...Perception and Individual decision-making (Robertson) Perception Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. However, what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Factors that influence it Attribution theory The attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual’s behaviour is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviours are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual whereas externally caused behaviour is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. * Determinants of attribution 1. Distinctiveness: what we want to know is whether behaviour is unusual, if so we are likely to give it an external attribution. If not we will probably judge the behaviour to be internal. 2. Consensus: behaviour shows consensus when everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way. If consensus is high you will probably give an external attribution to the individual’s behaviour whereas if the consensus is low it will be attributed to an internal cause. 3. Consistency: does the person respond the say way over time? The more consistent the behaviour is the more we are inclined to attribute it to internal factors. ...
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...Individual Perception And Decision Making Sources: Dalton,F.(2007). Confidently Make Decisions On Demand Retrieved: March 28, 2012 From: http://www,allbusiness.com/5844171.html Stelzer,L.(n.d). Management And Organization Behavior Retrieved: March 29, 2012 From: http://pirate.shu.edu/-stelzele/daymbalectures/perception.html PSY201(file/download). Psychology And Your Life Ch.1 Retrieved: March 27, 2012 From: My Adobe Reader file Perception is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. It is because of the perceptual process, that you become aware of the world around you. Perceiving is one of the brain’s two primary functions. The other is determining how you act in response to what you perceive. Your perception of your environment is influenced by your past experiences, your beliefs, and expectations. This is why each person’s perception of reality is different. An organization’s behavior can be impacted by one’s perception of other in many ways. Someone who may be higher up in the work place, may have a huge impact on the behavior in the organization. Managers are supposed to make the best decisions possible for the business. Every decision made by a manager will affect the company in some way. If the wrong decision is made, it way affect the products and employees of the organization. Some things that can impact a person’s perception may be time, work setting, and social settings. What individuals perceive...
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...others. It allows a person to look at different task functions, group versus individual decision-making, motivational patterns and conflict. It helps a person step back and observe the content of certain situations and then attempt to see how the process of the content unfolds. When working with a group, a person is going to have to deal with conflict and how to use task functions to process that conflict within that group. As a leader or individual, you will have to insert different aspects of motivation to lead and maintain a group. This reflects what type of a leader that individual wants to be or how that individual can adapt to the group. This includes adapting to new additions within the class and understanding our own personal work dynamics. Group vs. Individual Decision Making When trying to get a task completed there are positive and negatives when deciding to do a task as a group or as an individual. In a group, there is more than one person that works together to complete a task. A group will have different opinions and personalities that will form different decisions to complete the task. There are benefits to working as a group because everyone in the group and not just one individual makes the final decisions. A group must have a leader. If there is not a leader, there is no clear direction and the task will take longer to complete. As an individual, the individual comes up with a decision to complete the task. That person is the one that does all the work, not...
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...Individual Ethical Decision-Making Analysis It doesn’t matter in any organization, opposed ethics and values will come into play sooner or later. Everybody has their own opinions; everybody has their own morals to chase. But, it is imperative to comprehend how to deal with people who have differing values and choices when conflicts occur. When you belong to a certain kind of branch of the government like the U.S. armed forces, the best result to deal with ethical decision making and values is follow a decision making process that follows standards of Integrity, Duty and Honor. PFC Alexander, a female Soldier of my squad, accomplished the awareness inventory which indicated that her ethical viewpoint stems from a conviction of obligation or duty. The inventory pointed out that PFC Alexander’s belief system is based on what a rational individual ought to morally do. This faith is also in line with the armed forces. The armed forces focal point is on what is right and morally right. The armed forces; also inspires a core sense of code of honor, value and integrity. The armed forces provide: structure and creates the guidelines that enlisted men follow. This structure is based on the significance of obligation, duty and integrity. PFC Alexander ethical style inventory signify that she thinks that all human beings have a right to individual as well as an individuality respect. The inventory also indicates that PFC Alexander does not consider in judgments that occur based...
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...PSYCH 545 Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/PSYCH-545/PSYCH-545-Week-3-Individual-Ethical-Decision-Making-Paper PSYCH 545 Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper Resources: Ch. 11 of Ethics in Psychology and Counseling, Internet, and University Library Select an ethical dilemma in professional psychology. Obtain faculty approval prior to beginning the assignment. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper based on your selected ethical dilemma. Be sure to address the following items in your paper: • Describe your selected ethical dilemma. • Apply each one of the first 14 steps (located in Ch. 11) in the ethical decision making process to your selected issue. • Explain the importance of ethical decision making in professional psychology. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. PSYCH 545 Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper Resources: Ch. 11 of Ethics in Psychology and Counseling, Internet, and University Library Select an ethical dilemma in professional psychology. Obtain faculty approval prior to beginning the assignment. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper based on your selected ethical dilemma. Be sure to address the following items in your paper: • Describe your selected ethical dilemma. • Apply each one of the first 14 steps (located in Ch. 11) in the ethical decision making process to your...
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...Decision Making MGT 230 University of Phoenix Decision Making There are have been several times in my life that I have had to make a decision that would affect both myself and my family both personally and professionally, but there is one career and life change specifically that I will focus on in this paper and discuss the outcome of my decisions and how it has carried into my life today. When I graduated from High School, I was offered a full ride scholarship to play football at Trinity International University (Trinity) in Deerfield, IL. Initially I declined the offer as I was unsure if that was what I wanted to do, but decided that I needed to give it a shot. So I moved to IL the summer of 2004. Unfortunately, I blew my knee out the first month I was there and was career ending. Although the knee injury was disappointing, it wasn't all that bad as I was able to make some connections with a few individuals that own a trading firm that trade on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, which at the time, trading was very intriguing to me, so the connection was very important. I decided to move back home to AZ. In April 2006, I was presented with a job opportunity in Chicago, IL to trade on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange with the contacts that I created when I was at Trinity. At this time, I lived in Phoenix, AZ, which is where I was born and raised, so despite how incredible the opportunity was and how excited I may have been, I had responsibilities...
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...Individual Ethical Decision-Making Analysis James Waylon Jahns Facilitator Howard Introduction to Philosophy December 23, 2012 Individual Ethical Decision-Making Analysis Introduction Throughout my lifetime I have dealt with everything from priests to murderers, I have witnessed preachers with no morals and thieves with moral rules. I have made good decisions and bad decisions, however, every decision I made was made with good intentions. Ethical theories vary as to causation and intent; however, intent is the common factor of every ethical theory. Trust and Betrayal Last year my niece used my name as a reference so that a bail person would bond her out of jail; when my niece failed to show up for court the bonding company called me asking for help. Because my niece used my name I felt obligated to find her, my sister was very upset when I turned my niece in to the bounty hunters. I thought a long time before making the decision to turn in my niece. I am not sure which ethical theory best supports my decision but I would say my virtues where the deciding factor, I have a good reputation and my niece used that reputation for personal gain, therefore, there was a revenge factor involved. I turned my niece in because what she did was wrong and also because the local bonding companies trust me, I wanted to maintain that trust. My roommate and best friend is 23 years old, he began talking to a 14 year old girl, he wanted to go out with her, in North Mississippi this...
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...Principles of individual decision - making paper Developing professional knowledge and abilities can impact career success. Companies today require a minimum educational level for any job. Acquiring a degree in today’s society opens a vast array of opportunities in addition, to giving individuals an upper hand in many situations. Knowledge consists of facts and ideas that have been acquired by study, investigation, observation, or experience. In today’s society, Professional knowledge is just as important for the professional field as it is for personal use. Association of Professional Community Managers (APCM) is an organization of special interest. Working in Property Management it necessary to interact and meet new people outside my normal work environment. “For more than 30 years, APCM has been the leader in providing education and resources to the volunteer homeowners who govern community associations and the professionals who support them” (Community Association Institute, 2010). The above-mentioned organization contributes to increasing personal knowledge and abilities in the following ways: online training, monthly seminars, continuing education, conferences, and books. Our brains are like sponges the more “we” take in, the more we learn. These are critical tools that I believe need to be used effectively to improve my knowledge. I have found from speaking with others individuals within my company that this organization has an amazing group of individuals who, in...
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...Week 4 Individual Paper Angela Tai ACC 260 May 10, 2013 Douglas Kildsig Critiquing Philosophical Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Three philosophical approaches are taken when ethical decisions are being made. These approaches include consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism focus on the consequences associated with the decision that was made. When an individual uses this approach, that individual should ensure that they are fully knowledgeable of the problem in order to make an ethical decision. It is crucial that the person has the ability to examine the affects both negative and positive that will occur because of the decision. When using the deontology approach, one focuses on if it was a right decision or not instead of focusing on the consequences. With this method, all of the questions about ethics and principles arise. The last method is called the virtue ethic approach. This method strives on keeping the morals and integrity of both the community and the individuals. By keeping the morals and integrity of a community when making decisions, it ensures that the decision will be made using the personality traits of the individual. These traits include honest, generosity, wisdom, intuition, and common sense. Is the course of action really the most ethical choice? Scenario One The mayor made the most ethical choice by refusing the proposal and scarifying the development of hundred jobs and million dollars to be able to consider...
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...Economics through Decision LaFaye P. Moore Jr. ECO/212 Principles of Economics October 12, 2011 Robert Vansant Economics through Decision Decision-making are the process in how to make economics decision. Through economics comes decisive ways in making consult decision. This will show making individual decision in how a person uses economics to their lives. Economics effect every decision that someone make in the world. Example to the principles of individual decision-making Individual decisions have principles in how to make decision. Can someone just make on individual decision that does not affect him or her on economics decision. The principles for individual decision-making are to make your own decision. Individual decision-making personal or business decision because a person can make it for reason. Example if a person is makes a decision at home for their family then that come to the person decision-making. Then on the twist side, the business individual decision-making would be to change the business face. Changing the face of the company by figuring out how changing this will benefit the business. Decision in which compared the marginal benefits and the marginal costs associated with the decision What decision that a person make with marginal benefits and the marginal costs. Benefits and cost marginal are affecting decision-making. The process that takes these two marginal, which helps someone, make a decision that affect his or her choices in the economics...
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...Aristotle’s Nature of Ethics can be defined as individuals with prior experience and knowledge can only make proper decisions of ethical manner as they cannot be swayed with emotion and passion. This statement is a matter of theory because Aristotle feels as if younger individuals cannot make rational decisions or moral choice because they lack the knowledge and experience to make these decisions. I believe that this theory has its truths due to the way that Aristotle feels it relates to certain situations, like someone being a judge and making rulings of matters in which they have had previously made decisions upon. He believes that this knowledge judge will make a more ethical decision because he has been in this situation before while a young judge who is making a ruling on the same case for the first time believes that he would be incapable of making a morally ethical decision because he has no prior knowledge of this matter. Aristotle defines happiness as actions that are pleasant to a virtuous man. Which he believes that anyone can create happiness if they are serving their purpose in life every day and making decisions that are good for the specific job in this world. To give an example of this would be if a judge was making good ethical decisions on every ruling that he/she rules upon. To Aristotle the end of this judge’s life would create happiness as long as they are continuing to make moral decisions every time they rule. As long as this judge functions to their highest...
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...Journal of Business Ethics (2007) 73:219–229 DOI 10.1007/s10551-006-9202-6 Ó Springer 2006 A Model of Ethical Decision Making: The Integration of Process and Content Roselie McDevitt Catherine Giapponi Cheryl Tromley ABSTRACT. We develop a model of ethical decision making that integrates the decision-making process and the content variables considered by individuals facing ethical dilemmas. The process described in the model is drawn from Janis and Mann’s [1977, Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict Choice and Commitment (The Free Press, New York)] work describing the decision process in an environment of conflict, choice and commitment. The model is enhanced by the inclusion of content variables derived from the ethics literature. The resulting integrated model aids in understanding the complexity of the decision process used by individuals facing ethical dilemmas and suggests variable interactions that could be field-tested. A better understanding of the process will help managers develop policies that enhance the likelihood of ethical behavior in their organizations. KEY WORDS: decision making, ethical framework, ethics, process, stress Roselie McDevitt Sc.D. is Assistant Professor of Accounting at the Charles F. Dolan School of Business at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut. Dr. McDevitt teaches financial and managerial accounting. Her Primary areas of research are accounting education and accounting ethics. Catherine Giapponi is an Assistant...
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...Running head: HOW PEOPLE MAKE ECONOMIC DECISIONS How People Make Economic Decisions Abstract People make decisions every day based on day-to-day activities but what actualy drives the individual decision-making process. Tradeoffs, opportunity cost, margins, and incentives are the four principles of individual decision making process. The following paragraphs each of the four principles of the decision-making process. This paper also explains how the principles of economics affect decision-making, interaction, and the economy. Organizational Trends The four principles of decision-making are tradeoffs, opportunity costs, margins, and incentives. A tradeoff is the sacrificing of an item to gain something of greater value to an individual. Opportunity cost is what an individual give up to gain the new item, for example some students sacrifice their weekends or free time to gain a college degree. Margins is the next principle, margins are small changes to a plan of action. The last principle of individual decision-making is incentives. Incentives are anything that encourages or promotes a change in person’s behavior (Bauman, 2002, p.1-5). People make decisions everyday in which they compare the marginal benefits to the marginal cost. A few years ago the price of fuel reached a record high. These fuel prices caused consumers to stop purchasing gas guzzling SUVs and owners were even trading them in for environmentally friendly hybrids. Consumers also relocated...
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...Decisions made by individuals, groups and governments regarding urban growth and decline, are ways in which each are involved in addressing the issue. Urban growth and decline are the geographical processes that are constantly shaping Australian cities. Managing these issues within a city is a key role of geographers as they work to make cities desirable, efficient and sustainable areas to live. This response will examine range of decisions made by governments, groups and individuals. Therefore this response will explain how decision making by individuals, groups and governments, is involved in addressing urban growth and decline. The various Governments have been involved in the decision making process, in order to address urban growth and decline. There are many government decisions and responses. These include the City-West Redevelopment Program, the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority and the Honeysuckle Development Corporation. The City-West Redevelopment Program was when the government constructed new urban infrastructure in the city of Pyrmont such as roads, lighting, communication, water, sewerage and telecommunication. This government response is highly effective because it brought 22,000 residents as it was an affordable housing program, which built houses which had water views and it also brought a working population of 26,000 people. Another government response is The Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. This administered the urban renewal of Ultimo-Pyrmont. This...
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...Individuals find the need to make decisions in every aspect of their lives. When individuals use critical thinking to make a decision, the result is usually a success. This essay will provide a better understanding of critical thinking. It will describe critical thinking and share how it relates to decision-making in a work-related application. I will share a personal experience of when I applied critical thinking to a work-related decision. The essay will further discuss the importance and benefits of critical thinking in the decision-making process. Critical Thinking and Decision Making in a Work-Related Application When making work-related decisions, critical thinking is an important aspect. Critical thinking is identifying and evaluation evidence to assist in decision making (“What Is Critical Thinking”, 2011). Decision making is the thought process used when making a logical decision using the options available (BusinessDictionary.com”, 2011). When reviewing the definitions of critical thinking and decision making, one will find that individuals who make decisions must use critical thinking to determine the best solution for their problem. For example, if an individual at work has to make a decision, he or she will use critical thinking to determine what is best for the organization. If not, he or she may make a decision that harms the organization. Without using critical thinking, an individual may miss a detail of a solution; therefore, he or she may overlook the...
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