...Part I: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences. Ming-Dynasty China a. The population of China approximately doubled between the start of the Ming dynasty in 1368 and its collapse and replacement by the Manchus in 1644 . This population increase, along with a reduction in government regulation, led to China’s 3rd Commercial Revolution, which lasted from 1500 and 1800. Economic advances during this time, which extended into the Qing era, included the tribute system for textile manufacture, trade with the tondo empire through the port of Manila, expansion of private banks from Shaanxi into other provinces, flourishing intermediate market towns, and trade in staples like grain and cotton. b. The late imperial system of political control relied on a large, well-funded, and powerful meritocracy staffed by dedicated officials who competed for positions by passing civil examinations ; the central authority of the emperor ; and the support of the new wealthy, literate merchant class. c. Early Ming-dynasty foreign policy was aggressively expansionist, as emperors extended their control into historical Chinese territories and northern vietnam , which became a Chinese province. Despite the early Ming success in wresting China from the Yuan dynasty, the remained China’s most serious threat, capturing Beijing in 1550. d. A Muslim...
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...complete the following sentences. Ming-Dynasty China a. The population of China approximately doubled between the start of the Ming dynasty in 1368 and its collapse and replacement by the Manchus in 1415 in North China . This population increase, along with a reduction in government regulation, led to China’s Commercial Revolution, which lasted from 1500 and 1800. Economic advances during this time, which extended into the Qing era, included the so-called putting out system for textile manufacture, trade with the Qing empire through the port of Manila, expansion of private banks from Shaanxi into other provinces, flourishing intermediate market towns, and trade in staples like grain and cotton. b. The late imperial system of political control relied on a large, well-funded, and powerful central government staffed by dedicated officials who competed for positions by passing examinations ; the central authority of the government ; and the support of the new wealthy, literate working class. c. Early Ming-dynasty foreign policy was aggressively expansionist, as emperors extended their control into historical Chinese territories and northern song , which became a Chinese province. Despite the early Ming success in wresting China from the Yuan dynasty, the Tang remained China’s most...
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...Brief History of China Prehistory Mythical Era Ancient Era Imperial Era Modern Era Introduction Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River Valley in the Neolithic era A history of 4700 years since Yellow Emperor during the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the written history of China begins with Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago when turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing were carbon dated in 1500BC Prehistory Peking Man Paleolithic – – – – China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than 1 million years ago The archaeological site of Xihoudu site in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded of use of fire by Homo erectus 1.27 million years ago The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation The most specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discovered in 1965 Prehistory (cont.) Neolithic – – – – – – Stone Tools The Neolithic age traced back to 10,000 BC Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is carbon-dated to about 7,000 BC Population was increased due to agriculture, the ability to store and redistribute crops and to support specialist craftsmen and administrators In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a culture center, and the first villages were founded Early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period At Damaidi site in Ningxia...
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...Brief History of China Prehistory Mythical Era Ancient Era Imperial Era Modern Era Introduction Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River Valley in the Neolithic era A history of 4700 years since Yellow Emperor during the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; the written history of China begins with Shang Dynasty 3600 years ago when turtle shells with ancient Chinese writing were carbon dated in 1500BC Prehistory Peking Man Paleolithic – – – – China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than 1 million years ago The archaeological site of Xihoudu site in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded of use of fire by Homo erectus 1.27 million years ago The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation The most specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discovered in 1965 Prehistory (cont.) Neolithic – – – – – – Stone Tools The Neolithic age traced back to 10,000 BC Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture is carbon-dated to about 7,000 BC Population was increased due to agriculture, the ability to store and redistribute crops and to support specialist craftsmen and administrators In late Neolithic times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a culture center, and the first villages were founded Early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period At Damaidi site in Ningxia, 3172 cliff carvings dating to...
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...The Last Emperor: Truth and Misleading In 1987, a film came into theaters across the globe about China’s last emperor. The Last Emperor, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, shows the life of Pu-Yi from when he enters the Forbidden City at age three to become emperor of China, to his final days as a reformed man. The film, although it showed how China was during the Qing Dynasty in a fairly honest light, also had its downfalls. Many problems plagues the last years of the Qing Dynasty, such as the Republic Revolutions, opium, warlords, and the confusing relationship with Japan and it’s government during this time. These issues were either not touched on or barely noticeable during the almost three hour long film. The story of Pu Yi, China’s last emperor, starts with him being taken to the Forbidden City at the age of three. The Dowager Empress “arranged once more for a boy emperor.” (Morton, 174) Pu Yi would not stay emperor long, as he would lose that title in 1912 because of the Republican Revolution. Formed by Sun Yat-Sen, it was a revolution against imperial rule. This revolution was also largely a military revolt and the beginnings of a fast changing government. In the film this Revolution seemed to hardly happen. Although the young emperor was being protected from the outside world, it would have made the film more historically clear if this event was explained more in depth. As an important event during that was part of Pu Yi’s loss of power, the Republic Revolution should...
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...Introduction Professor Elvin renders Chinese history through an economic perspective instead of using the common dynastic classification by attempting to answer three questions: -What contributed to the continuity of the Chinese empire? -Why was the Chinese economy the most advanced in the world from the Song dynasty (960-1279) up until the latter half of the Qing dynasty (mid-1800's)? -Why did China fail to maintain her technological advantage after the mid-fourteenth century while advancing economically? Part One In the first section of the book, the author elucidates the staying power of the Chinese empire was due to the following factors. The economics of defense in relation to the size of empire and the power of its neighbors never became an extreme burden that it rendered the state impotent for any consecutively long period of time. It was always able to reformulate itself after a short disunity or rule by a foreign power of the whole, which only happened twice within a two thousand year period (Mongol and Manchu rule). Two other factors that contributed to the continuity of the Chinese state include a relatively isolated existence from the rest of the Eurasian landmass and the important placed on cultural unity, beginning with the first emperor's destruction of local records in order to quell local loyalties (pp.21-22). Both of these factors had been built up over time through a revolution in communication and transportation. Part Two The second section of the book...
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...2009 Mao Zedong, Chinese solider • Early Life o Born 26 December 1893 o In Hunan, Qing Dynasty • Mao enlisted as a soldier in a local regiment and fought on the side of the revolutionaries o Once the Qing Dynasty had been effectively toppled, Mao left the army and returned to school o Graduated from the First Provincial Normal School of Hunan in 1918 • In 1923 was elected as one of the five commissars of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai • In 1927, communist started a revolution in China. o Civil War broke out between the Chaing’s conservative forces and Zedong’s communist forces. • Travled over 6000 miles to north western China o Thus ending in a failure to drive Zedong out of the Country • Zedong and Chaing called a truce to their civil war. • They united forces to defeat the Japanese who were taking over China. • The Japanese invasion began in 1937 o Despite China being united they could not withstand Japan’s full scale invasion. o After WWII Zedong and Chaing returned to their civil war. o Zedong and the communist drove out the nationalist party. o China officially became a Communist country. • After “winning” China o Zedong established a cruel dictatorship in China in 1949 • Launched great crusades to modernize and thoroughly revolutionize China • Planed to establish...
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...chapter gives us the story of what Hongli was like as a child and how he won the favor of the Emperor. The book follows Hongli all the time from his birth from a low ranking palace consort right up to the end of his life even after he technically gave up his title as emperor. This book explains why Elliott believed that Hongli was a great candidate for the emperors throne. It may be a short book but there are many details and side stories of interest that keep your attention and is not hard to follow or read. There is some back ground information given on what his father and grandfather thought about him and how important they were to Hongli in his development. The book gives some background information on what kind of state the Qing dynasty was in upon emperor Qianlongs arrival and how much work that was put into it by him. There are many details about how tight and busy Qianlongs day to day tasks were. It all started early in the morning and followed him through the day from 5 am till 8 or 9 in the evening. Qianlong is shown as someone who stresses hard work and demands the same from his staff that he puts out himself. He works this way till the day he dies and Elliott mentions that when Qianlong dies, he whispers that he is sorry he left so much work undone. Qianlong is shown as a hard worker but also as someone who enjoys the arts very much. Painting , travel and poetry are some of...
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...45. Examine the influence, both positive and negative, of Western European and American knowledge and ideals on the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states in the nineteenth century. Why would these states be both attracted to and repelled by these influences? The Tokugawa, Ottoman, Russian, and Qing states were slower with acquiring technological advancements than Western Europe and America, which made it quite complex while competing with others. The Tokugawa, Ottoman, Russian, and Qing societies (states) developed flexible cultures that were unable to compete with America or Western Europe. 46. Not surprisingly, losses in wars often are more important than victories. How were the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states affected...
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...The 1911 Revolution was a significant event in Chinese history. It brought an end to more than two thousand years of imperial dynasties and the dictatorial Manchu’s rule. A republic was set up in China under the leadership of Yuan Shikai. It also marked China’s parting with the past. The Chinese began to turn away from Confuscious ideals and became more exposed to western influence. The creation of a western-style republic speeded up and extended modernization in all areas of Chinese city life and culture. Also, the international status of China had increased after 1911. It seemed that China had changed a lot after 1911. However, many things remained the same as before. The 1911 revolution developed China in many ways, bringing down the Manchu Dynasty was most important. “such was the decline in support for the Manchu government that the last years of its life between 1908and 1911may be fairly described as a revolution waiting to happen”( page 19 Lynch) This end to 2,000 years of Imperial rule was most significant, as it was the Manchu's, who were seen as the roadblock to reform and the development of China. Throughout Chinese history, old dynasties had been overthrown or replaced by new dynasties. However the 1911 revolution was the first to cause the downfall of a monarchy entirely and attempt to extend the ideas of democracy and human rights throughout China, this had never been done so before. After 1911 Revolution, a republic was set up in China. This put an end to...
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...During the years of 1850-1920 China did have some factors of being revolutionary, the decline in imperial China, their rise of their military as well as the change in the political parties, China also had factors of being a continuation such as their economy and the leaderships. However there wasn’t many factors of China showing to be a continuation this was because China was changing massively and at a fast rate during this period of time. One way to show that China was a revolutionary was the Boxer Rising. This was a popular anti-western movement in China, which was supported by peasants (such as farmers) uprising in 1900 which was set up to drive all foreigners out of China. It was a violent anti-foreigner and anti-Christian movement; it was motivated by proto-nationalists and backed by the empress dowager CIXI. In 1900 the Boxers besieged the foreign embassies in Beijing for two months until they were relieved by an international force. The rising was intervened by the Great Powers, which defeated the Chinese forces; because of this it further reduced the authority of the QING dynasty. The Boxer Risings changed China quite a lot: It made the leaders of China realise that they had to modernize and adopt European technology as well as this it also helped to opened the doors for Revolutionary movements such as the Communist Party and the to rise and to gain the support of China's people. Another factor that shows how revolutionary China was, was the End of the Chinese Empire...
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...Throughout history, many different gender roles and their influences can be seen. However, the most discussed gender roles were those of the women. In Chapter 13, the different roles of men and women vary greatly between the different empires that were established. In the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, women were often viewed as week and in need of men for protection. Although they shared racial privileges with their husbands, they did not share political rights. Women were also frequently used as gifts and were viewed as property. A century after the Spanish settled in North America, the British asserted their presence and accepted the “unpromising leftovers” the the New World had to offer. Unlike the Old England that they were used to,...
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...China regarding dynasties, unification, leadership, political philosophies, government structure and international relationships. The country has an extensive history. China also has many customs we would consider to be unacceptable. Come with me and let’s explore the up and coming global power. SECTIONII: There were many dynasties that have ruled China since 2033BC. Xia dynasty is one that people did not want to admit it existed. Xia ended with its leader being overthrown, imagine that. People can only put up with so much oppression. The monarch was a typical imbecile with money and power at his fingertips; he was overthrown. The Shang dynasty was ruled by a corrupt leader; he was overthrown. The longest lasting dynasty in China was the Zhou dynasty; they were in charge from 1027-221BC (www.google.com). A writing system and bronze metallurgy were invented. The king was assassinated by rebels (www.paulnoll.com). Power equals money which in turn, equals demise especially regarding dynasties. China dynasty rulers when overthrown are usually exiled or murdered. One Zhou ruler was overthrown and killed by rebel lords. With the royal line broken the power of the Zhou court gradually diminished (www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty-Zhou.html). The Qin dynasty was a ruthless one. They relied heavily on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures (www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty-Qin.html). Wow! One could say that China is communist due to this dynasty. What is it...
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...It was this weak military power that led our state to be invaded by foreigners once again. This time, it was the Manchus. They took over in 1644 and established the Qing dynasty. Many gentry families, including ours, remained loyal to the previous dynasty, resisting this conquest but eventually submitted to their rule. As elites in society, our family continued to adhere to Confucianism. We continued the study of the classics and veneration of ancestors accordingly. Although elite families were allowed to be in charge of significant official positions under the Manchus rule, competition for obtaining civil service degrees significantly increased and it was ever so difficult to obtain the Jinshi degree. As a result, by 1820’s our family members no longer served in the central government, and our status gradually declined....
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...Word Count: 2018 Why do we sometimes refer to the events of 1868 in Japan as a 'restoration', but to those of the years following 1911 in China as 'revolutions'? Introduction The Meiji Restoration of 1868 in Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 were responsible for producing an enormous amount of upheaval in both countries. Both nations were immersed in social, political and economic backwardness. In this context, both political episodes should be construed as an attempt to reverse decline and set the course for modernization. The main thesis of this essay is based on the notion that whilst there are some similarities between both political events, the main difference resides in the fact that the Meiji Restoration began the centralization of the mechanisms of governance and induced the social and economic modernization of the country. At the same time, the Chinese Revolution of 1911 did not succeed in engendering a sound system of government capable of reversing the country’s decline. The first part of the essay will deal with the main characteristics of the Meiji restoration of 1868. The second section of the essay will outline the main features pertaining to the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The third part of the essay will examine the similarities and differences between these two events, with the ultimate purpose of determining the qualitative differentiation to be made between the concepts of “restoration” and “revolutions”. The main characteristics of the Meiji restoration...
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