...D2 The ultimate goal of counselling is to enable individuals to make own decisions in life and act accordingly in order to change habits or overcome difficulties that had prevented them to achieve self-actualisation, build self-esteem or just live happily as general. In order to achieve that professionals are using variety of counselling skills and theories for support. One of the theories that is being used is Egan’s skilled helping module. Following the theory, professional first explore the reasons of something to occur and the fears that an individual has that prevent him to achieve his goals. This can be used my methods such as asking questions, paraphrasing and checking with the client on the side of the counsellor in order to provoke the individual to reflect on his own feelings and experiences. The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can also be used in order to explore the past of the client and how that had reflected his future. In order that phase to be successful and ethically correct, the individual should find his own conclusion about the situation instead of the professional giving his own ideas and opinions of why it all had resulted in such a way for the client. The second stage of the modal is to develop a preferred scenario for the person. In this stage the counsellor should challenge the thought processes of the client as well as patterns they have that contribute towards their situation. This challenging proves does not mean that they should point what they...
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...Case 2-8 Juggyfroot “I’m sorry, Lucy. That’s the way it is,” Ricardo Rikey said. “I just don’t know if I can go along with it, Rikey,” Lucy replied. “We have no choice. Juggyfroot is our biggest client, Lucy. They’ve warned us that they will put the engagement up for bid if we refuse to go along with the reclassification of marketable securities,” Rikey explained. “Have you spoken to Fred and Ethel about this?” Lucy asked. “Are you kidding? They’re the ones who made the decision to go along with Juggyfroot,” Rikey responded. The previous scene took place in the office of Deziloo LLP, a large CPA firm in Beverly Hills, California. Lucy Spheroid is the partner on the engagement of Juggyfroot, a publicly owned global manufacturer of pots and pans and other household items. Ricardo Rikey is the managing partner of the office. Fred and Ethel are the two members of the firm that make final judgments on difficult accounting issues, especially when there is a difference of opinion with the client. All four are CPAs. Ricardo Rikey is preparing for a meeting with Norman Baitz, the CEO of Juggyfroot. Rikey knows that the company expects to borrow $5 million next quarter and it wants to put the best possible face on its financial statements to impress the banks. That would explain why the company reclassified a $2 million market loss on a trading investment to the availablefor- sale category so that the “loss” would now show up in stockholder’s equity, not as a...
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...Conclusion Employee participation is the process in which employees are engaged in the organizational decision-making process. In this participatory process employees don’t merely take orders from management, but collectively decide organizational mission and objectives. Here, employees are empowered to make calculated organizational decision with that would ultimately impact organizational performance and profitability. Typically, organizations with decentralized decision-making processes, allow empowering their employees in participating organizational decision-making processes. This involves team building and team work activities that allow them to follow undetermined framework in decision-making. However, this doesn’t mean that this process is loose and team members are free to make decisions freely. Team members work within rigid organizational processes that allow both collective and individual participations but expect decisions to be aligned with stated organizational objectives. Employee participation in the organizational decision-making process could be termed as part of human resource development and quality improvement drive. If employees participate in decision-making process it can become a motivational tool for them, which would ultimately improve organizational performances and profitability. This would also lead to increased customer satisfaction as employees become more efficient and productive. It’s within this background that I am advocating for increased...
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...Centralization versus decentralization Every organization must establish whether its decision-making policies are centralized or decentralized. Highly centralized companies tend to have more bureaucratic traits, while highly decentralized companies tend to appear more out of control. Both extremes appear engulfed with inefficiencies and waste. High performance work systems seem to have more decentralized decision-making features, yet their culture, formed around their philosophy and values, is highly centralized. Creating a centralized philosophy and value system allows employees to become more empowered to make their own decisions, leading to decentralization. Centralization versus decentralization is an issue of control. Top executives make many decisions in a centralized organization and convey the decisions to managers at lower levels, creating a top-down management style. All divisions and locations are expected to adhere to policies and procedures approved by top-level managers. While this may seem like all employees are expected to conform to one way of thinking, stifling creative problem solving, centralization creates streamlined processes and allows the entire organization to utilize the same resources throughout the company. This can create process efficiency, but centralization typically does not allow employees to make and implement their own decisions without approval from levels higher up. Decentralization is characterized by relatively few layers...
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...Title: Application of Cognitive Continuum theory to decision making by nurse managers Student Name: Institutional Affiliation: 10th October, 2014 Introduction Decision making may in this case be expressed as a route of selecting an alternative that is more likely to facilitate the achievement of organizational or individual goals (Bjork & Hamilton, 2011). The nursing practice has moved towards full evidence-based implementation of care which as a result enhanced the call for proper creation of decision within nursing. However, numerous nursing theories have been developed to support increased rational analysis and decision making in the nursing practice. The theory of cognitive continuum is in this case a vivid middle-range theory developed Hammond. The theory basically shows how judgment situations are linked to cognition. Additionally, six of the decision making modes which are based on the cognition and judgment, are described in the theory (Custers, 2013). The cognitive continue part of the theory shifts from suspicion to examination whereas the judgment varies from worse-planned to well-planned (Dhami & Thomson, 2012). Indeed, this study seeks to launch how the theory of cognitive continuum strategy may be useful in helping nurse managers make critical decisions. The paper includes the following sections: statement of the nurse manager decision making issue; and description of how the theory of cognitive continuum theory may be employed to determine the issue...
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...2 CHAPTER 2.1 2.2 2.3 Decision Making and Business Processes Why Do I Need To Know This LEARNING OUTCOMES Explain the difference between transactional data and analytical information, and between OLTP and OLAP. Define TPS, DSS, and EIS, and explain how organizations use these types of information systems to make decisions. Understand what AI is and the four types of artificial intelligence systems used by organizations today. Describe how AI differs from TPS, DSS, and EIS. Describe the importance of business process improvement, business process reengineering, business process modelling, and business process management to an organization and how information systems can help in these areas. This chapter describes various types of business information systems found across the enterprise used to run basic business processes and used to facilitate sound and proper decision making. Using information systems to improve decision making and re-engineer business processes can significantly help organizations become more efficient and effective. ? 2.4 2.5 As a business student, you can gain valuable insight into an organization by understanding the types of information systems that exist in and across enterprises. When you understand how to use these systems to improve business processes and decision making, you can vastly improve organizational performance. After reading this chapter, you should have gained an appreciation of the various kinds of information systems employed...
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...Decision making is a vital component of small business success. Decisions that are based on a foundation of knowledge and sound reasoning can lead the company into long-term prosperity; conversely, decisions that are made on the basis of flawed logic, emotionalism, or incomplete information can quickly put a small business out of commission (indeed, bad decisions can cripple even big, capital-rich corporations over time). All businesspeople recognize the painful necessity of choice. Furthermore, making these choices must be done in a timely fashion, for as most people recognize, indecision is in essence a choice in and of itself—a choice to take no action. Ultimately, what drives business success is the quality of decisions, and their implementation. Good decisions mean good business. The concept of decision making has a long history; choosing among alternatives has always been a part of life. But sustained research attention to business decision making has developed only in recent years. Contemporary advances in the field include progress in such elements of decision making as the problem context; the processes of problem finding, problem solving, and legitimation; and procedural and technical aids. THE ELEMENTS OF DECISION MAKING THE PROBLEM CONTEXT All decisions are about problems, and problems shape context at three levels. The macrocontext draws attention to global issues (exchange rates, for example), national concerns (the cultural orientations toward decision processes...
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...influencing consumer traits, behaviors and how messages are received are psychological, social and culture process. Aspects as personalities, age, interest, believe, cultural background, social classes, among others are important elements to keep in mind when developing a marketing communication plan to reach the desired segment more effectively and motive decision making on customers. Consumer behavior focuses on how individual consumers and families or households make decisions to spend their time, money, and effort on consumption-related items. How they evaluate a product or service after the purchase, the impact of such evaluations on future purchases, and how they dispose of them (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). There are different motivations for what consumers make their purchasing decisions on and these are basically based on their innate and acquired needs. These needs stimulate people’s feelings and actions toward a product or service. We will be then identifying psychological and social processes that may influence consumer behavior, explaining the importance of understanding the influence of psychological and social processes on marketing communication, and explaining the relationship between consumer traits and behaviors; analyzing how social and cultural settings influence consumer behavior and help examine the reasons why consumers comprehend...
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... not for business reasons, but for ethical reasons. However, the company will only consider developing a greater presence in Kava if the opportunities are good for Kava and good for the company. A second reason the company is looking at developing a greater presence in Kava is that the government is interested in learning the company’s business model so government can use parts of the model to help the countries social needs. Before the company makes the decision to become a greater presence in Kava, the company’s management team will have to evaluate if the benefits are greater than the negatives. Also Alex and Chris have made it clear the company and government will both have to prosper from the decisions made. The decisions cannot benefit one party and not the other. The growth and larger presence has to be a win-win for the parties involved. Alex gave Nik the responsibility of putting a plan together on how the company can have a greater presence in Kava and how human resources, ethics, and organizational processes will play a role in meeting the company’s goal of have a greater presence in Kava. There are three key reasons that Nik can use when putting his analyze together for Alex. The first reason is the success the company has had developing, managing, and growing the...
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...actions or make decisions". White (2005) it defined BIS as information systems that provide information and improve its quality that supports decision making and achieves business goals. It divided BIS into two parts: 1) data warehouse 2) access to data, data analysis and reporting. KalKaota &Robinson, (1999) business intelligence systems infrastructure components that support the quality of decision making: 1. Key information technology related to store data (Extraction, transforming...
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...Abstract Information technology (IT) has become an integral part of organizations, yet very few organizations have fully exploited the integral role of IT in supporting organizational and business processes. IT can be used to support business processes ranging from multi-national corporations with mainframe computers to small and medium businesses that own a single computer. IT plays a major role in supporting business processes and making informed decisions, therefore if used well by organizations it will benefit them enormously hence giving them a competitive edge over competitors. These roles of IT could be seen as an enabler, initiator or even a facilitator with the help of technologies such telecommunication and networking, computing among others. This discussion therefore looks at how IT supports business processes and decision making to give an organizations competitive edge. Introduction Information technology (IT) has become a theme of severe concern for management .The impressive intensification of IT has massive potential for improving the performance of organizations. However, the massive investment made in IT puts mounting pressure on management to rationalize the investment by quantifying the business value or significance of IT to an organization. IT refers to the convergence of computing, telecommunication and imaging technologies. IT is evident in areas of data processing, information gathering, storage, knowledge creation and accumulation as well as expediting...
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...Key Concepts of Organizational Design Allison Battles University of Phoenix / MMPBL 550 November 1, 2010 Professor Frederick Janson Key Concepts of Organizational Design Organizational design is an important aspect of organizational theory that designates many of the processes and the structure within an organization. It can shape the organization’s culture and help the organization to achieve its goals. Organizational design is also important to change management within the organization. The most important factor, though, is that it supports the company’s strategy for success. As many organizations are experiencing growth, the concepts of organizational design become more complex. The organizational designs and structures discussed here will simplify the terms in order for a clearer understanding of the concepts. Importance of Organizational Design Choices Organizational design is vital to an organization’s success. Part of developing a strategy for a company to achieve its goals is to create a dynamic organizational design that fits the company’s purpose, culture, and processes. “To optimize effectiveness, the form of organization must be matched to the purpose it seeks to achieve” (Autry, 1996, para. 7). In the most basic terms, the organizational design should be aligned with the organization’s strategies-the goals, the objectives, and the mission-and support the desired outcome. It is important that the organizational design of a company work...
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...Vol. 5, No. 12; December 2010 Impact of Resource Based View and Resource Dependence Theory on Strategic Decision Making Ali Raza Nemati Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-345-590-5581 E-mail: aliraza.nemati@riphah.edu.pk Afkar Majeed Bhatti Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-333-535-9743 E-mail: Afkar_tg@yahoo.com Muhammad Maqsal Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-345-956-5435 E-mail: mmaqsal@gmail.com Immad Mansoor Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: 92-345-580-0451 E-mail: immadmansoor@gmail.com Fariha Naveed Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: farihanaveed@riphah.edu.pk Abstract This paper aims to investigate different factors determining strategic Decision making. This study attempts to identify the role of RBV and RDT and its impact on strategic Decision making. It has been seen that different strategies has to be made to get competitive advantage keeping in mind external resources and while strategies differ when to get competitive advantage through internal resources such as Human resource and capital Resource. In this research heuristics and bounded rationality acted as moderator to strategic decision making as when decision makers (managers take decisions personal biases and heuristics also get involved. Keywords: Decision making, Resource based view, Resource dependence theory, Heuristics and biases 1. Introduction The purpose of this...
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...HUMANPERFORMANCE33, 141-152 (1984) Escalation of Commitment in Individual and Group Decision Making MAX H. BAZERMAN Massachusetts Institute of Technology TONI GIULIANO University of Texas at Austin AND A L A N APPELMAN Citicorp Previous research (cf. B. M. Staw, Academy of Management Review, 1981, 6, 577-587) has found that when managers are given negative feedback on an initial individual investment decision, they allocate more additional funds to that investment if they, rather than another member of their organization, made the initial allocation decision. Justification is thought to underlie this phenomenon. This study explored commitment in group and individual decisions and examined the plausibility of dissonance processes as the mediator of escalation of commitment. One hundred eighty-three individuals participated in a role-playing exercise in which personal responsibility for an initial decision was manipulated for groups and individuals. As expected, escalation of commitment occurred for both groups and individuals. In support of a dissonance explanation, dissonance processes did vary as a function of the personal responsibility manipulation, and individual variation in dissonance responses accounted for a substantial portion of variance in allocation behavior beyond that accounted for by the experimental manipulations. The results concerning dissonance processes suggest a number of ways in which escalation can be reduced in individuals and groups...
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...Organizational Structure Broadly defines as the sum total of the ways in which an organization divides its tasks and then coordinates them. It defines the firms’ decision-making authority and serves as the connecting fiber between the company’s strategy and the actions and behaviour of its members. An organization structure designates formal reporting relationships, encompassing the number of levels in the hierarchy and the span of control held by managers and supervisors; identifies groupings of individuals into specific positions, work units, teams, departments, division and others as well as the groupings of these submits into the total organization. Organization structure is reflected in the organization chart. The organization chart is the virtual representation of a whole set of underlying activities and processes in an organization. It can be quite useful in understanding how a company works. It’s also shows the various parts of an organization, how they are interrelated, and how each position and department fits into the whole. The concept of an organization chart – showing what positions exist, how they are grouped, and who reports to whom. Several Dimensions of Organization Structure and Design Chain of Command An unbroken line of authority that links all persons in an organization and shows who reports to whom. It is associated with two underlying principles. Unity of Command – each employee is held accountable to only one supervisor. Scalar Principle...
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