts or ways of thinking on subject matter thats completely foreign. It tends to save you time in getting your head around things. A bit about me - My name is Sajan Devshi and I self-taught myself AQA A A Level Psychology between 2011-2012 achieving an A* grade and 100% in both Psya3 & Psya4. You can check out my certificate on my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk as well as get my other model answers too for the other topics in Psya3 and Psya4. But enough about me - you can learn about me in more depth on my website - lets get on with the show and onto the the overview of this topic, structuring and the model answers themselves too. S ECTION 1 Memorising Your Model Answers This is going to be pretty much your hardest task and with the help of this book hopefully it becomes more manageable. People have various ways they memorise things and it is entirely up to you. Memorising Essays U SING A CRONYMS + P RACTICE The method of memorising the essays is the same across all my model essay answers. I employ the concept of “chunking” alongside the use of “acronyms”. Combined this helped me memorise ...
Words: 10443 - Pages: 42
...Five Star Value Carrier: Business Transformation Plan (BTP 2) Disclaimer This Business Transformation Plan (BTP 2) document is issued to staff and external stakeholders with the following disclaimer in line with Bursa Malaysia guidelines: 1. These headline Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the BTP 2 are targets/aspirations set by Malaysia Airlines to reflect transparent performance management practices. To all intents and purposes, financial figures referred to as ‘forecasts’ and ‘estimates’ in the BTP 2 are KPIs. 2. These KPIs should not be construed as forecasts, projections, estimates or representations of the company’s future performance, occurrence or matter as the KPls are merely a set of targets/aspirations of future performance and aligned to the company’s strategy. It is our view that because the airline industry faces a tough business environment which MAS is not spared from, it is only appropriate that we disclose information to the public, in a manner that is as balanced and objective as possible. It should be pointed out that in this BTP 2 document, while MAS is announcing its 5-year (2008 - 2012) P&L aspirations, this does not necessarily mean that MAS will make the said profits during the period. The BTP 2 and its targets have been approved by the MAS Board of Directors, but are not to be considered as forecasts reviewed by external auditors. CONTENTS A Joint Message from the Chairman, CEO and CFO 1-2 Executive Summary 3-4 A: Achievements...
Words: 31381 - Pages: 126
...Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol. 86, No. 1, September, pp. 99–130, 2001 doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams Janice R. Kelly Purdue University and Sigal G. Barsade Yale University Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individuallevel affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group’s affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group’s particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members’ emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group’s affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible 2001 Academic Press agenda for future research. During the past century, a tremendous amount of research attention...
Words: 15106 - Pages: 61
...2012 Doing business in a more transparent world C O M PA R I N G R E G U L AT I O N F O R D O M E S T I C F I R M S I N 1 8 3 E C O N O M I E S © 2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 A copublication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation. This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818...
Words: 173471 - Pages: 694
...The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture Michele J. Gelfand Jeanne M. Brett Editors STANFORD BUSINESS BOOKS The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture Edited by miche le j. ge lfand and jeanne m. brett Stanford Business Books An imprint of Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2004 C Stanford University Press Stanford, California C 2004 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of negotiation and culture / edited by Michele J. Gelfand and Jeanne M. Brett. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8047-4586-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Negotiation. 2. Conflict management. 3. Negotiation—Cross-cultural studies. 4. Conflict management—Cross-cultural studies. I. Gelfand, Michele J. II. Brett, Jeanne M. bf637.n4 h365 2004 302.3—dc22 2003025169 Typeset by TechBooks in 10.5/12 Bembo Original printing 2004 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Contents List of Tables and Figures Foreword Preface xi xv ix ...
Words: 186303 - Pages: 746
...e eBook Collection This is a Protected PDF document. Please enter your user name and password to unlock the text. User Name: Password: Unlock Remember my user name and password. If you are experiencing problems unlocking this document or you have questions regarding Protectedpdf files please contact a Technical Support representative: In the United States: 1-877-832-4867 In Canada: 1-800-859-3682 Outside the U.S. and Canada: 1-602-387-2222 Email: technicalsupport@apollogrp.edu. This document is published by:Apollo Group, Inc. ISBN 1-256-49231-0 joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka jokaGlossary joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka joka ...
Words: 153006 - Pages: 613
...HIV/AIDS & HOMELESSNESS Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Public Policy Developed for The Bureau of Primary Health Care and The HIV/AIDS Bureau Health Resources and Services Administration by John Song, M.D., M.P.H., M.A.T. November 1999 Financial and other support for the development and distribution of this paper were provided by the Bureau of Primary Health Care and the HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources Services Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services, to the National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc., and its subsidiary, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network. The views presented in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United States government or of the National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Nothing in this paper should be construed as providing authoritative guidelines for the practice of medicine or for treatment of medical conditions. This paper may be reproduced in whole or in part with appropriate recognition to the author, John Y. Song, MD, and the publisher, the Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Inc. Second Printing February, 2000 National Health Care for the Homeless Council Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians’ Network Post Office Box 60427 Nashville TN 37206-0427 Phone 615/226-2292 Fax 615/226-1656 council@nhchc.org or network@nhchc.org http://www.nhchc.org i PREFACE HIV/AIDS...
Words: 29968 - Pages: 120
...animal Books by Elliot Aronson Theories of Cognitive Consistency (with R. Abelson et al.), 1968 Voices of Modern Psychology, 1969 The Social Animal, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Readings About the Social Animal, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Social Psychology (with R. Helmreich), 1973 Research Methods in Social Psychology (with J. M. Carlsmith & P. Ellsworth), 1976 The Jigsaw Classroom (with C. Stephan et al.), 1978 Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth (with A. Pines & D. Kafry), 1981 Energy Use: The Human Dimension (with P. C. Stern), 1984 The Handbook of Social Psychology (with G. Lindzey), 3rd ed., 1985 Career Burnout (with A. Pines), 1988 Methods of Research in Social Psychology (with P. Ellsworth, J. M. Carlsmith, & M. H. Gonzales), 1990 Age of Propaganda (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992, 2000 Social Psychology, Vols. 1–3 (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992 Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 1994 Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (with S. Patnoe), 1997 Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion After Columbine, 2000 Social Psychology: An Introduction (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 2002, 2005, 2007 The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (with R. Aronson), 2006 Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) (with C. Tavris), 2007 Books by Joshua Aronson Improving Academic Achievement, 2002 The Social Animal To...
Words: 208005 - Pages: 833
...M A G A Z I N E FA L L 2 0 0 2 Volume 20 Number 2 SPANNING THE GLOBE Duke Leads the Way in International Law Teaching and Scholarship inside plus Duke admits smaller, exceptionally well-qualified class Duke’s Global Capital Markets Center to launch new Directors’ Education Institute from the dean Dear Alumni and Friends, It is not possible, these days, for a top law school to be anything other than an international one. At Duke Law, we no longer think of “international” as a separate category. Virtually everything we do has some international dimension, whether it concerns international treaties and protocols, commercial transactions across national borders, international child custody disputes, criminal behavior that violates international human rights law, international sports competitions, global environmental regulation, international terrorism, or any number of other topics. And, of course, there is little that we do at Duke that does not involve scholars and students from other countries, who are entirely integrated with U.S. scholars and students. Students enrolled in our joint JD/LLM program in international and comparative law receive an in-depth education in both the public and private aspects of international and comparative law, enriched by the ubiquitous presence of foreign students; likewise, the foreign lawyers who enroll in our one-year LLM program in American law enroll in the same courses, attend the same conferences...
Words: 58370 - Pages: 234
...IMPORTANT This electronic version of The Century Vocabulary Builder (1922) has been prepared by Serenson Pty Ltd for www.write-better-english.com. This PDF follows the pagination of the original (hard copy) book and includes hypertext links that we have inserted, which look like this. Please do not remove links. Reformatting the original text into this PDF has been no easy task; it is possible that the process has introduced errors or caused omissions. As a result, we make no guarantee about the accuracy or completeness of this version of the Vocabulary Builder. If you find an error or omission in this PDF, please check the original book and contact us so that we can fix the error or omission. Please check your local copyright laws before accessing this PDF. If you are serious about building your vocabulary, we highly recommend you try the popular vocabularybuilding program called Ultimate Vocabulary Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx THE CENTURY VOCABULARY BUILDER BY GARLAND GREEVER AND JOSEPH M. BACHELOR NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx PREFACE You should know at the outset what this book does not attempt to do. It does not, save to the extent that its own special purpose requires, concern itself with the many and intricate problems of grammar, rhetoric, spelling, punctuation, and the like; or clarify...
Words: 97231 - Pages: 389
