...African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (17), pp. 3004-3010, 3 September, 2008 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2008 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of a Tolypocladium sp. fungus isolated from wild Cordyceps sinensis Li Ping Zheng1, Li Wen Gao2, Jian Qin Zhou2, Yang Hu Sima3 and Jian Wen Wang2* Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China. 3 School of Pre-clinical Medicine and Life Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China. 2 1 Accepted 23 July, 2008 Tolypocladium sp. Ts-1 was isolated from the fruiting body of a wild Cordyceps sinensis, one of the best known traditional Chinese medicine and health foods. The antioxidant activities of hot-water extracts from cultured mycelia of Tolypocladium sp. were assessed in different in vitro systems. The extracts showed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of 35.6 U/mg protein and are effective in scavenging superoxide radical in a concentration dependent fashion with IC50 value of 1.3 mg/mL. As a reinforcement of the action, similar radical scavenging effects of the extracts were also discerned with both site-specific and non site-specific hydroxyl radical using the deoxyribose assay method. 1,1Diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of the extracts...
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...ever looked closely at a mushroom and studied its features? I have, and that is why I absolutely despise mushrooms. They have an awful odor. Their appearance is very peculiar. Have you ever touched a mushroom? The textures of mushrooms are unusual as well. For these reasons, when my family wants to cook them for dinner, I cringe! First of all, I would like to give you a good visual of a mushrooms appearance. Mushrooms can be many different colors, shapes, and sizes. In fact, there are so many various shapes and sizes that it takes an expert to identify each type. You might be surprised to know that you can find white, black, purple, or even bright red mushrooms. However, the most commonly found are brown or beige. All mushrooms have a cellular structure. They are lined with so many lines that you can barely tell they even exist. Secondly, I am going to discuss the mushrooms smell. In my opinion, mushrooms smell awful! The smell of them makes me want to throw up. The best way I can explain this odor is they smell like rotten eggs. Sometimes I might even guess they smell like bad meat that has been left out of the refrigerator overnight. They smell even worse when they are cooked. I try avoiding the kitchen and the horrible stench when this food is being sautéed. Third, I am going to mention the texture of the mushrooms. Have you ever held a mushroom in your hand and felt it with your fingertips? The stems are hard, but the tops are soft. The mushrooms can break apart easily...
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...as the giant puffball. The giant puffball is a mushroom that is part of the kingdom fungi. Its phylium is basidiomycota. The class of the giant mushroom is agaricomcetes and its order is agaricales. The giant puffballs family is agaricaceae and its genus is calvatia. (5) Giant puffballs appear to be white and round shape, or almost oval in some cases. The calvatia gigantea can be found in central or eastern USA and Canada. These mushrooms are usually found to be growing to their full potential in the fall. They are fruiting bodies that have spores. The calvatia gigantean grows mainly directly off of the earth, but it also can grow of trees. The name giant puffballs is a little deceiving because these mushrooms are not always giant, they can be as small as a golf ball, or they can be as large as a basketball. “A big specimen of the giant puffball can be almost two feet long and contain seven 7,000,000,000,000 spores” (1). The puffball is full of spores that can be found to be very useful. The mushroom cracks open to have the wind take the spores away. However, some puffballs don’t crack open to have the wind take away the spores, some puffballs have a opening on them which is where the spores are released. The spores are about “3.5 to 5.5 microns in diameter”. (1) These spores are what make the giant puffballs like a big sack of powder, because the spores are extremely dry. The giant puffball mushroom is one of many mushrooms that can be consumed by humans and other creatures...
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...Hayley Applewhite Biology 1409 Professor Lappe 17 January 2015 Facts about Fungi # of Fungi: 1. ,2. , 3. , 4. , 5. Common Name: 1.Blue Milk Mushroom, 2. Bitter Oyster, 3. Golden Jelly Fungus, 4. The Wrinkled Peach, 5. Violet Coral Scientific Name: 1.Lactarius Indigo, 2. Panellus Stipticus, 3. Tremella Mesenterica, 4. Rhodotus Palmatus, 5. Clavaria Zollingeri Interesting Fact: 1.Blue Milk Mushroom: A widely distributed species, which grows in eastern North America, East Asia, and Central America. It has also been seen in Southern France. The indigo grows on the ground in both deciduous and coniferous forests, where it forms mycorrhizal associations with a broad range of trees. The fruit body color ranges from dark blue in fresh specimens to pale blue gray in older ones. The milk, or latex, oozes when the mushroom tissue is cut or broken. 2. Bitter Oyster: Commonly and widely distributed species, which is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America, where it grows in groups or dense overlapping clusters on the logs, stumps, and trunks of deciduous trees, especially beech, oak, and birch. 3. Golden Jelly Fungus: This is a common jelly fungus found in the Tremellaceae family of the Agaricomycotina. It is most frequently found on dead but attached on recently fallen branches, especially of angiosperms, as a parasite of wood and decay fungi in the genus Peniophora. The gelatinous, orange/ yellow fruit body of the fungus can grow up to 7.5 cm in...
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...PRACTICAL 5 Macroscopic Identification of Macrofungi INTRODUCTION Macroscopic character an measurement need to be recorded from fresh materials as these would provided reference material for accurate identification of fungi. Therefore, several visible characters of macrofungi must be identified such as cap, stip, gill flesh. Description of macromorphological character of sporocarp are among the most critical data for the identification pf Agaricales and other macrofungi. In many species of fleshy macrofungi, those characters are lost when the sporocarp are dried, and so they must be documented carefully before drying. Conversely, sporocarp of many macrofungi that grow on woody substrata are nonputrescent, and they usually retain macromorphological features when preserved. The procedure for describing macrofungi depends on the type of fungus under consideration and also on the invetigator. Form, worksheets, or computer format should be organized so that a description is recorded in logically sequence. Most investigator begin with the pileus nd move downward through the lamella or tubes, stip and finally to any veils that are present. OBJECTIVE 1. To describe macroscopic features of a selected fungal species in laboratory. 2. To assemble the whole detail of fungal specimen (including photograph) in a specimens record sheet. Pleurotus osteratus Macroscopic description 1. Pileus apex – Papilate 2. Pileus surface – Glaborous(smooth) 3. Pileus...
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...Amanita Muscaria: The Truth Behind The Fairy Tale Deep in the Pacific North West forest, there is a magical mushroom. One that has helped influence many types of people and even helped create mystical pictures. It is often illustrated with unicorns, pixies, and the occasional frog. They are also very frequently mentioned in many fairy tales that so many children grow up on. This enchanting mushroom is called the Amanita muscaria by mycologists; everyone else refers to it as Fly Agaric, Beni Tengutake, or simply the Fairy Mushroom (Erowid & Erowid, 2012). The Amanita muscaria is a large and conspicuous mushroom that usually grows in groups. The caps are generally bright red or scarlet in color but can also range in colors from yellows to oranges. The average cap is between three and eight inches, however, some the size of dinner plates, have been found. The cap is also covered in white to yellow flecks or warts which are actually remnants of the universal veil. The gills and stem are also white, along with the spore print. The stem, which contains a basal bulb, is generally between two and eight inches tall but there have been finds of taller specimens. It should also be noted that with age and rain, these mushrooms can fade and become flaccid (without its color and spots, this mushroom can easily be misidentified). The texture for the majority of this mushroom is slightly brittle and fibrous (CHEMIE.DU Information Services GmbH, 2012). Amanita muscaria was officially...
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...Shareholders and all Stake holders • Achieve impeccable reputation and credentials through best business practices Analysis As it can be seen from the vision statement it nurtures out the essence of the company policy, which aims at making each person strong enough to be able to realize his dreams with the help of ICICI Bank Moreover, the mission statement unambiguously defines the futuristic plan of the company thereby giving an idea of the goals and aspiurations it is aiming for.It is basically emphasizing towards being able tio deliver efficiently and thus pave the way for fulfilment of its goals.It also strives to provide great comfort to its customers by this vision statement. Ans 3 – CASE STUDY About the product , The mushrooms are one of the healthiest foods...
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...awareness of the nutritive value of mushroom as well as the adoption of more mushroom dishes in restaurant menus has greatly increased the demand of fresh mushrooms. However, some places within the city lack access to this nutrition. In lieu to this, this business proposal has been made. Moreover the proposal aims to supply fresh, nutritious mushrooms to an area which was underprivileged from convenience. Specifically, Mintal, Davao City. This proposal is a family venture. Thus, a capital of 25 000 pesos will be borrowed from relatives. Located at an area beside Elenita Heights Subdivision, Catalunan Grande, this project is expected to provide convenience in access to mushroom in the Mintal area. Most inputs are available around the corner; nonetheless some inputs will be purchased from reliable sources. The project will be managed by the owner with the help of a trusted expert in mushroom culture and of course, with the active involvement of the family members. Additional laborers will be hired to help in the overall production. 1. Size of Production 300 square meters 2. Marketing Size 2-3 inches 3. Raising Period 5 months 4. Projected Selling Price 60.00php per kilogram 5. Projected Gross Revenue 54 000.00 php 6. Estimated Cost of Production 19 865.00 php 7. Projected Net Income 34 135.00 php 8. Projected Return of Investment 172% 9. Projected Benefit Cost Ratio 37% JUSTIFICATION Mushroom has started to gain popularity these...
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...The term mushroom is not a taxonomic division. Mushrooms are microfungi with distinctive fruiting body. which can be hypogeous or epigeous, large enough to be seen with the naked eyes and to be picked by hand (Chang and Miles,1992). They include both edible/medicinal and poisonous species. However, originally, the word “mushroom” was used for the edible members of macrofungi and “toadstools” for poisonous ones of the “gill” macrofungi. Scientifically the term “toadstool” has no meaning at all and it has been proposed that the term is dropped altogether in order to avoid confusion and the terms edible, medicinal and poisonous mushrooms are used. Edible mushrooms once called the “food of the gods” are nutritionally endowed fungi mostly basidomycetes which grow naturally on the trunks ,leaves and roots of decaying woody materials(Stamets 2000).Edibility of of mushroom maybe defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effect on human and desirable taste and aroma Since mushrooms lack chlorophyll they can not, like green plants, get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Instead, during their vegetative growth stage, mushroom mycelia secrete enzymes that break down compounds such as cellulose and lignin present in the substrate. The degraded compounds are then absorbed by the hyphae and the mycelium enlarges-usually laterally, and in some cases growing several meters in diameter with the substrate. Partially understood environmental factors (temperature and...
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...Although mushrooms have at one time been used as a staple food in some parts of Russia and South America, and they have been served as the main dish during mushroom seasons in Africa, they are generally considered only as an ingredient or complement to various dishes-rather than as a daily vegetable. However, mushrooms have been and will be increasing in importance as a source of food because they have a pleasing flavor, fine texture, adequate protein content (Crisan and Sands 1978), and health benefits (Mori 1974). The demand for mushrooms in some industrialized countries has increased threefold during the period 1965-1975 (Delcaire 1978). As people become wealthier, their consumption of mush-rooms increases. In 1977, the total per capita consumption of Agaricus mush-rooms in West Germany was about 12 times that of the world average. It is hoped that in the near future mushrooms can be cultivated widely just as other common vegetables are. 虽然蘑菇在同一时间都被用来作为俄罗斯和南美一些地区的主食，并已在非洲的蘑菇季节期间作为主盘供应，他们通常被认为只能作为一种成分或补充各种菜肴而不是作为日常的蔬菜。然而，蘑菇已被作为食物来源的重要性将越来越大，因为他们有一个可喜的味道，质地细腻，足够的蛋白质含量（克里桑和金沙1978年），以及健康的好处（森，1974）。 1965年至1975年期间，（Delcaire1978），蘑菇在一些工业化国家的需求增长了三倍。随着人们越来越富裕，他们的消费增加的蘑菇房。 1977年，在西德的人均总消费的双孢蘑菇的客房，是世界平均水平的12倍左右。希望在不久的将来蘑菇可以广泛种植其他常见的蔬菜。 WHAT ARE MUSHROOMS? Mushrooms belong to the group of organisms known as filamentous fungi. Be-cause all fungi lack chlorophyll, they cannot get their energy, as green plants do, directly from the sun. They must obtain their nutrients from waste products...
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...Dutch courage is needed. It’s all about mushroom- its cultivation and marketing where investment is extremely possible minimum. No down time exists here, as the state of art technology is not needed. Even it’s neither a capital intensive one. The project is aimed at fulfilling with the very number one basic need i.e., food along with the ex gratia, nutrition, staying at the heart at the agriculture sector, the mother of all industries. The projected outcome is that by investing BDT 2,000,000.00 (equivalent of US$ 25000.00), net income would be BDT 5,995,635.37 which states about 299.78% ROI without any substantial variation, due to the existence of antithesis relationship in between risk and return (because, here risk is at rock-bottom but the return is sky-rocketing). Mushroom Mavens, LLC (proposed) plans to produce and market mushrooms in Bangladesh, a country with a conducive climatic condition for the cultivation of mushrooms. In Bangladesh due to escalating population growth, land to man ratio is decreasing every year. As a result, the land available for cultivation of vegetables is decreasing. These circumstances create a potential market for mushrooms, a vegetable with high nutritious value in it. The price of vegetables is skyrocketing and it is getting beyond the reach of the common people. This inadequate consumption of vegetables has created malnutrition in the general public. In such a situation, the cultivation of mushrooms would not only bring profit for the company...
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...If you are wanting to start a home-based business growing mushrooms, Pink Oysters are a great starting place. Their vibrant colors are known for drawing in interest at a farmers market; in fact, before I got more knowledgeable with mushrooms I hadn’t known they could be so beautiful. Seeing the Pink Oysters for the first time is a big part of what got me interested in learning more about mushrooms in general. Starting with easier projects is a great idea, as it gives you a chance to get used to the process. The hardiness and quick growing of Pinks makes them great for people unfamiliar with the process. Seeing the product of your work is also a great confidence boost, and will help you know you’re in the right business. Pink Oysters do have...
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...How to Grow Oyster Mushrooms the Easy Way Welcome to my super easy guide to growing oyster mushrooms. I want to thank you for letting me be your source of knowledge on mushroom cultivation and hope you enjoy the simplicity of this method. These instructions are designed for a beginner that has interest in mushroom cultivation and has no idea where to start. The purpose of this document is to give people the step by step info they need to grow their own supply of edible mushrooms quickly and easily. With the text and pictures as a reference you should have few failures with this method, if followed to the letter. There are times of the year that failure will hit harder than others. Most failures will happen in the spring, summer, and fall. These times of the year have higher concentrations of airborne contaminants. There are many things you will need to complete this project and item’s needed will be listed for each step of the process. It should take you about 1-2 months from start to finish on this project. The reward of delicious edible mushrooms you grow your self is just around the corner. Step 1 Obtain Supplies This is the list of supplies you will need to complete this part of the project. Most of these things can be found at the local grocery store. This is not a complete list of what you will need for the entire project. I will list at the beginning of each section what you will need for each step. This is fine grade vermiculite but, medium and coarse grades...
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...There are different kinds of truffles, but truffles are one of the most expensive types of mushrooms in the market because it can only be found by hogs. The different kinds of truffles are white and black truffles. Truffles are usually found in France and Italy. It is very earthy, pungent and a distinctive aroma. Truffles are one of the most expensive types of mushroom in the market because it is very hard to farm. It ranges from $6,000 to $10,000 a pound. It only likes very specific kinds of trees and soil. Because it lives inside the roots of the tree, you can’t just plant truffle seeds anywhere. It used to be only hogs that were able to find truffles but now it can be found by dog as well. Hogs have a good sense of smell and are able...
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...Introduction Mushroom is a large reproductive structure of edible fungi, which is the most popular nutritious, delicious and medicinal vegetable in the world. It is now one of the promising concepts for crop diversification in Bangladesh. The climatic condition of Bangladesh is completely suitable for mushroom cultivation. It does not require any cultivable land. It can grow in room by racking vertically. Therefore, its yield as well as benefit per unit area is higher than any other vegetable in our country. It requires short time, little capital and easy technique for cultivation. This is why all types of people like male and female, youth and old even children and disabled can easily participate in its cultivation. Therefore, it can generate huge scope of employment opportunities for unemployed people. The raw materials for mushroom cultivation like sawdust, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugar can baggage, waste paper, used cotton, dervishes etc are very cheap and available in our country and no materials are required to import from abroad for its cultivation. Moreover, no chemical is necessary for its cultivation, therefore it is completely organic and eco-friendly. Used substrate of mushroom cultivation is one of the best sources of organic matter in the soil. Its cultivation may be “a lifeboat” for survival of the landless people who do not have any source other than their houses and own labor. Its cultivation can transfer as a cottage industry and create a goods opportunity...
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