...The Tuskegee Research Study on Syphilis Stephan J. Skotko University of Phoenix January 13, 2010 HCS-435 Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility Edward Casey Every person or family member who has faced a medical crisis during his or her lifetime has at one point hoped for an immediate cure, a process that would deter any sort of painful or prolonged convalescence. Medical research always has paralleled a cure or treatment. From the beginning of the turn of the 20th century the most unspeakable appalling atrocities against human beings was The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. One of the most horrendous breaches of ethics in The United States history is Tuskegee’s studies and associated research. . The study and the publicity that surrounded the study was one of the major influences leading to the organized arrangement of laws, rules and principles of the ethical treatment for human beings. Examples of which include; informed consent, patients personal autonomy, patients’ bill of rights, medical code of ethics, and limits to a practitioners professional autonomy. Miracle cures like penicillin and other antibiotics have proven the value of research. Many illnesses and diseases are currently under heavy research. Although not much research can give results that penicillin or other antibiotics have attained does not invalidate the necessity of research and the importance of it. There exist copious treatments...
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...suffering it can cause the animals. Though animal welfare laws have reduced the number of laboratory animals globally, ethical concerns remain.The word ‘ethics’ is used in many contexts, for the purposes of this essay, “It is an examination of the acceptability of the motives that drive the behaviour of people. ”(Dolan, 1999). Ethical issues in animal research have been discussed frequently in public these few years. Accurate global figures for animal testing are difficult to obtain. According to the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) (2012), 100 million vertebrates are experimented on around the world every year, 10–11 million of them in the European Union. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that the total number of animals used in that country in 2012 was almost 950,000, but this figure does not include rats and mice, which make up about 90% of research animals. Reports show that at least 20% of these animals do not receive painkillers and are used in painful experiments. Animal rights advocates are pressing government agencies to impose heavy restrictions on animal research. However, there is a growing concern over the threat restrictions on the use of animals would pose to scientific progress. Whether such experiments should be allowed to continue has become a matter for public debate. There is a spectrum of opinion on whether there is a justification for using animals for our own ends: some people believe that animals have...
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...choose this particular dictionary to reference the definition of euthanasia specifically because of the detailed explanation that ethical considerations are being actively debated. Some may contend that euthanasia is a practice to be upheld in the U.S.A. due to being a country of freedom and liberty, and that is kind to allow one’s suffering to stop. However, others remain opposed and stand firm on the notion that assisting death is unethical, un-Godly, and to be illegal. The debate of assisted-suicide is argumentative amongst society, doctors, and legislators in Hawaii and throughout the nation; with recent regards to changing current law, euthanasia should remain to be illegal. Assisting in death, encouraging death, and advocating for death is wrong in many ways. Societal opinions differ and are found to be expressed throughout Hawaii in organizations, churches, and personal testimonials. What causes one to even think that assisted suicide is an acceptable foreseeable option? An example pros for debate is the notion of becoming invalid; according to an article by UH Philosophy Professor, Ron Amundson, a “Fear of Being Disabled Drives Advocates of Assisted-Suicide Bill” (Amundson, Pg.1). The idea of becoming disabled, or an invalid, is a pre-conceived notion, and shouldn’t be a determining factor in deciding one’s length of life. Many people live and maintain active and happily fulfilling lifestyles even...
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...Public Health Ethics is focused on the good for the society as a whole and it can infringe in the medical ethics of the individual thereby creating conflict. However, public health ethics must focus on the society and its distinctive nature of collective good, prevention, government action and its intrinsic outcome-orientation for the population (Public Health Ethics, n.d., 2015). A conflict can be the end-of-life debate that is considered a medical ethic but becomes a public health ethic because services involve administration and financial dimensions that are part of public health and management of health services (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Also, a source of conflict can be the mental health and protection of society against the legal...
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...Have you ever used Purell hand sanitizer? Have you ever used Herbal Essence, Pantene, Coppertone, or Dove products? Have you ever used a Band-Aid? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you have consumed a product that has been tested on animals. Animal testing is a phrase that many people may come into contact with, but are unsure of what it really means. Some individuals have very misguided notions of what they believe it is. They think it deals with torturing helpless animals. What is animal testing? It is the use of non-human animals in experiments and lab settings. Now that you know that those brands use animal testing and have a better understanding of what animal testing is, do you vow to stop using those products because you are strongly against animal experimentation? If you answered yes, then you’re also going to have to stop using Clearasil, Crest, Febreeze, Neutrogena, Tide, and a ton of other merchandises. In the interest of preserving human health and progress, government should continue to allow strictly monitored and regulated animal testing because it is the best alternative to human testing, is essential for safety reasons, and is beneficial to advancing biological and medical knowledge Don’t be fooled when products claim to be “cruelty free” or “not tested on animals”, because although this claim may refer to the final product, many of the ingredients have in fact been tested on animals. Animal testing has been and will probably...
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...Administrative Ethics paper Sherry Grant HCS 335 May 21, 2012 Holly Martinez De Andino Presidential Commission to Decide: Is Testing Anthrax Vaccine on Children Ethical? On May 10, 2012 the Presidential Commission of the Study of Bioethical Issues started their deliberations regarding a very important matter: Testing vaccinations and treatments on children. The ethical question is whether or not to begin pediatric studies to determine the effectiveness of Anthrax vaccines and other treatments to be used in the event of a bio terror attack. Upon reading an article in the Washington Post the debate was made clear to me as a reader and me as a parent. The largest debated issue related to the testing of vaccines on children is the overall safety of the children. It has been set forth by the government that studies only be considered in cases where the child will directly benefit from studies or if there are not enough results from adult testing and only if the affects are minimal for the pediatric participant (Associated Press, 2012). There are a great many tools to fight against some of the threats that worry defense experts but none of these outline the proper use on a child. Will these treatments in fact work for children as efficiently as they will work in adults? The National Bio defense Safety Board (which offers advice to the government) suggests that testing of the anthrax vaccine be done only if ethical experts deemed the testing to be appropriate. While this...
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...Seminar 5 First Draft – Physician Assisted Suicide INTRODUCTION In my term paper I am going to be answering the question is Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) ethically justified? The debate on Physician-Assisted Suicide has been a topic of debate for many years. Born and raised in Michigan I remember all of the news on Dr. Jack Kevorkian assisting terminally ill patients in their death and the controversy on it. The dilemma is whether or not a physician should be allowed to assist a person in ending their life even if they are terminally ill. According to a recent article on The New York Times website, New Mexico just legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide for terminally ill patients. This ruling would make New Mexico the fifth state to allow physicians to prescribe to their terminally ill patients a fatal dose of medications to end their life (Eckholm, 2014). Proponents of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that terminally ill people should have the right to choose go to the doctors and ask for their help to end their lives and stop their suffering. Of course there would have to be certain steps taken to make sure they were making the right choice. Many supporters of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that there should be some psychiatric evaluation to make sure that the patient is of a sound mind in their decision to end their life. Opponents of Physician-Assisted Suicide believe that a person does not have a right to end their own life and that it goes against...
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...Euthanasia The word Euthanasia comes from Greek roots meaning “good death”. It refers to the practice, which ends a life in a manner, which is to relieve pain and suffering (Gielen, Van Den Branden & Broeckaert, 2009). According to Harris (2001) its meaning is specifically “a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering”. There are different characteristics of euthanasia, and different reasons for the administration of this. The act of intentionally killing a human being in the name of euthanasia is an act of omission, being for the benefit of the individual. If the death was not intentional, it cannot be defined as euthanasia. Different types of Euthanasia are as follows: * Voluntary euthanasia: The individual who was killed had requested to be killed * Non-voluntary euthanasia: The individual who was killed made no request to be killed, and the choice for the euthanasia was either passed on to a family member, loved one or a clinical physician who has decided that euthanasia was necessary * Involuntary euthanasia: The individual who was killed had made an expressed wish to the contrary of euthanasia * Assisted suicide: The individual is provided guidance, information and the means to take his or her own life. When this is done in a hospital, it is called “physician assisted suicide” * Euthanasia by Action: The intentional action causing a person’s death, such as administering a lethal...
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...PROPOSAL TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT THAT FOREIGN AID HAS HAD ON DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA RESEARCH STUDIES MOD001774 SHIRLEY JONES SID 1223384 FACULTY OF HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE AND EDUCATION 2012/13 1 SID 1223384 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of foreign aid on development in Kenya. The study will investigate the effect that foreign aid has had on development, appraising its benefits as well as exposing its shortcomings. Judging from the level of aid that the developing world receives and the economic development that takes place in third world countries, there appears to be an inverse relationship between aid and development. With this continuing debate, my interest of study has been to find out foreign aid’s impact to development in Kenya as it is dependent of aid but poverty still seems impossibility in the country for many decades. Therefore, the study will seek to expose these pitfalls of foreign assistance to a nation’s growth and development, using the Kenyan example to illustrate this relationship. The prevailing research methodology shall be of a qualitative positivist nature. Debates still exist around foreign aid dependency and economic development in the “Third World” countries as despite the input from developed countries there hasn’t been much change witnessed in the developing nations which are still drowning in poverty since 1960’s. The study will highlight on the demerit of excess foreign aid has development whereby the more dependent...
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...I am writing this memo in order to explain my three topics choice and also stating the final topic which u have chosen for my paper. In terms of science, the topic of robotic surgery is of hot debate. Robotic Surgery is also known as computer assisted surgery as well as robotically assisted surgery which are used for the technological development in which the engineers and technicians use robots in order to aid them in procedures of surgery. The major reason behind using the robotic survey was based on the fact that the limitations in the invasive surgery could be removed. In societal issue the same sex marriage has been a controversial topic for many years that has brought attention from everyday citizens, businesses, and politicians. Views...
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...Euthanasia/Assisted Suicide Debate Of course we want our loved ones to be a part of our lives as long as possible and thanks to modern medical technology, the average human life span is about seventy-eight years. Yet, some of us get sick, diseased or injured in an accident and become comatose. When the medical condition of a person is deemed progressive, terminal and there is no hope of recovery, that person should be able to exercise the option of ending their life. Particularly, when that individual feels he or she cannot stand the suffering in the last stages of their disease. Moreover, if a person has sustained an injury where their brain is not functional or damaged beyond basic functions, euthanasia is an option to lengthy life-sustaining treatment methods that may be futile. However, euthanasia has been a debated topic since the Greek-written Hippocratic Oath. This Oath is one of the first statements of moral conduct where doctors and health care professionals profess to do no harm by practicing medicine ethically. There are many opinions that in certain special populations, such as minorities and the disabled, euthanasia and assisted suicide give ways to possible abuse of the health care system. The three states that that now allow assisted suicide are Washington (2008), Montana (2008), and Oregon (1994), euthanasia is still illegal in the United States. The difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is the administration of the lethal drugs to...
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...Management The subject of ethics is very hard to explain when it is applied to the workplace. Ethics is defined as “ the code of moral principals and values that governs the behaviors of a person or group with respect to what is right or wrong”(Daft 2012 pg. 5). Having a code of ethics represents what an organization values, their set standards and should be an aid when making corporate decisions. Unfortunately, this isn’t always the case. It has become common for an organization to ditch their ethical codes for the prospects of pleasing stakeholders and making profits, abandoning all sound reasons. On December 29, 2009 an article was written by J. Commins about Genesys Health Systems. According to the government, Genesys Health System, a member of Ascension Health, violated the False Claims Act by falsely billing Medicare for services that were not performed on patients. The alleged fraud was brought to the governments attention in a whistleblower lawsuit by a contracted auditor named Wendy Buterakos. Genesys Health System agreed to pay the federal government $669,413 to settle the allegations in which Ms. Buterakos received $133,882 from the settlement. Genesys Health System never admitted to the fraud, instead they stated that the mistakes in billing were made due to the claims made by physicians. It is an understatement to say that Genesys Health Systems action were unethical. In healthcare it is important that the clinical and management ethics are based “on a concept...
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...Baby Mama 1 hour 39 minutes Rated: PG-13 Genre: Comedy Released: April 25, 2008 Directed by Michael McCullers Distributor: Universal Studios Technology is defined in the dictionary as “the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment.” Technology has maneuvered its way into the world’s simplest form of living, and has even presented itself in the genre of films writings as well. Today not only is technology used in the production of these films, but in many cases it has made itself part of the plot. Film writers have amplified, stretched, or even created many types of technology to draw their plot lines around, and the movie Baby Mama does just that. Baby Mama is a film that presents something as serious as reproduction and the technologies involved in that, and make it hilarious and understandable to your average audience. Baby mama is a romantic comedy film released in 2008. It was written and directed by first time director Michael McCullers, staring Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, and Greg Kinnear. The main character in the film is Tina Fey’s character, Kate. Kate is an intelligent single 37 year old woman who’s desperately looking to have a child. She attempts adoption but fails due to the fact that she is a single mother. She then picks a sperm donor and tries in-vitro fertilization nine times but does not manage to get pregnant; she finds out that her chances of conceiving...
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...assisted suicide……………………………….3 States considering bills to legalize physician-assisted suicide………….3-4 Death with Dignity Acts………………………………………………......4-5 Oppose Physician Assisted Suicide………………………………………5-6 Supporters…………………………………………………………………6-7 Reference…………………………………………………………………..7-8 Introduction For decades, the public, government, and physicians have been debating over the “Death with Dignity Act” or “Physician-Assisted Suicide.” It started back in the Ancient Greek and Rome time. The debate originated around the Hippocratic Oath and the condemnation of the practice. With the upsurge of Christianity, many physicians continued to condemn the practice. Within the last two centuries the public has spurned many discussions about Physician-assisted suicide and Euthanasia from many different historic perspectives (Procon.org, 2012). Although this debate has been lengthy and many of the issues discussed over the centuries are repetitive, new ideas and concerns do emerge with the current debate. What do you think when you here assisted suicide? Would you want your family member to suffer with an illness that has put them in so much pain that they cannot function? Personally, I would not want to see my family member suffer in pain while they are dying with no cure. About Euthanasia and Assisted suicide Euthanasia is an act or omission intended to cause the death of a person in order to eliminate suffering, allegedly for his/her benefit. Euthanasia can be voluntary (at the request...
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...most memorable dates in the eyes of cancer cell researchers. On that date at Johns Hopkins hospital a destitute African-American woman named Henrietta Lacks passed away due to cervical cancer. Henrietta left behind her husband, David, and their four children. At only 31 years of age, this woman was going to be extremely influential in cancer research, and she had no idea. The worst part was neither did her family. Her cells were like no other cells ever seen and have provided for exceptional results for medical research since her passing, including the polio vaccine. However, the debate is over researchers taking her cells without her consent and made no immediate family members until 19 years later. Bringing this situation to the forefront of the implications and role ethics play in research today. Since the early 1970’s the story of Henrietta Lacks and her dominate cells has provided a great debate on a topic that will forever be in question, ethical principals. Dr. George Gey is the doctor that obtained the cells in order to find a cure for cancer. He was a great professional, I believe, that wanted nothing more than to find a cure for cancer, including profit. Because of this he wanted to keep Henrietta’s name private due to her passing and the understanding of a lawsuit by the immediate family, he made it known the cells had come from a woman named Helen Lang (Cancer cell research, 1997). Dr. Gey was able to start a cell line with an isolated cell of Henrietta’s, and called...
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