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Democracy
No country is ruled by pure democracy, because it can only be practiced in a Socialist nation. Some nations claim to be socialist, but none are. n the Philippines, some mediocre thinking Filipinos are fed up with an illusion that after the Marcos Administrations through a woman whom they call “icon of democracy” in the Philippines – which is late former Philippine president Ms. Corazon Aquino, the Philippines has now become purely democratic country; whereas it is not. Actually, the Philippines still remain republic just like the times of Marcos, but what has happened only or have changed after Marcos administration is the increased of freedom of people to do whatever they wanted to do including the relentless and useless killings of everyone against their fellow Filipinos, most especially the media people, though the media people have gain more freedom to express their ideas and thoughts, murderers and killers have gain also more freedom to kill media people. It is a directly proportional freedom.
Democracy means rule of the people. The two most common forms of democracy are direct democracy and representative democracy. In direct democracy everyone takes part in making a decision, as in a town meeting or a referendum. The specific rules may vary: perhaps everyone must agree, perhaps there must be consensus, perhaps a mere majority is required to make a decision. The other, better known form of democracy is a representative democracy. People elect representative to make decisions or laws. Again, specifics vary greatly.
And, surprise, a representative democracy is a kind of republic. What distinguishes a republic is that it has an elected government. Representative democracies are, therefore, a kind of republic. Self-appointed governments such as monarchies, dictatorships, oligarchies, theocracies and juntas are not republics.
A more restrictive definition of republic is embodied by this quote from the Oxford English Dictionary: "a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch." By this definition, only democratic states can be republics, since only in democracies can supreme power really rest with the people. If one uses the second definition, then all democracies are either republics or constitutional monarchies. All other countries are some variant of authoritarianism/autocracy. Political scientists don't necessarily agree on which definition to use, but the US is a republic under either definition.
A republican government is a democratic government by representatives chosen by the people at large.
Democratic: In Simple words,"by the people,of the people,for the people".The voice of majority counts above everything.Their is nothing like constitution of set of rules.Whatever the majority says is the rule.
Republic:.It can simply mean non-monarch govt. Its a improved version of "Democratic". and its like this "by the people,of the people,for the people but following a set of rules" in that case our constitution.
Oligarchy:It basically means power in the elite group of people. A form of government in which power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique.
Monarchy: All the power concentrated in hands of a single person. The "King".
Constitutional Monarchy:Best example is United Kingdom. where the King or Queen is the Head of the state.....just for namesake. They have some reserve powers,but the main decision making lies with elected members.
“The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. “ (Section1, Article II, Philippine Constitution).

ECONOMY
Nalalaman kung ang isang bansa ay maunlad, papaunlad o mahirap ayon sa mga estadistika ng ekonomiya.
Sa ekonomiks, ang prduksyon ay isang proseso ng pagpapali-palit anyo (transformation) ng mga input upang makalikha ng mga output.
6. Ang mga Input ay ang mga salik ng Produksyon
7. Produksyon naman ay naglalayong makagawa ng output.
Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (the output).
The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy
The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services. This includes not just land, but anything that comes from the land. Some common land or natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources are the raw materials in the production process. These resources can be renewable, such as forests, or nonrenewable such as oil or natural gas. The income that resource owners earn in return for land resources is called rent.
Ang lupa ay isang mahalagang salik ng produksyon dahil dito nagmumula ang lahat ng hilaw na materyales na kailangan sa pagbubuo ng mga kalakal.
Sumasaklaw ang lupa sa lahat ng orihinal at hindi mapapalitang yaman ng kalikasan. Halimbawa nito ang matatabang lupang pinagtatamnan, ang mga lupang pastulan, lupa sa lungsod at iba pa. Nadaragdagan ang kapakinabangan ng lupa habang nalilinang ito.
Maaaring gamitin ang lupa sa iba’t ibang pamamaraan tulad ng pagsasaka, pabahay, pagtatayuan ng mga tanggapan, pagawaan at iba pa. Walang hanggan ang maaaring gamit ng lupa. Ang kapakinabangan ng lupa sa may-ari nito ay nagtatakda ng kita na tinatawag na upa.

The second factor of production is labor. Labor is the effort that people contribute to the production of goods and services. Labor resources include the work done by the waiter who brings your food at a local restaurant as well as the engineer who designed the bus that transports you to school. It includes an artist's creation of a painting as well as the work of the pilot flying the airplane overhead. If you have ever been paid for a job, you have contributed labor resources to the production of goods or services. The income earned by labor resources is called wages and is the largest source of income for most people.
Itinuring na pinakamahalagang salik ng produksyon ang paggawa. Ito ay dahil mawawalan ng halaga ang mga hilaw na materyales kung wala namang lilikha ng mga ito na gagamitin bilang mga puhunang kalakal o produkto. Kakailanganin ang kakayahan at kasanayan ng lakas-paggawa upang magkaroon ng maraming produksyon.

Ang lakas-paggawa ng pinakamahalagang salik ng produksyon. Maituturing na lakas-paggawa ng lakas-tao na ginagamit sa paglikha o paggawa ng kapaki-pakinabang na bagay. Ang kalikasan ang nagbibigay ng mga hilaw na sangkap o likas na yaman ngunit nakasalalay sa kamay ng tao ang paglinang nito upang maging kapaki-pakinabang ito.
Sa alik na ito umiiral ang kontribusyon ng lakas ng tao upang mabuo ang isang produkto. Hindi sapat na may mga hilaw na sangkap upang makabuo ng isang produkto sapagkat kailangan pang dumaan sa isang proseso ang mga hilaw na sangkap upang mapakinabangan ng tao ayon sa kanyang nais. Dito pumapasok ang lakas-paggwa. Sa pamamagitan ng pag-iisip at talento ng tao, nabubuo ang isang produkto. Hindi lamang nangangahulugan ng pisikal na paggawa ang lakas-paggawa. Matatawag ding lakas-paggawa ang pag-iisip ng tao.

The third factor of production is capital. Think of capital as the machinery, tools and buildings humans use to produce goods and services. Some common examples of capital include hammers, forklifts, conveyer belts, computers, and delivery vans. Capital differs based on the worker and the type of work being done. For example, a doctor may use a stethoscope and an examination room to provide medical services. Your teacher may use textbooks, desks, and a whiteboard to produce education services. The income earned by owners of capital resources is interest.
Ano ang maaring mangyari sa produksyon at pangangalakal kung walang kapital? Marahil, ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan lamang ang magagawadahil walang mamumuhunan sa produksyon ng kagamitan, mga pampaginhawa sa buhay at bagong teknolohiya.
Kahalagahan ng Kapital
May malaking bahagi sa produksyon ang puhunan. Magiging kapaki-pakinabang lamang ang lupa kung gagamitan ng puhunan. Mahalaga rin sa paggawa ang puhunan upang matugunan ang pangangailangan. Nagiging maunlad ang industriyang pinaglalaanan ng malaking puhunan.

The fourth factor of production is entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur is a person who combines the other factors of production - land, labor, and capital - to earn a profit. The most successful entrepreneurs are innovators who find new ways produce goods and services or who develop new goods and services to bring to market. Without the entrepreneur combining land, labor, and capital in new ways, many of the innovations we see around us would not exist. Think of the entrepreneurship of Henry Ford or Bill Gates. Entrepreneurs are a vital engine of economic growth helping to build some of the largest firms in the world as well as some of the small businesses in your neighborhood. Entrepreneurs thrive in economies where they have the freedom to start businesses and buy resources freely. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit.
Itinuturing na kapitan ng mga salik ng produksyon na siyang nangangasiwa,nagpapaptakbo, at lumilikha ng mga bagong kaisipang may kaugnayan sa produksyon.
Ang tagumpay ng mga prodyuser ay nasa husay ng kanyang pagiging entreprenyur.Maihahambing ang entreprenyur sa isang kapitan ng barko na kung saan nakasalalay sa kanya ang direksyong tatahakin ng barko pati ang kaligtasan ng mga taong nakasakay rito.Tinatawg ding utak ng negosyo ang entreprenyur dahil siya ang nagpapasya at nag-uugnay sa tatlong salik ng produsyon. Kailangang taglay ng isang entreprenyur ang pagiging malikhain, makatarungan, may matalinong pagpapasya, may angking lakas at katatagan ng loob sa pagpapatakbo ng negosyo, at gayundin aybukas dapat siya sa mga kaisipan sa larangan ng pagnenengosyo .
Isang entreprenyur ang nagtatatag ng negosyong makapagbibigay ng malaking kapakinabangan sa mga mamamayan. Siya ang nasa likod na produksyon. Sa kanyang matalinong pagpapatakbo nakasalalay ang paglago ng isang negosyo. Siya ay tinaguriang tagapamahala, superbisor, innovator, at risk bearer sa produksyon.
Samantala, ang mga kagustuhan at pangangailangan ng tao ay tila walang hangganan. Bunga ng di-balanseng ugnayan na ito ang kakapusan.
Kakapusan – tumutukoy sa isang sitwasyonkung saan limitado o hindi sapat ang mga pinagkukunang-yaman upang matugunan ang walang hanggang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao
Kakapusan (scarcity) – di-kasapatan ng pinagkukunang-yaman upang mapunan ang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao
Kakulangan (shortage) – ay isang kaganapan kung saa hindi kayang mapunan ng dami ng malilikhang produkto ang dami ng planong pagkonsumo
Tradisyonal na Ekonomiya
Ang pinakaunang anyo ng sistemang pang-ekonomiya ay ang tradisyonal na ekonomiya. Ito ay nakabatay sa tradisyon, kultura, at paniniwala. Ang tanong kung ano ang lilikhaing produkto ay hindi mahirap sagutin sapagkat ang pangangailangan ng tao ay umiikot lamang sa pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng damit, pagkain, at tirahan. Maging ang suliranin kung paano lilikha ng produkto ay simple lamang na tinutugunan. Ang mga pagkain ay ibinibigay ng kalalakihang nangangaso at kababaihang nagtatanim o nangunguha ng bungangkahoy.

Sa tradisyonal na ekonomiya, bagama’t walang tiyak na batas ukol sa alokasyon, may maliwanag na pagkakaunawa ang mga tao sa paraan nito. Halimbawa, ang mga kalalakihan ang namamahala sa sandata tulad ng sibat, samantalang ang kababaihan ang humahawak ng kagamitan sa pananahi. Ang anumang produkto na kanilang malilikha ay ipamamahagi ayon sa kanilang pangangailangan at kung sino ang dapat gumamit. Market Economy
Sa market economy, ang produksiyon at distribusyon ng mga produkto at serbisyo ay nagaganap sa mekanismo ng malayang pamilihan na ginagabayan ng isang sistema ng malayang pagtatakda ng halaga. Sa ganitong sistema, ang bawat kalahok ay kumikilos alinsunod sa kanyang pansariling interes. Ang mga nasa laks-paggawa ay maaring makapamili ng kanilang nais na pasukang trabaho. Ang bawat mag-anak ay may kalayaang makabili ng produkto batay sa salapi nito. Ang bawat bahay kalakal ay nagpapasya kung ano-anong produkto ang dapat likhain, anong paraan ang dapat gamitin, at kanino ibebenta ang mga nalikhang produkto. Ang lahat ay malayang nakapapasok sa anumang linya ng produksiyon.
Ang market economy ay nagpapahintulot sa pribadong pag-aari ng capital, pakikipag-ugnayan sa pamamagitan ng presyo, at pangangasiwa ng mga gawaing pang-ekonomiya sa pamamagitan ng pamilihan. Ang mga kalakal at serbisyo ay nililikha ng mga taong handang gawin at kayang isakatuparan ito. Binibili ang mga kalakal at serbisyo ng sinumang handang bumili sa mga ito. Sa ganitong paraan, nagkakaroon ng kompetisyon sa pagitan ng mga mamimili at ng mga nagtitinda.

Command Economy
Sa command economy, ang ekonomiya ay nasa ilalim ng komprehensibong control at regulasyon ng pamahalaan. Ang pagkontrol ay alinsunod sa planong nauukol sa pagsusulong ng ekonomiya. Sinasabing ang ganitong sistema ay taliwas sa sistemang market economy sapagkat sa huli, ang produksiyon, distribusyon, at pagtatakda ng halaga ay hinahayaang maresolba ng mga puwersa sa loob ng pamilihan. Sa kabilang dako, sa command economy, ang pamahalaan ay may kapangyarihan gamitin nang husto ang lupa, paggawa, at capital upang makamit ang layuning pang-ekonomiya nito.
Pamahalaan ang pangunahing nagmamay-ari ng karamihan sa mga pinagkukunang-yaman sa command economy. Sa pangkalahatan, ang ekonomiya ay pinangangasiwaan ng pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng mga sentralisadong ahensya na nagpaplano. Pamahalaan din ang nagmamay-ari ng karamihan sa mga bahay-kalakal at lumilikha ng mga produkto at serbisyo alinsunod sa plano. Ang mga lupang sakahan, pabrika, bangko, pamilihan, at iba pang establisimyentong pangkabuhayan ay pinamamahalaan ng mga empleado ng pamahalaan alinsunod sa direktiba mula sa nakatataas.
Sa command economy, kadalasang nagtatakda ang pamahalaan ng mga tinatawag na limang-taong plano o five-year plan. Ito ang plano na pinamamahalaan ng central authority sa Soviet Union at China upang matukoy ang inaasahang produksyon sa hinaharap.

Mixed Economy
Ang mixed economy ay isang sistema na kinapapalooban ng element ng market economy at command economy. Walang maituturing na isang kahulugan ang mixed economy. Ngunit ito ay kinapapalooban ng kaugnay na katangian ng dalawang sistema tulad ng malayang pakikilahok sa mga gawaing pangkabuhayan na pinapahintulutan ng pamahalaan at pagkontrol ng pamahalaan sa ilang korporasyon. Ang terminong mixed economy ay nabuo upang tukuyin ang sistema kung saan ang katangian nito ay kombinasyon ng command economy at market economy. Hinahayaan ditto ang malayang pagkilos ng pamilihan subalit ang pamahalaan ay maaaring manghimasok dahil sa mga usaping nauukol sa pangangalaga ng kalikasan, hustisyang panlipunan, o pagmamay-ari ng estado. May pribadong pagmamay-ari sa mga salik ng produksiyon, imprastruktura, at mga institusyon. Gayumpaman, maaari ring maging pag-aari ang mga ito ng pamahalaan. Ang sistema ay nagpapahintulot din na makagawa ng mga pribadong pagpapasya ang mga kompanya at indibidwal ukol sa pananalapi.

Capitalism: An economic system that allows private ownership of production. That’s it, that’s all capitalism actually entails – not low taxes, or private health care, or small government. Capitalism is simply a system that does not have government control of production (the government doesn’t own the factories, the companies – well, outside of car companies now – or the processes to produce products. Period). Capitalism refers to a type of economy, not a necessarily a type of government (“Social democracies” in Europe are still capitalistic countries, as the government does not control production).
Socialism: An economic system that advocates either public or direct worker ownership and administration of production and allocation of resources. Socialism removes production and wage labor as commodities, maximizing the “use value” instead of the “exchange value” – that is to say, real wealth versus phantom wealth. In a socialist economy the worker owns the production means and rights to resources.
Communism: An economic and social structure that advocates complete public ownership of production and allocation of resources. Communism is by far the most intertwined with political control of classes, wages, and policies to eliminate poverty or wealth gaps. Communism is considered more of a political expansion of the economic system of socialism and has been in the past portrayed as an attempt to create a Marxism utopia through government (ironic, as true Marxism would have no government).
Capitalism - An economic system based on the “Survival of the fittest”.
Socialism – An economic system based on “You get your share no matter what your contribution is”.
Communism – An economic system based on “You put in your fair share, you get your fair share”.

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...Fatoumatta Jaiteh ENGL 1312: Section 2 Dr. West-Fort October 1, 2013 A Response to "BARBIE Q" by Sandra Cisneros "Barbie Q!" I did not understand the title of the story at first but to my understanding, i thought the writer wanted to use the word "Barbie" instead of "Barbeque" to make it look "posh" and feminine. As we read the story in class, i got a better and deeper undstanding of the whole moral of the story and why she used the word "Barbie". When i saw "Titties" pg (339) i was like "wow," the writer is bold and no wonder they banned it. It seemed like two girls were playing with the dolls and making remarks about their dresses and comparing how glamorous they look. We were all kids at some point so i get that. These barbie dolls send negative messages to the children of today. When kids play with them, they tend to know about make up, boyfriend, the glitz and the glam etc at an early stage. Yes i understand it's good for a female to look good but not at age 3. You can look good for yourself. Some females are more secure when they wear make up some are not. I won't call myself a "feminist" but i stand and support womens rights. These kids might want to look like barbie at some point. Well, it's already happening e.g "Toodlers & Tiara's" is a perfect example of how mothers of today teach their kids to believe that if you do not wear tons of hair, jewelry, exposing dresses, heels & make up, you are not beautiful enough and society will not appreciate your natural...

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...How life has changed. A 1994 poll found more than half the children questioned said they were afraid of violent crime against them or a family member. Are these kids just paranoid, or is there a real problem?Visitors to this site who read the newspaper or follow the news on radio and television will have no trouble realizing that there is a link between conflict and violence. On the day this paper was written, we in the Washington, D.C. area were obsessed with a sniper who had killed nine apparently randomly selected victims in the preceding two weeks, a foiled suicide bomb attack in Israel, and the United States government's ongoing preparation to launch a war against Iraq. Additional insights into violence are offered by Beyond Intractability project participants. Not all intractable conflicts involve violence, and even for those that do the violence is not necessarily constant. Thus, in mid-2002, there was little or no fighting in Bosnia or Burundi and had not been for some time. Nonetheless, violence is often a part of intractable conflicts at one point or another in their histories. Not all violence is part of an intractable political conflict. For instance, there have been no hints of political motivations lying behind the sniper attacks in the Washington region. However, much violence in today's world is political; indeed, depending on the estimates one believes, it took in excess of 100 million lives around the world during the twentieth century. Violence...

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