...Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) (Deductive reasoning, 2010). Inductive reasoning is or induction, is reasoning from a specific case or cases and deriving a general rule. It draws inferences from observations in order to make generalizations. Being able to reason and identify one’s own and other’s delusions is the center of critical thinking. The two methods of reasoning are deductive and inductive. An example of deductive thinking is all rectangles are squares. All squares have four sides. In deductive reasoning, logical thinking leads to conclusions. In inductive reasoning, conclusions are drawn because of evidence that is often used to categorize the same people in that group. An example of inductive reasoning is all birds that have been seen are black. Therefore, all birds are black. Critical thinking in the workplace daily and is also very important. If one’s workplace is changing structure, all styles of thinking will come into play. For example, democrats have held the seats of the legislature for more than a decade. In January 2011, republicans will take over the seats of the legislature. Thinking styles on both sides are much different and will come into play. The creative thinking styles come into play by brainstorming the types of legislation that republicans will want to pass. Republicans will wonder how to persuade other members to vote for their legislation. Republicans...
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...Critical thinking * Generally, critical thinking involves both problem solving and reasoning. * Specifically, critical thinking includes the ability to : i) Make observations ii) Be curious, asking relevant questions and finding the resources you need iii) Challenge and examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions against facts iv) Recognize and define problems * Assess the validity of statements and arguments Reason as a Way of Knowing * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Logical fallacies * Informal reasoning “All generalizations are false – including this one” Henry David Thoreau, 1817 – 62 “Logic (n) is the art of thinking and reasoning in strict accordance with the limitations and incapacities of the human misunderstanding.” Ambrose Bierce, 1842 – 1914 Deductive Reasoning * Any from of reasoning that moves from the general to the specific. * In deductive reasoning, an argument is made based on two facts, or premises. If the premises are true, then it should follow that the conclusion of the argument must also be true Politicians * “High taxes are putting people out of work (general premise). Tax cuts are a better policy (premise 2). Tax cuts will give people jobs (reason)” “Logic is the beginning of wisdom, Valeris, not the end.” Spock, STAR TREK Deductive Reasoning * Deduction is the process of reasoning from two general premises, or things that are known, to a specific...
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...follow with inductive reasoning is that if I go to bed at 8 tonight I will be well rested: Therefore I will be well rested every night if I go to bed at 8. This logic is fallible because some nights I may wake up in the middle of the night and others I may sleep throughout. Another example I use a lot with inductive thinking pertains to World of Warcraft. Player A has awesome stats on his gear. Better gear with higher stats mean better players. Therefore Player A is an awesome player. With that assumption one does not simply know. Deductive reasoning is basing decisions from more fact then generalization. For example, if I do not eat, I will be hungry. Therefore I must eat to not be hungry. Another good example of deductive reasoning used on a daily base is I dirty dishes when I eat. The dishes will pile up in the sink. Therefore I will have a sink full of dishes when I eat. This is also partly false because sometimes one does not use the same amount of dishes. The body uses deductive reasoning on its own. One does not simply think to oneself I must breathe right now. It is a built in mechanism that the brain has learned through logic. Other example of deductive reasoning is I want to make more money....
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...| | |GLOBALIZATION | |Argumentative Paper | |PHL/ 320: Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business | |University of Phoenix | |Malika E. Potter | |September 12, 2015 | | | In today’s business world, the term “world” is literal. Globalization, the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets, has become the norm. While there are always two sides to an issue, globalization...
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...PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz PSY 360 Week 5 Quiz Click below link for Answers http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-360-week-5-quiz-psy-360-week-5-quiz-all-correc/13278 Question 1 Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique. • A. means-end analysis • B. reasoning-by-analogy • C. gestalt restructuring • D. generate-and-test • E. productive-thinking Question 2 The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one. • A. generate-and-test • B. means-end analysis • C. reasoning by analogy • D. mental set • E. introspection Question 3 When one recalls the solution to an old problem and uses it to solve a new, similarly structured problem, one has reasoned by: • A. introspection • B. analysis • C. analogy • D. backtracking • E. working memory Question 4 When you adopt a certain framework or strategy for solving a series of problems, you may fail to see other, more efficient ways of solving some of the problems. This is referred to as: • A. functional fixedness • B. procrastination • C. a heuristic • D. mental set • E. reasoning by analogy Question 5 Study of chess masters indicate that masters: • A. consider more possible moves than novices...
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...Globalization Argumentative Essay and Critical Thinking Introduction Globalization involves various ideas of the business incorporating the process that extends to nearly all parts of the world. It aims at developing a global economy that is increasingly integrating through the utilization of free trade. More so, it taps the free flow of resources (like capital) and tapping of foreign labor markets that are quite cheap. Globalization can be to some extent useful or beneficial to the business is some ways. For instance, it makes the operation of foreign markets much efficient. The right, in this case, involves having benefited, profits, or advantage. Therefore, globalization is necessary and precisely enough for all businesses. It is because it helps the company or business by ensuring increased profits in other markets of the world (Boudreaux, 2008). (1, Premise) The operation of open markets makes the businesses to have an efficient flow of information due to improved and extensive communication. The clients and customers can communicate thus advancement of the company performance effectively. The connection permits the companies to manage the inventories, supplies as well as the distribution networks. There is ease of marketing and selling of businesses’ products on a similar schedule as it would happen in respective home countries. (1, Conclusion) Globalization permits various businesses to transact in foreign countries through the ability to sell while marketing the...
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...The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Mislead Reasoning LaQuisha Johnson Basic Critical Thinking Instructor: Krista Bridgmon Everest University The Difference of Deductive and Inductive Arguments of Misleading Reasoning Identify the differences between deductive and inductive arguments. The differences between that of deductive and that of inductive arguments is; that inductive reasoning is an argument form in which one of the reasons from premises that have been known or assumed to be true to a conclusion to which it was supported by the premises, however doesn’t follow logically from them (Chaffee, 2012/2009 p.456). See with reasoning inductively, your premises can provide the evidence that can make it more or less probable but isn’t certain that the conclusion is even true. For an example statements in the textbook one being a recent Gallup Poll that was reported that 74 percent of American public believed that abortion should remain legalized. Another inductive argument from the textbook is that on the average states that a person who has a college degree will earn over $1,000,000 more in that of their lifetime than that of a person who only has a high school Diploma. A third example of an inductive in the textbook states that in a recent survey that there was twice as many doctors that where interviewed that had stated that if they had been stranded on a desert island that they would choose Bayer Aspirin then to that of Extra Strength Tylenol...
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...Using a conceptual framework in setting accounting standards Ian Dennis Business School Oxford Brookes University Abstract The paper examines the nature and role of a conceptual framework for financial reporting. Although much has been written about such frameworks and their purported role and the FASB and IASB are currently revising and converging their frameworks there are still questions about the kind of thing it is and how it is used in setting accounting standards. Using insights from the philosophical literature this paper considers the nature of the statements that appear in the chapters of the conceptual framework on objectives and qualitative characteristics. It then considers how these statements are used by standard setters in reasoning towards accounting standards. The kind of reasoning involved and the type of statements that are used in such reasoning is examined. The idea that some of the statements in the conceptual framework express desires that are to be fulfilled by financial reporting regulated by accounting standards is explored. These should be conceived as expressing general desires that are used in practical or instrumental reasoning towards accounting standards rather than as universal desires that enable the deduction of such standards. The need for the exercise of judgement in such reasoning is explored. The nature of the other statements in the conceptual framework is ambiguous. They are sometimes taken to be empirical statements about...
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...Week & Assignment- Differentiating Reasoning Breah Lynch CRT/205 November 25, 2012 Susan Tutan-Gonzales Week & Assignment- Differentiating Reasoning Re-evaluate the articles you examined from the Opposing Viewpoint Resource Center in the University Library in Week Two. Address the following issues in a 250- to 350-word response for each article: • Discuss whether the author used deductive argument or inductive reasoning. • Identify the deductive argument, or some of the supporting information for the inductive reasoning. • Explain your answer using the course materials to support your findings. Article 1: “Biofuels Are Not a Viable Renewable Energy” Written by: Danny Chivers In this essay the author attempts to prove that biofuels are not a viable renewable energy source. He uses facts that are both relevant and sound to prove his conclusion. He gave many examples of how biofuels could be used locally, but that on a global scale it would be pointless, and potentially more harmful. I believe that the author is using a deductive argument to prove his argument, because he uses many facts, such as the statistics from reports and research that has been done, and he gives sufficient evidence to support his deduction. He gives several reasons that biofuels are not a viable renewable energy source, such as: the potential danger it would put on food stores and food crop prices, the indirect emissions resulting from destroying peat land or rainforest to build...
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...Thinking Logically Thinking logically is a vital part of critical thinking. When using logic, a person can make a decision based on the facts and not on his or her emotions. To reach a decision through logical thinking, both inductive and deductive reasoning can be used. Inductive reasoning usually begins with a general observation about a person, thing, or event. From this observation someone draws a conclusion about other people, things, or events (cite book). Managers use inductive thinking in business. For example, a district manager may receive a report that shows that profit is down in a specific region. That manager may come to the conclusion that salespeople in that area are not working at capacity. Although this may be true, further research may show that there are other forces behind the profit loss in that region. For this reason, inductive reasoning can be both strong and weak. Deductive thinking is reasoning that begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusion that is in fact contained or hidden in those premises (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Deductive thinking is formed by using a syllogism. A syllogism is a sequence of three propositions such that the first two propositions imply the conclusion ("Syllogism," 2010). A syllogism contains three premises: major, minor, and conclusive. An example of a syllogism would be that all humans need food and water to survive. John is human. Therefore, John cannot...
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...[pic] PCR0025 Critical Thinking All Foundation ONLINE NOTES Topic 3: Argumentation • Argument is a claim put forward and defended with reasons. • Arguments are composed of: 1. Premises 2. Conclusion • Statement: A sentence that can sensibly be regarded as either true or false. • 2 things about statements: 1. A sentence may be used to express more than one statement. 2. Not all sentences are statements. 3. Consider the CONTEXT in which particular expression is used. Identifying Premises and Conclusions 1. Premise indicators • Since, for, seeing that, in view of the fact that, because, given that, being that, as, as indicated by. 2. Conclusion indicators • Therefore, hence, so, it follows that, that is why, wherefore, as a result, suggests that, thus, consequently, accordingly, for this reason, which shows that, implies that, we may infer that, proves that. • 2 types of arguments: 1. Simple 2. Complex • 5 types of nonarguments: 1. Reports 2. Unsupported statements of belief and opinion 3. Conditional statements 4. Illustrations 5. Explanations Reports • To convey information about a subject, not to offer reasons why one statement should be accepted on the basis of others. Unsupported statements of belief/opinion • No claim that these statements follow from or imply any other statements...
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...eight parts, but there are only four real distinct categories. For example, Point of View and Assumptions are two aspects of the same thing. Re-organize the eight elements of thought and reasoning into four categories. Briefly describe each category. Include the characteristics of the original eight elements in your descriptions. The four real distinct categories are deductive, inductive, abductive or inference, and analogical. Deductive Reasoning: Consist of Implication and Consequences, and Interpretation and Inference. Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning. It starts with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it has been called 'hypothetical-deduction; this assumption may be well-accepted or it may be rather precarious - nevertheless, for the argument it is not questioned. This is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which involves creating broad generalizations from specific observations. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. Inferences are interpretations or conclusions you come to. Inferring is what the mind does in figuring something out. Implications are claims or truths that logically follow from other claims or truths. Implications follow from...
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...underlying skills required to develop children’s confidence and understanding of reasoning. Finally it will consider whether a child acquiring the skill of reasoning is important to their education and mathematical development. In addition throughout it will examine the teachers’ role in developing high-quality mathematical dialogue. To some, the ability to reason may seem like a simple skill, however in order for a person to reason there are many fundamental skills which must be first developed. The Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) believes before children are able to reason they must first acquire a confidence with solving problems and thinking logically. Then they should develop the ability to ‘represent’ the problem, choosing key information and using mathematical calculations, pictures and diagrams to record their thinking. Next they must develop the skill of enquiring, asking questions to further their understanding of a problem. Finally they are able to develop their understanding of reasoning and communication. According to the Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) to enable a child to reason they must be ‘taught how to describe, interpret and explain what they see and how to use...
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...appears below. During the final week of the course, your knowledge of this material will help you to complete the challenging “Critical Thinking Assignment.” So, carefully work your way through this. Best of wishes! --Prof. Hartog Week #14: Critical Thinking Lecture Guide adapted from Moore/Parker by John Hartog 3 points will be awarded with the assumption that you have worked your way through this Lecture Guide in preparation for the Assignment. A statement is ambiguous when it is subject to more than one interpretation, and which interpretation is the correct one is not clear. Example: “How Therapy Can Help Torture Victims” [a headline in a newspaper]. There are three kinds of ambiguity: (1) semantic, example: “I am a huge Mustang fan.” (2) syntactic, example: “The two suspects fled the scene before the officer arrived in a white Ford.” (3) grouping, example: “College professors make millions of dollars a year.” A statement is vague when it lacks sufficient precision to convey the information appropriate for its use(s). Vagueness is a matter of degree. Examples: (1) Jim is not feeling well. (2) Jim has flu-like symptoms. (3) Jim has an upset stomach and a fever. (4) Jim is nauseated and has a fever of more than 103. In order to think critically, one must think clearly. Some definitions can enable clearer thinking. There are major three kinds of definitions: (1) definition by synonym, example: “‘Decaffeinated’ means without caffeine.” (2)...
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...statistical inference. b. deductive reasoning. c. descriptive statistics. d. statistical thinking. A pie chart showing the party preferences of a sample voters in the northeast is an example of Select one: a. a population. b. descriptive statistics. c. deductive reasoning d. statistical inference The flight time of an airplane going from London to Paris is an example of a Select one: a. categorical variable. b. continuous numerical variable. c. discrete numerical variable. d. constant. Respondents whose telephone numbers have been selected from a directory of all telephone listings in a particular geographical area can be considered a Select one: a. population. b. constant. c. universe. d. sample. The portion of a population that has been selected for analysis is called the Select one: a. variable. b. sample. c. universe. d. data. Response to the question "What is your favorite leisure time activity?" is an example of a Select one: a. numerical variable. b. population. c. constant. d. categorical variable. The process of using the results of a sample to describe the characteristics of the sample is called Select one: a. sampling. b. deductive reasoning. c. statistical inference. d. descriptive statistics. Using a survey of a sample of consumers to draw conclusions about an entire group of consumers is an example of Select one: a. descriptive statistics. b. deductive reasoning. c. statistical...
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