Free Essay

Decision Making Awry

In: Business and Management

Submitted By DeeSCATL
Words 1480
Pages 6
An entrepreneur is more susceptible to the use decision making biases and heuristics than are managers in large organizations (Schade, 2007). To understand why entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations may vary in the extent to which they manifest biases and heuristics in their decision making, it is important to understand the utility of nonrational decision making (Schade, 2007). Under conditions of environmental uncertainty and complexity, biases and heuristics can be an effective and efficient guide to decision making (Schade, 2007). In such settings, more comprehensive and cautious decision making is not possible, and biases and heuristics may provide an effective way to approximate the appropriate decisions (Schade, 2007).
The use of heuristics has also been found to be associated with innovativeness (Schade, 2007). Perhaps a critical difference between these sets of individuals is the extent to which they manifest biases and heuristics in their decision making (Schade, 2007). There are several traits and demographic factors, enduring support was found for the way entrepreneurs make decisions (Schade, 2007). We speculate that without the use of biases and heuristics, many entrepreneurial decisions would never be made (Schade, 2007). With entrepreneurial ventures in particular, the window of opportunity would often be gone by the time all the necessary information became available for more rational decision making (Schade, 2007).Additionally, successfully starting a new business usually involves overcoming multiple hurdles (Schade, 2007). Using biases and heuristics as simplifying mechanisms for dealing with these multiple problems may be crucial (Schade, 2007).To face such hurdles from a strict econometric approach would not only postpone decisions, but would in all likelihood make them overwhelming (Schade, 2007). More specifically, overconfidence may be particularly beneficial in implementing a specific decision and persuading others to be enthusiastic about it as well (Schade, 2007).
The use of biases and heuristics may also offer some help in explaining why entrepreneurs sometimes make bad managers (Beamish, 2010).Whereas the use of cognitive biases may be beneficial in some circumstances, it can lead to major errors in others (Beamish, 2010). Although research has yet to establish performance implications, it is possible that the more extensive use of heuristics in strategic decision making maybe a great advantage during the start up years (Beamish, 2010). However, it may also lead to the demise of a business as a firm matures (Beamish, 2010).
In any industry we find that social heuristic collectively constructed and maintained interpretive decision making frames influence economic decision making practices and material outcomes (Beamish, 2010). Social heuristics are widely institutionalized and commonly relied upon to reduce uncertainty in decision making they provide actors with both a priori and ex post facto justifications for economic decisions that appear socially rational (Beamish, 2010).
Let’s say a person in the commercial construction industry, social heuristics sustain market order but also discourage novel technologies and impede innovation (Beamish, 2010). Social heuristics are actor level constructs that reflect macro-level institutional arrangements and networked production relations (Beamish, 2010). The concept of social heuristics offers the promise of developing a genuinely social theory of individual economic choice and action that is historically informed, contextually situated, and neither psychologically or structurally reductionist (Beamish, 2010).
Casual observation suggests that individuals who start their own organizations are
Somehow different from those that work in large organizations (Anderson E 2003). Entrepreneurs have been described as risk-takers and rugged individualists as engaging in deviate social behavior and as being a "breed apart" (Anderson E 2003). In contrast, managers in large organizations have been described as being risk averse adhering to broadly accepted norms of behavior and more professional and predictable in their decision making (Anderson E 2003). For each decision there is a risk (Anderson E 2003). The risk actually occurs when you exit the comfort dynamic balance in the status quo situation (Anderson E 2003).And each decision and action hit directly in the comfortable position for you as an entrepreneur (Anderson E 2003). Because of that the risk is ingredient part of the whole process (Anderson E 2003).
A lot of scholars have recognized that managerial decision making often falls short of the purely rational model (Anderson E 2003).Several factors that prevent purely rational decision making have been cited, including (Anderson E 2003). First the high costs of such decision making efforts and second the information processing limits of decision makers (Anderson E 2003).Third the differences in decision making procedures adopted by managers and last the differences in the values of decision makers (Anderson E 2003). One of the most important classes of models that explain deviations from rational decision making focuses on biases and heuristics (Anderson E 2003). Biases and heuristics are decision rules, cognitive mechanisms, and subjective opinions people use to assist in making decisions (Anderson E 2003). Frequently, the use of biases and heuristics yields acceptable solutions to problems for individuals in an effective and efficient manner (Anderson E 2003).
Like with any business entrepreneur faces a series of challenges (Branson, 2012). Some challenges they may not be able to control, such as the legal limitations or not having all of the time and money they would like to dedicate to business (Branson, 2012). The best way to deal with obstacles like these is to have the information that is need to be prepared (Branson, 2012). Then entrepreneur can look for ways to turn the situation into an opportunity, through finding a unique solution or drawing on support from other people (Branson, 2012). Other challenges will present entrepreneur with decisions you will have to make (Branson, 2012).Another challenged faced with a choice that draws on own sense of morals, values or ethics (Branson, 2012). An example might be selling a product that they know is of poor quality or even harmful to a community (Branson, 2012). Most good entrepreneurs only make three or four key decisions every year (Branson, 2012). Running a business's day-to-day operations and managing your team can take much of their time, so there are usually only a few that stands out the game changing decisions that can make or sometimes break a business (Branson, 2012). An entrepreneurs job is to lead there team in the search for the best solutions, which are not always the easiest ones (Branson, 2012).
As an entrepreneur decides about action on a way of full action implementation (Gibcus, 2003).This is the most important element in the action taking process (Gibcus, 2003).This is because if an entrepreneur not decides to take action, the action won’t happen (Gibcus, 2003). The faster is the process of decision making the faster will be the process of overall action taking (Gibcus, 2003). The better is the process of making decision, the better will be implementation of that action (Gibcus, 2003).However, the speed of decision making affecting the quality of the decision (Gibcus, 2003).Because of that you must to optimize the process, if you would like to receive the best results for each action (Gibcus, 2003).When entrepreneur already know what needs to be implemented, they already know the necessary steps for that entrepreneurial action (Gibcus, 2003). However, this sub-process implementation, can also affect the failure of the whole action taking process (Gibcus, 2003). If you don’t implement the decision, there won’t be action (Gibcus, 2003). Once a decision is made to take any type of action, they must implement that decision without additional thinking’s (Gibcus, 2003). Thinking’s are finished in the process of decision making (Gibcus, 2003).
The decision to start a venture based on a new product or service involves making numerous decisions for which there is little or no hard information (Gibcus, 2003). Furthermore, the market's acceptance of the new product or service almost always contains a great deal of uncertainty (Gibcus, 2003). However, efforts by entrepreneurs to reduce their uncertainty in decision making are likely to be very costly and usually not terribly effective (Gibcus, 2003).And yet, decisions still need to be made if the venture is going to be launched or to quickly move forward once the venture has started (Gibcus, 2003).

Reference
(2012) Argosy University Online Course Material, retrieved from Argosy University Online on
February 12, 2013
Schade, C. (2007) Heuristics, Biases, and the behavior of entrepreneurs. Retrieved February 12,
2013, from website: http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/Ch2007_Schade-Koellinger.pdf
Beamish, T. (2010) Social Heuristics: Decision Making and Innovation in a Networked
Production Market. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from website: http://crgp.stanford.edu/publications/working_papers/Beamish_Biggart_Social_Heuristics_WP0056.pdf Anderson, E. (2003) ENTREPRENEURIAL DECISION MAKING & RISK: A FORMULA FOR
SUCCESS. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from website: http://ecanderson.com/blog/?p=14
Gibcus, E. (2003) The decision making entrepreneur. Retrieved February 12, 2013, from website: http://www.ondernemerschap.nl/pdf-ez/n200219.pdf
Branson, R. (2012) Richard Branson on Decision making For Entrepreneurs. Retrieved
February 12, 2013, from website:
http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/222739

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Decision Making Gone Awry

...Decision Making Gone Awry Desiree’ L. Johnson Argosy University Isabel Wan Pediatrician What I Thought I Wanted Doctors are portrayed as one of the most successful professionals in the world. Growing up I was always told that I should become a doctor because they are successful and well off financially. I saw doctors on television, whenever I had an appointment with one and heard about them in school all the time. Becoming a doctor sounded amazing as a child and my parents encouraged me to become a doctor to be successful. I never saw all the work hard that was involved with becoming a doctor, the years of schooling and the tasks that would take place throughout the profession. All I was ever saw and told was doctors were amazing and extremely successful. At the age of eight, I decided I wanted to become a pediatrician just like my doctor, at the time. My mind was set on becoming a pediatrician, so I applied to various universities to become a doctor. I decided to go to California State University of Long Beach to receive a bachelor’s degree in Early Childhood Development. Realization However, two years after attending college I decided I did not want to become a doctor anymore. I learned that after undergraduate school that I still had to attending medical school and would most likely not be out of school until I was approximately thirty years old. I also learned that I did not like blood or needles, so that would not work well with the profession I was trying to...

Words: 1948 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Decision Making Gone Awry

...day-to-day lives, we, both as people and consumers, make tons and tons of decisions. Some of them come naturally to us, like, “should I stop at the red signal?” or “should I turn off the TV before I leave the house?” Others, however, require a little bit more thought process behind them. Understanding how people arrive at their choices/decisions is an area that has received a lot of attention. Theories have been generated to explain how people make decisions, and what types of factors influence decision making in the present and future. There are several factors that also influence decision making. These may include “past experiences, cognitive biases, age and individual differences, belief in personal relevance, and an escalation of commitment” (Dietrich, n.d.). Understanding these factors may help us understand their impact on the decision’s outcome. One of the recent, most significant, decision making process that went awry for me was related to the car that I currently drive. About three years ago, my wife and I decided to purchase a new car. However, like most people, we were immediately faced with a tough choice of weather to finance or lease our purchase. Not having had an opportunity to purchase a brand new car in the past, I lacked the proper knowledge behind the concept of leasing a car. Historically I only had an option of financing, or right out buying the used car. In a typical decision making process there are five general steps; identify your goal, gather information...

Words: 1206 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Decision-Making Gone Awry

...Decision-Making Gone Awry Casey Heard Management Decision Models Argosy University Mitchell Franklin October 15, 2013 Abstract The purpose of this analysis is to discuss, review, and analyze various ineffective decision-making processes that can cause negative and unsuccessful decision-making outcomes and results. Social influence, such as peer pressure, social media, television shows, radio announcements, magazine articles, online and offline advertising and other forms of marketing, and even the utilization of the Internet are all tools that can be used for success; however, they can also be used in a negative manner, thereby creating ineffective, unsuccessful decision-making results. It is imperative for those in decision-making roles to be cognizant of decision-making tools that can be improperly utilized, thereby creating unsuccessful decision-making outcomes. Decision-Making Gone Awry Introduction Ever since the beginning of time, there have been people, both individuals and in groups, who fill the authoritative role of making decisions. People have the ability to make decisions for themselves by themselves and for others with others. An individual is sometimes in charge of decision-making for an entire team, group, or staff, or a group of people sometimes is in charge of an individual filling a role underneath their authority. Whatever the case or situation may be, there are effective and ineffective ways to utilize decision-making methods, which create either...

Words: 1865 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

M5 A2 Decision Making Awry

...Sherry West B6025-P G01 Management Decision Models Dr. Matthew Kuofie Argosy University Module 5 Assignment 2 June 11, 2014 Management Decision Models Assignment- Decision Making Awry This assignment asks you to use decision making using social influence, persuasion and risk taking that went awry. Examine a time when you were involved in decision making that went awry as a result of protocols, social norms or persuasive techniques. If you do not want to use an example from your business or personal experience you can base your assignment on a journal article of your selection. Here are some key words to help you find an article for this assignment: * Decision making * Risk taking * Persuasion * Social heuristics Write a 5–6 page paper in Word format that addresses the following: * Describe a decision-making scenario using your business experience, personal decision making or cited journal article; include an example of the decision-making process, why it was a risk, how persuasion was used, and what the social heuristics were. * Explain the incentives that caused others to support the decision and identify why these incentives were selected. * Identify the risks and the potential decision biases in your scenario. Propose the corrective steps that should have been taken to overcome these biases. If a risk assessment was conducted how did this affect the decision-making process? * Analyze your scenario for what happened in terms...

Words: 1527 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Decision Making Gone Awry

...It is always been a great difficulty figuring out who to date. Going through life and figuring out do I follow the wants of my parents in a mate, or should I follow my heart. In my personal romantic life we will be discussing the decision model, of dating, and the social heuristic behind dating. Through this paper there will be details of the incentives of the dating scenario, identify the risks and potential decision biases. Then there will be an in-depth analysis of the scenario where the decisions will be looked and how they impacted the social factors. Finding a mate is never a easy process. Being part of an Italian family there were many indicators that the family pushes you towards. Being socially awkward, I leaned to the attention to my family because they knew what was good for my well being. Also why would they stray me the wrong way in my life. I had to make many decisions in order to find my mate the only thing on the line was, my heart. So when I mentioned to my family that I was open to the dating world, I was given a list of traits that I need to find in order to find the “ideal mate”. At the time, with my family being an important part of my life, I was open to the idea of finding a mate that would suit my family needs. Of course if these list of demands in my ideal mate were not met, then I would face family disapproval. Which in an Italian household takes a very long time to shake off. To fully know the incentives was purely find a mate. The idea would...

Words: 816 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Holocracy

...Leadership by Virtue: Does Holacracy Need Leadership? Source: Posted on January 14, 2015 By Ted Bauer (thecontextofthings.com BA 7910 November 7, 2015 Howard Eaton Introduction: The main objective of Holacracy is to distribute leadership and decision-making throughout an organization so that fewer decisions get bottlenecked with the boss, which, results in faster decisions, improved creativity and innovation, and improved productivity. Holacracy has become more popular in the last decade as younger and more visionary C-suite leaders balk at conventional, top-down organizational structures to seek out new “open” ways of working that are fast, agile, and that succeed by pursuing their purpose, not following a dated implicit organizational plan. "The industrial age operating system is no longer compatible," said Traci Fenton, the founder and CEO of WorldBlu, which preaches the Freedom at Work method used by hundreds of companies worldwide, including Zappos before it adopted Holacracy. "You have to move into the new age to realize we've outgrown the clothes." (Greenfield – HolaWhat? 2015) When companies implement Holacracy, they learn to create new structures (circles) and ways of making decisions that empower the people who know the most about the type of work the organizations perform: the frontline (customer facing) workers. Some of the notable champions of Holacracy include Tony Hsieh, CEO of Zappos.com, Evan Williams, co-founder Medium, and David Allen...

Words: 2947 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Paragon Tool Business Decision Making

...the possibility of having to let go of employees by downsizing to try and stay afloat. On the other hand if it was successful the merger would bring in more employees, more customers, and just make the company better in general. Problems with merger also includes the current CFO William Littlefield who is very opposed to the merger, and Paragon Tools would have to consider the cost of losing him as well as hiring another knowledgeable CFO to replace him. Another issue brought up in the case is upper management not being unanimous in the approval of this merger. To have any chance for success in this merger, all the upper management has to agree on it because the employees will pick up on any hesitation and it could send the whole process awry. PART II: Using a minimum of 200 words each answer the following questions. (50 Points) 1. Why might Paragon Tool want to pursue acquisition of MonitorRobotics? What are the associated risks? Paragon would want to acquire Monitor to expand its current business capabilities as well as acquire new assets both in human capital and in machinery. The risks could include the chance of failure of the merge, in which case Paragon Tools would be worse off and have to downsize to save its self. Which means people losing jobs, and the company possibly losing business too. 1. Are there other options for growth that Paragon Tool should consider?...

Words: 857 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Valve Case Study

...1101IBA – Management Concepts Literature Review and Report Valve Case Study By Muhammad Rabani b. Shamsul Khairil s2834180 Semester 2, 2012 1 583 words Table of Content 1. Introduction 3 2. Problem Identification 3 3. Analysis 4 3.1 Vertical Organisation Structure 4 3.2 Horizontal Organisation Structure 5 4. Recommendations 6 5. Conclusion 7 6. Reference List 8 1. Introduction Organisation can be seen as networks of system perform by a collective effort of people in order to achieve to a common purpose. (Schermerhorn et al. 2011, p.11). An organization can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs (Damraks 2009 p.1). Valve has a unique flat organisation structure where it operates. The purpose of this report is to...

Words: 1618 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Blink

..."In the first two seconds of looking –in a single glance – they were able to understand more about the essence of the statue than the team at the Getty was able to understand after fourteen months . . . Blink is a book about those first two seconds." Gladwell begins his introduction with the story of a kouros – an ancient Greek sculpture of a young naked male – that was acquired by the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1983. Kouroi are very rare. As a result this particular kouros was being sold for $10 million. Because of the hefty price tag, the Getty Museum was very careful when testing to see if the kouros was a forgery. However, after 14 months of analysis, the Getty determined that the kouros was in fact real, and bought the statue. Many scholars did not agree that the kouros was real. To them, something about the statue didn’t look right. When Thomas Hoving, the former director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, looked at the statue the first word that came to his mind was “fresh”. When Angelos Delivorrias, director of the Benaki Museum in Athens, first laid eyes upon the statue he felt a wave of immediate disgust. For a long time the validity of the kouros was hotly debated. Finally, the Getty’s case began to fall apart. As it turned out, a lot of the documents used to prove the statue’s authenticity were forged. Also, as experts began to examine the statue in great detail, they came to the realization that it used a hodgepodge of styles from many different places...

Words: 6053 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

Find Simple Guy

...environmental impacts of organizational actions is necessary to make effective operational and capital investment decisions that positively impact organizational objectives and satisfy the objectives of multiple stakeholders. ▪ The financial payoff of a proactive sustainability strategy can be substantial. ▪ To become a leader in sustainability, one needs to articulate what sustainability is, develop processes to promote sustainability throughout the corporation, measure performance on sustainability, and ultimately link this measurement to corporate financial performance. ▪ Corporate citizenship is an important driver for building trust, attracting and retaining employees, and obtaining a “license to operate” within a community. ▪ Corporate citizenship is much more than charitable donations and public relations—it’s the way the company integrates sustainability principles with everyday business operations and policies and then translates all of this into bottom-line results. ▪ For sustainability to be long lasting and useful, it must be representative of and integrated into day-to-day corporate activities and corporate performance. ▪ If sustainability is seen only as an attempt to provide effective public relations, it does not create long-term value and can even be a value destroyer. ▪ The key to success is integrating sustainability into business decisions, identifying, measuring, and reporting (both...

Words: 12219 - Pages: 49

Free Essay

Competing on Analytics Paper Review

...BRAZIL: Over the past few years, Brazil has moved from a country with great promise 'some time in the future' to being seen as one of the hottest investment opportunities in the world.  A more stable political system and currency, coupled with vast mineral wealth of the country make Brazil a 'must' for all companies with truly global ambitions. With a population of 194 million, Brazil represents the fifth largest market opportunity in the world — after China, India, Indonesia and the USA. It is also the fifth largest country in the world by geographic size. An IMF (International Monetary Fund) report indicates that Brazil leads all other South American countries in terms of infrastructure and technological development. Combine these facts with the stabilising economic and political landscape — (the twin nightmares of corruption and hyper-inflation ravaged the country for decades) — and it is easy to see why Brazil attracts a higher percentage of total global foreign direct investment year on year. However, anybody wishing to do business with Brazil and the Brazilians should be aware of the various cultural and structural barriers which might confront them. Probably the most pervasive barrier encountered by the unwary traveller would be the 'Custo Basil' or the 'Brazil Cost'. This term refers to the very real extra costs of doing business in Brazil — corruption, governmental inefficiency, legal and bureaucratic complications, excessive taxation, poor infrastructure, inflation...

Words: 27633 - Pages: 111

Premium Essay

Conquer and Decide

...Decide & Conquer: Make Winning Decisions and Take Control of Your Life Stephen P. Robbins, Ph.D. PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Praise for Decide & Conquer: “Do you have trouble making important decisions? If you answered, ‘Well, yes and no,’ you need this book. It's as smart and straightforward as its title. I'm buying my agent five copies. —Joel Siegel Entertainment Editor Good Morning America “I thought making decisions was as natural as breathing— something we just do. Dr. Robbins makes it crystal clear that decision making ability is a skill that can be improved with knowledge from self evaluation and consideration of the right criteria. This book will help not only people who struggle with decisions, but also those who consider themselves effective decision makers.” —Jim Despain, Managing Partner, DESPAINCONVERSE, and co-author of …and Dignity for All “Robbins shows that making good decisions requires more than just knowing the facts. You must know yourself, too! It is the human aspects of the decision-making process that fail. But these problems can be overcome. Start making good decisions now by choosing to read this book.” —John Nofsinger, author of Infectious Greed and Investment Blunders (of the Rich and Famous) “A must read. Robbins translates a vast array of arcane research into a clearly written practical guide that will surely help people make better personal decisions.” —Steven P. Schnaars, author of Marketing Strategy, Second Edition “This is a very personal...

Words: 46183 - Pages: 185

Premium Essay

Participative Leadership

...simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire (Changing Minds, 2011). This paper will focus on these behavioral theories of leadership, primarily concentrating on participative leadership. An autocratic leader tells employees what to do and how to do it. On the opposite extreme, a laissez-faire leader allows employees to make their own decisions with little leader involvement. In the middle lies participative leadership where the leader includes employees in the decision-making process and lets them take part in determining what to do and how to do it (Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition, 2010) . My preferred leadership style is participative leadership, confirmed by a 30-item leadership style self-assessment focused on leadership style beliefs (Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition, 2010). I identify least with a laissez-faire leadership style as my organization expects leaders to be more intimately involved in most matters. In addition, I feel the need to be involved and am not comfortable completely relinquishing control, at least for important matters. I strongly believe in involving others in decision making but also understand...

Words: 1589 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Consumer Behaviors

...and Archeology King Saud University ABSTRACT The theories of consumer decision-making process assume that the consumer’s purchase decision process consists of steps through which the buyer passes in purchasing a product or service. However, this might not be the case. Not every consumer passed through all these stages when making a decision to purchase and in fact, some of the stages can be skipped depending on the type of purchases. The reasons for the study of consumer’s helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as: • The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); • The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); • The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; • Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; • How consumers’ motivation and decision strategies differ between products, that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and • How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. 2. Consumer Behavior The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related...

Words: 8162 - Pages: 33

Free Essay

Decisions in Paradise, Part 3

...Business Scenario Pt. 3 - Kaiser in Kava Mgt/350 1-12-12 Yvonne Richardson Implementation of a decision is necessary for any organization to move in the direction of accomplishing its planned objective. Monitoring and evaluation of the decision is also needed to have an effective implementation. What improves the performance of an organization is evaluating decisions. Evaluating decisions will inform the organization if the solution that was implemented met the objectives of the organization. This paper will discuss the logic and strategy for implementing a solution to Kaiser Permanente establishing a presence on the Island of Kava. The paper will also discussed is the influence of implementing and evaluating the resources and procedures vital for decision-making, and evaluates the ethical implications of a solution from the perspective of stakeholders. The mission of Kaiser Permanente is to provide high quality, affordable healthcare services and to improve the health of our members and the communities we serve (Crane, 2002). Kaiser feels the essential components for an organization to be successful on the Island of Kava is the commitment to satisfying their customers, increase the value of their shareholder, and boosting initiatives of the community are. Kaiser’s top and mid level management team have approved the proposal to build a first-rate medical facility on Kava. Creating a greater presence on Kava is one of the main goals to the resolution that Kaiser will put...

Words: 1316 - Pages: 6