...Provide an example in which you can use deductive reasoning to draw a conclusion. State the axioms or premises used to reach the conclusion. Karen knows if she misses cheerleading practice the day before a game that she will not be able to cheer at the game. Karen misses practice on Tuesday, the day before the game. Karen was not allowed to cheer at Wednesday’s game. Deductive Reasoning: (Premises) Fact: Karen knows if she misses cheerleading practice the day before a game she will not be able to cheer at the next game. (Premises) Fact: Karen misses cheerleading practice on Tuesday before the game on Wednesday. Conclusion: Karen was not able to cheer at the game on Wednesday. Facts Facts Deductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Logical Argument Logical Argument Accepted Properties Accepted Properties Definitions Definitions Inductive Reasoning: (Observation) Larry came into work late (Observation) Larry didn’t have his lunch. (Prior Experience) Larry always has his lunch with him when he comes to work. Inductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning (Conclusion) Larry overslept. Verify/Modify Verify/Modify Conjecture Conjecture Pattern Pattern Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning. Provide an example of each to illustrate the similarities and differences of inductive and deductive reasoning. Because inductive and deductive reasoning can both be used to evaluate a statement, deductive reasoning involves starting with a theory...
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...The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Mislead Reasoning LaQuisha Johnson Basic Critical Thinking Instructor: Krista Bridgmon Everest University The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Misleading Reasoning Identify the differences between deductive and inductive arguments. The differences between that of deductive and that of inductive arguments is; that inductive reasoning is an argument form in which one of the reasons from premises that have been known or assumed to be true to a conclusion to which it was supported by the premises, however doesn’t follow logically from them (Chaffee, 2012/2009 p.456). See with reasoning inductively, your premises can provide the evidence that can make it more or less probable but isn’t certain that the conclusion is even true. For an example statements in the textbook one being a recent Gallup Poll that was reported that 74 percent of American public believed that abortion should remain legalized. Another inductive argument from the textbook is that on the average states that a person who has a college degree will earn over $1,000,000 more in that of their lifetime than that of a person who only has a high school Diploma. A third example of an inductive in the textbook states that in a recent survey that there was twice as many doctors that where interviewed that had stated that if they had been stranded on a desert island that they would choose Bayer Aspirin then to that of Extra Strength Tylenol...
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...Inductive process works from specific observations to a broader generalizations and theories and related with qualitative method. It is sometimes being recognized as “bottom up” approach and based on learning from experience. Patterns, regularities and resemblances in experience is vital. Generally speaking, it starts with detailed observation, then developed into pattern, from pattern it will be abstractly generalized into tentative hypothesis, empirical generalizations will developed time by time and will end up with generation of theory which evolved as a result of the observations. For example, in Chicago last month, a nine-year-old boy died of an asthma attack while waiting for emergency aid. After their ambulance was pelted by rocks in an earlier incident, city paramedics wouldn’t risk entering the Dearborn Homes Project (where the boy lived) without a police escort. Thus, based on this example, one could inductively reason that the nine- year-old boy died as a result of having to wait for emergency treatment. Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of a known fact. For instance it works from more general to the more specific. The deductive approach is also recognized as “top-down” approach. A researcher who use deductive reasoning in his works will usually narrow down his topic into more specific area which can be tested. For example a research was conducted on the topic classroom learning environments and the mental...
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...Social structure is defined as any relatively stable pattern of social behavior. The structural-functional paradigm points to social structure promoting the operation of society as a whole, while the social-conflict paradigm points out how social patterns benefit some people but deprive others. How is reliability different from validity? Which term implies the other? 10/3.33 Reliability refers to consistency in measurement, while validity means precision in measuring exactly what one intends to measure. Validity implies reliability. How does inductive logical thought differ from deductive logical thought? How can a researcher benefit from using both kinds of thinking? 17 Inductive logical thought is reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory. Deductive logical thought is reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing. The strengths of inductive logical thought lies in establishing probability and being flexible by providing direction to evaluate competing hypotheses, even when information...
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...iv) Recognize and define problems * Assess the validity of statements and arguments Reason as a Way of Knowing * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Logical fallacies * Informal reasoning “All generalizations are false – including this one” Henry David Thoreau, 1817 – 62 “Logic (n) is the art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.” Ambrose Bierce, 1842 – 1914 Deductive Reasoning * Any from of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific. * In deductive reasoning, an argument is made based on two facts, or premises. If the premises are true, then it should follow that the conclusion of the argument must also be true Politicians * “High taxes are putting people out of work (general premise). Tax cuts are a better policy (premise 2). Tax cuts will give people jobs (reason)” “Logic is the beginning of wisdom, Valeris, not the end.” Spock, STAR TREK Deductive Reasoning * Deduction is the process of reasoning from two general premises, or things that are known, to a specific conclusion. These three parts are : A . Major premise : Raising taxes will put people out of work B. Minor premise : I will not raise taxes C . Conclusion : People will not lose jobs * Hw Read / Take notes page 68 – 73 Qualities of a Deductive It has two premises that provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion by providing support for it that is so strong...
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...uring the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are confused. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to the University of California. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general — the theory — to the specific — the observations," said Dr. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, a researcher and professor emerita at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. uring the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning are confused. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis...
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...Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) (Deductive reasoning, 2010). Inductive reasoning is or induction, is reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations. Being able to reason and identify one’s own and other’s delusions is the center of critical thinking. The two methods of reasoning are deductive and inductive. An example of deductive thinking is all rectangles are squares. All squares have four sides. In deductive reasoning, logical thinking leads to conclusions. In inductive reasoning, conclusions are drawn because of evidence that is often used to categorize the same people in that group. An example of inductive reasoning is all birds that have been seen are black. Therefore, all birds are black. Critical thinking in the workplace daily and is also very important. If one’s workplace is changing structure, all styles of thinking will come into play. For example, democrats have held the seats of the legislature for more than a decade. In January 2011, republicans will take over the seats of the legislature. Thinking styles on both sides are much different and will come into play. The creative thinking styles come into play by brainstorming the types of legislation that republicans will want to pass. Republicans will wonder how to persuade other members to vote for their legislation. Republicans...
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...they will be happy. This is an example of inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning, or induction, is reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations. (Inductive) Another example we follow with inductive reasoning is that if I go to bed at 8 tonight I will be well rested: Therefore I will be well rested every night if I go to bed at 8. This logic is fallible because some nights I may wake up in the middle of the night and others I may sleep throughout. Another example I use a lot with inductive thinking pertains to World of Warcraft. Player A has awesome stats on his gear. Better gear with higher stats mean better players. Therefore Player A is an awesome player. With that assumption one does not simply know. Deductive reasoning is basing decisions from more fact then generalization. For example, if I do not eat, I will be hungry. Therefore I must eat to not be hungry. Another good example of deductive reasoning used on a daily base is I dirty dishes when I eat. The dishes will pile up in the sink. Therefore I will have a sink full of dishes when I eat. This is also partly false because sometimes one does not use the same amount of dishes. The body uses deductive reasoning on its own. One does not simply think to oneself I must breathe right now. It is a built in mechanism that the brain has learned through logic. Other example of deductive reasoning is I want to make more money....
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...called the premises, the end-point the conclusion. A set of statements consisting of some premises and a conclusion is called an argument. Examples of arguments: First: All rich people are happy and Hitesh is rich, therefore, Hitesh is happy. Second: The potatoes have been boiling for twenty minutes, therefore, they are cooked! A logical perspective begins in response to questions such as the following: Is this argument based on reason or experience? Is this argument correct (rationally defensible)? Does this argument preserve or lead to truth? Arguments are traditionally divided into two different types, deductive and inductive. Deductive Argument A deductive argument is valid when its premises, if true, do provide conclusive grounds for the truth of its conclusion. In the realm of deductive logic, the central task is to clarify the relation between premises and conclusion in valid...
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...Using a conceptual framework in setting accounting standards Ian Dennis Business School Oxford Brookes University Abstract The paper examines the nature and role of a conceptual framework for financial reporting. Although much has been written about such frameworks and their purported role and the FASB and IASB are currently revising and converging their frameworks there are still questions about the kind of thing it is and how it is used in setting accounting standards. Using insights from the philosophical literature this paper considers the nature of the statements that appear in the chapters of the conceptual framework on objectives and qualitative characteristics. It then considers how these statements are used by standard setters in reasoning towards accounting standards. The kind of reasoning involved and the type of statements that are used in such reasoning is examined. The idea that some of the statements in the conceptual framework express desires that are to be fulfilled by financial reporting regulated by accounting standards is explored. These should be conceived as expressing general desires that are used in practical or instrumental reasoning towards accounting standards rather than as universal desires that enable the deduction of such standards. The need for the exercise of judgement in such reasoning is explored. The nature of the other statements in the conceptual framework is ambiguous. They are sometimes taken to be empirical statements about...
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...needed degree of support. Fallacy is the mistake in information which misleads the reasoning Fallacies are of two types and they are inductive fallacy and deductive fallacy. Inductive fallacies are such kind of fallacies which is related to reaching the conclusion from very little or weak evidences. In other words, an inductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) some degree of support (but less than complete support) for the conclusion whereas a deductive argument is an argument such that the premises provide (or appear to provide) complete support for the conclusion. Therefore, a fallacy is defined as a mistake in belief based on an unsound argument. 2. Construct your own examples of arguments that present: • the inductive fallacy of Generalizing from Incomplete Information The general form is: 1) F1 is a G. 2) F2 is a G. 3) F3 is a G. …Etc. n) Fn is a G. ----------------------------------- n+1) Thus, All F’s are G’s. Example 1) Mike doesn’t like classical music but he likes hard rock. 2) John doesn’t like classical music but he likes hard rock. 3) James doesn’t like classical music but he likes hard rock. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Therefore, those who doesn’t like classical music, likes hard rock. • inductive fallacy of Overlooking Alternatives The general form is: 1) E1 correlates with E2. -------------------------------- 2) Thus...
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...Globalization Argumentative Paper Jamie Mallard PHL/320 January 18, 2016 Lisa Siegal Globalization Argumentative Paper Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. (The Levin Institute: Globalization101, para. 1) According to Merriam-Webster (2015), a definition of good is “a favorable character or tendency, or profitable or advantageous.” In using the definition profitable or advantageous, (1, Conclusion) globalization is good for business. (1, Premise) Globalization allows for companies to have their products made for a much lower cost and in turn pass those savings on to consumers. (1, Premise) Globalization also allows for foreign aid and has moved many countries out of abject poverty and into a middle class standard of living, according to Meredith and Hoppough (2007). (2, Conclusion) Globalization is also good for international relations and trade. (2, Premise) Globalization can bring different cultures to different nations. Thankfully, through the developments and technology, borders have been erased and products and services can now move globally more easily. (2, Premise) Different regions of the world...
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...facts and not on his or her emotions. To reach a decision through logical thinking, both inductive and deductive reasoning can be used. Inductive reasoning usually begins with a general observation about a person, thing, or event. From this observation someone draws a conclusion about other people, things, or events (cite book). Managers use inductive thinking in business. For example, a district manager may receive a report that shows that profit is down in a specific region. That manager may come to the conclusion that salespeople in that area are not working at capacity. Although this may be true, further research may show that there are other forces behind the profit loss in that region. For this reason, inductive reasoning can be both strong and weak. Deductive thinking is reasoning that begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusion that is in fact contained or hidden in those premises (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Deductive thinking is formed by using a syllogism. A syllogism is a sequence of three propositions such that the first two propositions imply the conclusion ("Syllogism," 2010). A syllogism contains three premises: major, minor, and conclusive. An example of a syllogism would be that all humans need food and water to survive. John is human. Therefore, John cannot survive without food and water. Deductive thinking is only accurate when the first two premises create a valid point (the conclusion)...
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...Primary Mathematics EDM312 Word Count – 1657 “Use your reading and classroom experience to provide a critical analysis of the potential of teaching activities you would use to develop children’s learning of reasoning. Include within your analysis how you would include discussion and ICT.” Reasoning falls under the ‘Using and applying’ heading of the National Strategies guidance (DfES,2006) this covers ‘Making decisions, reasoning and generalising about numbers and shapes; and problems involving ‘real life’, money or measures’ (p3). This assignment will discuss activities which develop children’s abilities to reason. In addition it will consider the underlying skills required to develop children’s confidence and understanding of reasoning. Finally it will consider whether a child acquiring the skill of reasoning is important to their education and mathematical development. In addition throughout it will examine the teachers’ role in developing high-quality mathematical dialogue. To some, the ability to reason may seem like a simple skill, however in order for a person to reason there are many fundamental skills which must be first developed. The Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) believes before children are able to reason they must first acquire a confidence with solving problems and thinking logically. Then they should develop the ability to ‘represent’ the problem, choosing key information and using mathematical calculations, pictures and diagrams to record...
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...categories. Briefly describe each category. Include the characteristics of the original eight elements in your descriptions. The four real distinct categories are deductive, inductive, abductive or inference, and analogical. Deductive Reasoning: Consist of Implication and Consequences, and Interpretation and Inference. Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning. It starts with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it has been called 'hypothetical-deduction; this assumption may be well-accepted or it may be rather precarious - nevertheless, for the argument it is not questioned. This is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which involves creating broad generalizations from specific observations. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. Inferences are interpretations or conclusions you come to. Inferring is what the mind does in figuring something out. Implications are claims or truths that logically follow from other claims or truths. Implications follow from thoughts. Consequences follow from actions. Inductive Reasoning: Entails Concepts and Information. It is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but...
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