...Title Student’s name Course Institution Date Defining and Measuring Crime Introduction Crime has always been a shadow upon society’s image as these learned behaviors can be present in all shapes and sizes, in cities, streets, and even homes. Defining crime is multifaceted, and mainly relies on social, economic, and political factors. However, crime is a behavior and action punishable by law. People argue on the extent of crime which deserves punishment or law action. In general, no matter how depraved, culpable, treacherous, or damaging an act or behavior is, it will be subject to punishment. Other people argue that crimes depend on law of a state and the legislature. The types of punishment vary depending on the crime committed and seriousness of the crime. Criminal behavior changes from place to place and from time to time. Strong public notions and varying moral values have a substantial influence on the interpretation and understanding of crime. The first main problem of studying crime is coming up with the appropriate definition of the act or behavior. Discussion Crime covers complicated and several acts and behaviors that it has been difficult to have a standard definition of the subject. For instance, some countries and states have legalized abortion while others still consider abortion a crime. Matters of homosexuality are still frowned upon by some people because of their moral standings. In this case, it can be confusing on whether abortion...
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...Crime is a relative concept. This means that how society views criminal acts, can differ. Criminal acts in one society, may not be perceived as a criminal act in another society. Society may also differ in how to punish people for committing specific criminal acts (Broom and Selzsnck, 1963 p540, 541). Deviance can be defined as behaviour which does not conform to certain norms of a specific society. (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). Defining crime or deviance is diverse amongst the many different cultures, history and from one social context to another (new texts p138) which causes big problems whilst defining and measuring crime or deviance as what is believed to be criminal or deviant behaviour in one society may be seen as legal or normal behaviour be another society. There are many theories relating to deviance and crime with each theory illustrating a different aspect of the procedure by which people break rules and are classed as deviants or criminals. (New texts p 138) This highlights the problems in defining crime or deviance. Many believe crime and deviance developed on separate tracks over the years as criminologist serve only for legality, crime and crime-related phenomena. The study of deviance however serves for a wide range of behaviours that are not necessarily illegal for example suicide, alcoholism, homosexuality, mentally disordered behaviours. (Bader et al) the man difference between crime and deviance is deviant behaviour is when a social norm has been...
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... This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology, and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. ------------------------------------------------- Course Topics and Objectives Week One: The Criminal Justice System 1 * Define crime and its relationship to law. * Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. * Identify choice theories of crime and their underlying assumptions. * Identify instruments for measuring crime. Week Two: The Criminal Justice System * Describe...
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...Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? LT B February 14, 2014 Is How Crime Measured in the United States Accurate? America's system of reporting crime has undergone a number of changes over the years since its inception in the early 1900s. Some would argue that the system data is invalid and does not accurately reflect the crimes committed, reported, or prosecuted, and neither is it indicative of the cause for criminal behavior. Nonetheless, this system is the only source available with any form of useful data relating to crime. Is there a more reliable alternative to measuring crime and collecting pertinent data? In America, law enforcement agencies use criminal statistic reports to measure crime; however, these statistics do not account for crimes that go unreported, reported crimes that did not lead to arrests, and charges reduced through plea-bargaining. When it comes to analyzing crime statistics a person must use his or her own critical thinking skills. Not all crime statistics will be accurate as it is an attempt to provide the American public with general information gathered that may not be in detail. The subject of Information is key, at the basic level a person should have knowledge in the description of the crime. There are a numerous amount of questions a person must take into consideration when it comes to reading and reviewing these reports. For example, 1.) Examine the source and whether or not it is reliable and trustworthy 2.) Acknowledge...
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...| [pic] |College of Criminal Justice and Security | | |CJA/204 Version 2 | | |Introduction to Criminal Justice | Copyright © 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending...
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...together and to reconcile for the wrong that took place. For this to work, the criminal must take responsibility for their wrong doing and be willing to apologize for the crime committed, to the victim. This form of justice tries to repair the harm caused by crime. Victims, offenders and community members meet to make this happen. There is a process involved to make this action move forward. The victim and offender have a mediation that is monitored by a trained mediator. The next step in the process is family group conferences; this involves a larger group of people gathered to discuss the crime and its repercussions to victim and community. The participants can be family members, friends, and other character references. This stage of the restorative justice is an appropriate system for juveniles because of the importance of family to a younger offender’s life. The restorative circles are similar to the conference, but it allows for more people to be involved and set in a location that is relatively central to the crime. This allows that all people involved in the crime , whether it be the victims boss or the defendants high school teacher, they all help to bring the community and all involved together to make amends for the crime. This is done so that trust and integrity is restored in the community. The crime affected a large group of people. The family of the victim and the defendant were the most effected, along with teachers, lawyers, judges, and advocates. The people...
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...one’s job. One’s that know the terminology and methods have a wide range throughout their job when evaluating and analyzing research. Research is the process of collecting and analyzing information, and includes any gathering of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Once the professional has become familiar with the terminology used in the research process, the professional will be able to provide technical reports, academic concepts, and provide the discoveries of his or her research. When does research process begin? It begins with problem formulation. Problem formulation is to review, selection, and specification of the area to be investigated. Researchers organize research by formulating and defining a research problem, which is the main issue of the research in most cases. Before attempting to solve a problem, researchers must first define the problem as in any problem. The more difficult it is to define the problem, the harder he or she has to try. Once the problem formulation is complete, researchers can stay focused on the research process. Second is research design. Research designs are the type of experimental or non-experimental approach, studies of groups over time, and use of control groups . A design is used to structure the research, to show the major parts of the research project. The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained allows the researchers to answer the initial question as clearly...
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...SBI4U Date: Designing a Controlled Experiment Step 1: Defining the Problem Every scientific investigation begins with the question that the scientist wants to answer. The questions addressed by scientific inquiry are based on observations or on information gained through previous research, or on a combination of both. Just because a question can be answered doesn’t mean that it can be answered scientifically. Step 2: Defining the Dependent and Independent Variable Dependent Variable (DV) | Variable the experimenter measures, after making changes to the IV that are assumed to affect the DV. | Independent Variable (IV) | Variable the experimenter manipulates (i.e. changes) – assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable. | Note: In many cases, the investigator does not manipulate the independent variable directly. He/She collects data and uses the data to evaluate the hypothesis, rather than doing a direct experiment. For example, the hypothesis that more crimes are committed during a full moon can be tested scientifically. The number of crimes committed is the dependent variable and can be measured from police reports. The phase of the moon is the independent variable. The investigator cannot deliberately change the phase of the moon, but can collect data during any phase he/she chooses. Why is the scientist limited to one independent variable per experiment? As the aim of an experiment is to see what happens when one thing is changed and how...
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...The nature of crime in Australian society is diverse and its occurrence fluctuates over time (Makkai & Prenzler, 2015). This essay will firstly discuss and define the concepts of crime and violence. Secondly, it will define violent crime from a contemporary Australian legal perspective. It will then examine the overall nature of crime in Australia describing its categories and sub categories. Fourthly, the essay will establish the official agencies who collect and collate data that measures the nature and extent of crime in Australia. It will finally use this data and empirical evidence to compare the extent of violent crime with crimes that are non-violent. The essay will ultimately conclude by asserting that the majority of crime in society is not violent in nature. Crime is a complex phenomenon that attracts a variety of definitions (Ransley & Prenzler, 2015). The varying definitions of crime provide broad or limited meanings and are all, to a greater or lesser degree, problematic. This is because crime is socially constructed; thus what is considered a crime, or no longer considered a crime changes over time to comply with the norms, attitudes and expectations existing in society at a given historical period (Brookman, 2005; Howitt, 2012). Violence is also a socially constructed concept that lacks a specific definition (Indermaur, 2000; Papalia, Thomas, Ching & Daffern, 2015), however, in the broadest sense, violence, is typically an action or type of behaviour that...
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...Research Paper Comparative Criminal Justice System Professor Dave Sanchez Strayer University July 11, 2015 Transnational crimes are illegal acts that are performed, and the impact involvement affects more than one country. These crimes usually involve illicit good, services or the infiltration of businesses or of government. There are many different types of crimes that fall under transnational crimes and which I will identify them using the conduct that they violate. First you have the provisions of illicit goods they are, drug trafficking, trafficking in stolen property, counterfeiting. Next you have the provision of illegal services that are, human trafficking, cybercrime and fraud, commercialized vices. Last we look at the infiltration of businesses including government they are, extortion and racketeering, money laundry and corruption. My transnational crime that I will focus on in this paper will be human trafficking from both countries the United States and Cuba (Dammer & Albanese, 2014). The United States defines Human Trafficking as the illegal movement, recruitment or harboring in an individual for the purpose of exploration, forced labor or commercial sexual exploration. The most common human trafficking types we hear a lot about are sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and debt bondage. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that at least 12.3 million people are victims of forced labor at any given time, 2.4 million of whom toil in forced...
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...Strategic Planning Study Guide Strategic Planning is the process which the guiding members of an organization envision it future and develop the procedures and operations necessary to achieve that future. ************************************************************************ OldWay vs NewWay OldWay (in order of priorities) 1. The Document...the bigger the better, get the bosses of your back 2. The Process...delegated to an individual or the command staff 3. The Implementation...they could not care less NewWay (in order of priorities) 1. Implementation... 2. Process... 3. Document... The old way was about efficiency. Satisfying a govt body who wanted a document. The new way is about effectiveness. If you focus on effectiveness, the likely by product is that you will be efficient. If you focus on efficiency, the likeliness of being effective is 50/50. Involvement and participation by a lot of people equals successful implementation... The lack of the same equals resistance. You want to create ownership of the plan by the troops. ************************************************************************ Course Objectives 1. Recognize, understand and interpret emerging trends. Example: All drug trends start on the west coast. 2. Describe leadership traits of future leaders. Visionary, competent, lead by example, integrity, 3. Develop a positive organizational culture. Example: Foster learning, don't micromanage, don't manage for the slugs (10%) manage ...
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...organisation understand the consequence of the risk eventuating so that risk treatment can be prioritised. Such prioritisation can only occur when risks are rated and prioritised based on an international standard that utilises consequence for determining risk ratings. While the crime triangle allows for the rating of risk, it does not take consequence into consideration as ISO31000 does. Where the organisation is able to understand how they will be adversely affected by negative risks, there will be a higher level of co-operation to assign resources. Where the consequence is only portrayed in a technical manner and not in line with the organisations strategy and business objective, there will more reluctance to support risk treatment. Organisations must utilise an Enterprise Risk Model that allows for scalability and organisational wide understanding and co-operation. Such a model should be developed enterprise wide and further more adapted for the identification of different types of risks, such as security risks. ISO31000 better suits such a requirement in comparison to the crime triangle that specifics risks as crime. It is imperative to understand that risks are not always perceived as crimes and utilise a model that allows for this. Risks are often guided by uncertainty and it is imperative for organisation to utilise as much information relating to the risk as possible as too much uncertainty pollutes the risk and its consequence. Organisations must use a model...
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...LIT 327 W.E.B DuBois’ Theory on the “Double Consciousness” & Conflict/Radical Marxist Theory as it applies to the Novel – A Lesson Before Dying DuBois’ theory on the “Double Consciousness” states, “After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world,--a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness,--an American, a Negro; two warring souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife,--this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self.” This theory states that as a black man, one has no choice but to look at oneself through the eyes of others, “others” being the rich and powerful, the superior – white people. The way the rich and powerful sees you, as a black man, is the way society views you. A black man must always take into consideration the views and perception of the superior, rich and powerful in the American...
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...Abstract This paper explores articles that comprehensively cover the topic under consideration. The articles resourced from may vary in content depending on their authors, area of specialty, geographical location of the authors and the different times when the articles were written. A crime can be defined as engaging in a conduct that has been outlawed in a particular society. Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. Jaishankar (2011) defines cybercrime as: “Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to victim directly or indirectly using modern telecommunication networks such as internet (chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)”. In 1960s cyber crime involved sabotage and physical destruction of computers to cover up altered data, however in the modern day, cybercrime the computer is used as a tool. In Africa Nigeria is the most fraudulent country on cybercrime and the third in the word. In the United States of America alone cyber crime costs the economy losses worth $100billion dollars. If we are to roll out a similar survey then we could be talking of losses that run into trillions of dollars. These are losses that are incurred by businesses from all sectors: starting from the banking industry, manufacturing industry, the ICT sector transport and nearly all sectors both government and non government run organizations...
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...Race is a group of people defined by genotype (genetics and inheritance) and geographic. Often race is based on appearance such as skin colour, features and other distinguishing characteristics. Ethnicity has many factors and is dependent on the individual identifying or defining themselves. Ethnicity is hard to describe as everyone has their own perspective. Because of race and ethnicity this has resulted in racism against these people and as a result of racism has meant they have suffered much discrimination.” Racism is the belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the...
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