... P.M.B 0182, GOMBE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE; 4303 COURSE TITLE; DEMOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT QUESTION; Brief Explanation of Demographic Transition Theory GROUP (5) MEMBERS FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1042 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1043 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1044 Course lecturer; PROF. UMAR BAPPAH TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Demographic transitional theory 3. Stages of demographic transitional theory 4. Criticisms of demographic transitional theory 5. Summary of demographic transitional theory 6. References INTRODUCTION Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rate to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition theory. The theory is based on an interpretation of demography history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973) Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries are in stage 3 or 4 of the model; the majority of developing countries have reached stage 2 or stage 3. The major (relative) exceptions...
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...Soc 100 Assignment 10 1. Explain the four stages of demographic transition theory. The first stage of demographic transition theory is the preindustrial, agrarian stage. In this society they have high birth rates because of the economic value of children as labor meanwhile they also have high death rates due to the low living standards and lack of medical technology. The second stage is the onset of industrialization in which death rates began to fall due to greater food supplies, yet birth rates remain high causing a rapid population growth. In the third stage, a mature industrial society, the higher standard of living makes raising children expensive and without the need for cheap child labor children become a liability so birth rates drop along with the continued drop in death rates. The postindustrial society stage is where demographic transition completes, dual income families with few children become the norm and death rates remain steady causing a slow population growth or a decline. In this theory it is easy to see how a society’s population is linked to its technological development. 2. Explain what you think the urban ecology theories and the urban political economy theory teach us about cities. Urban ecology theory explains that the first cities emerged in fertile farmlands where the agrarian society’s lived, then as the societies became more concerned with defense they found natural landscapes to protect their cities such as mountains or rivers....
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...CITY DEMOGRAPHICS AND CRIME PROFILE JO MORRIS AJS/514 April 18, 2016 Cheryl Reyes CITY DEMOGRAPHICS AND CRIME PROFILE Demographics does provide the specific necessary in obtaining knowledge that pertains to the city’s inhabitants. Acquiring this kind of information is vital of the creation of a flourishing municipality. The demographic data can offer critical material, such as the districts in which the residents reside in, high crime areas. The demographic attributes of the general public areas of expansion, class prospects, sales perspectives and the study of marketplace infiltration. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the social and intellectual contexts, the beliefs of the populace in reference to criminal behavior the changes applied when moving away from the city center, zones of transitions, and crime hot spots, as pertained to Chicago Illinois. Chicago is approximately 2000sq miles with an estimated population of 2.74 million residents. Within the city of Chicago there is a wide range of ethnic backgrounds and multiple cultural centers. Identification and rationale for the choice of one sociologic theory that best explains the crime in your chosen city The crime rate in Chicago is affected by the socioeconomic status of the residents. As the status decreases, the crime does increases. When the economy took a turn from the worse the economic status of individuals decreased more people found themselves in poverty or low income level instead of middle class...
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...Leeza Coppock 9/23/14 SOC 370 Midterm 1 GRADE: 18/20 1. Describe the potential relationship between population growth and economic development. What are the competing perspectives? Which do you think is most useful, and why? 5 points Chapter three focuses on the relationship between population growth and economic development. Livi-Bacci provides potential relationships between the two by focusing on certain theories. This chapter opens up with the two competing perspectives of these potential relationships. The first is seeing population growth as a negative force, putting pressure on fixed or limited resources, eventually leading to an increase in poverty. Malthus backs up this negative relationship perspective with the law of diminishing returns. Diminishing returns will occur when population growth increases and, in a fixed environment, a point is reached, causing the output to diminish gradually. Diminishing returns will cause for poverty, while the fixed, limited resources will level off. Malthus argues that population growth is determined by the growth of the economy. The Malthusian model demonstrates population checks, keeping the fate of the population in the hands of...
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...Demographic Transition Santoya Rodriguez Environmental Science April 5, 2013 Demographic Transition Introduction Demography is a science that rarely makes general theories. Demographic transition refers to the logical sequence of historical phases every population passes as they become modernized (Azia, n.d). The basic principle of demographic transition is that there is an informal connection between modernization and a decline in fertility and mortality. In other words, as societies progress from pre-modernized to a modernized society they experience lower death and lower birth rates. Most of human history was characterized by high crude death rates (CDR). In fact, they averaged 40 or per thousand in most populations. High CDR was caused by a number of factors; however, epidemics and other social conditions were the most common causes. However, as seen in North America and Europe during the 19th century, as epidemics and other social conditions are improved, death rates decline. This particular pattern of change in mortality factors is called the epidemiologic transition, which represents one aspect of the demographic transition (Wright & Boorse, 2011). Four Phases of Demographic Transition In Phase I of demographic transition, a population is characterized by high CBR that is being controlled by equally high CDR. It is known as the most primitive of the phases because there is a high fluctuating CBR and CDR, which results in little to no population growth (Azia, n.d)...
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...What is Demography? Demography is the scientific study of human population, including its size, distribution, composition, and the factors that determine changes in its size, distribution, and composition. Objects: Dynamic VS Static Demographic Focuses 1. Size: the number of population in a given areas at a given time. 2. Distribution: population dispersion in geographic space at a given time. 3. Composition: the number of person in sex, age, and other “demographic” categories. 4. Population dynamics: birth, death, and migration. 5. Socioeconomic determinants and consequences of population change --- Population Study. Population Characteristics Population has three compositions (in terms of static): natural composition: by age and sex spatial composition: by province and by urban-rural areas social composition: by marital status, educational status, nationalities, working status, etc. Accordingly, population has three changes (in terms of dynamics): natural change: birth and death migration change: emigration and immigration social change: marriage and divorce, enrollment and drop out Population dynamics affects the population composition. Population composition can be expressed at a point of time, which was called time-point index; Population change can be expressed within duration of time, which was called period index. The Feature of Demography Demography is rarely found as an independent academic...
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...am The questions on your exam will be chosen from the following question list. Please complete these questions in preparation, and I will choose 4 questions from the list to put on your exam. 1. Human population growth: What size is the human population? What are the three most populous nations on earth? Draw a diagram of the demographic transition theory and explain why the demographic transition theory is useful in determining what is likely to happen to human population in the future. 2. What is survivorship? Draw and describe the three types of survivorship curves common in nature. Explain what k and r selection are and which of the three types of survivorship curves they correspond to. Which curve corresponds to increased quality of offspring? Which corresponds to increased quantity? 3. Species relationships: discuss competition, predation, mutualism, herbivory and parasitism. Give an example of each relationship and explain the benefit or harm that the organism is receiving. 4. Explain the competitive exclusion theory and give an example of what this theory suggests. What is the ultimate outcome of competitive exclusion? Explain how resource partitioning allows organisms to overcome competition. 5. Explain primary succession in plants. What plants are pioneer species? What plants dominate each stage of succession? What is the climax community? 6. Explain the 10% rule of trophic efficiency. Use a food chain as an example. If we start with...
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...Demographic Transition The demographic transition theory focuses on changes over time in the causes of mortality affecting certain populations, such as health conditions and disease patterns. Through history a decline in death rates and an increase of life expectancy has been observed, implying that societies go through a transition from one equilibrium (high birth and death rates) to another (low birth and death rates). This transition is associated with a rapid surge of the population as well as urbanization and can be divided in four phases: •Phase I. This phase of the demographic transition (high stationary) is characterized by high birth and death rates, implying that the total population is stable or grows slowly. Mortality is high with the prevalence of communicative diseases that have not yet been mitigated by modern medicine. Famine is also common with uncertain food supplies and poor diet, making people more susceptible to diseases. Poor hygiene, no clean water or sewage disposal also contribute. Fertility is high since there is no or little family planning (contraception) as parents have as many children as possible because few survive to become adults. Fertility is also encouraged by the dominant socioeconomic structure in rural societies with many children needed to work the land with religious beliefs and cultural traditions also inciting large families. Birth and death rates fluctuate with the ebb and flows of events such as wars, epidemics or droughts. This...
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...com/entry/worldsocs/adulthood I chose this article because it provided an interesting theory of how sociological changes have influenced and delayed the transition into adulthood. The article focused on the impact of modern technological and industrial changes to societal attitudes toward adult rites of passage. In the modern-day industrial society, the introduction of formal education as well as the need for higher education in the twentieth-century postponed adulthood by introducing an adolescent and post-adolescent phase prior to adulthood. By comparison, in the agricultural society of the medieval era, people transitioned from infancy to adulthood as soon as they could work alongside their elders. Some interesting key points of the article, Adulthood, describe both formal and informal transitions in a person’s life that indicate the achievement of adult status. Formal indicators that a person has achieved adult status are: 1. Completion of formal education 2. Economic independence 3. Moving out of the parent’s home 4. Voting 5. Full-time employment 6. Marriage Informal transitions into adulthood are behavioral patterns assumed by an adolescent in an attempt to attain adult status. These behaviors include: 1. Drug and alcohol use 2. Smoking 3. Sexual activity 4. Teenage pregnancy Demographic changes within the past 30 years have also supported the theory of a delayed transition into adulthood as implied by the shift in the median age for marriage...
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...Population and environmental impact How do societies deal with growing numbers? 1. Demography: the study of population size and composition 2. Fertility: number of births in a population 3. Mortality: number of deaths in a population 4. Migration: movement of people from one area to another 5. Immigration: number of people who enter a nation-state 6. Emigration: number of people who leave a nation-state 7. Predict population numbers using RNI ( crude birth rate- crude death rate) and doubling time ( number of years it takes for a population to double) 8. Theories: a. Malthusian Theory: population will one day exceed amount of food available b. Demographic Transition Theory: societies that move from agrarian to industrial go through four stages of development, eventually controlling their fertility c. Predict food shortage, global warming, and overpopulation 9. Population control programs: nations promote births with tax breaks and other incentives to increase population ( pro-natalist), or promote birth control to keep population down ( antinatalist) 10. Crude Birth rate: number of births for every 1000 people each year 11. Age-specific birth rate: the number of births for every 1000 women in a specific age group. 12. Total fertility rate: average number of births expected from any women in a population to bear in her lifetime. 13. Zero population growth: is a TFR of two, meaning that each woman has two...
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...exposure of Turkey’s Kurds to the dynamics of modernization and (b) providing compelling evidence against the claim that Turks and Kurds belong to fundamentally different demographic regimes. One important form of divergence between these populations—bride’s age at first marriage—was acknowledged and related to a potential change in sexual economics among Turkish Kurds. Keywords: Turkish fertility; Kurdish fertility; Turkish fertility transition Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey: New Statistical Evidence for Convergence Introduction Although the overall fertility rate for Turkey has declined precipitously as part of the country’s demographic transition, perhaps the earliest in the Muslim Middle East (Angin & Shorter, 1998), there is a well-documented disparity between the fertility rates of ethnic Turkish and ethnic Kurdish women in Turkey (Işık & Pınarcıoğlu, 2006; Yüceşahin & Özgür, 2008). The following conclusion has been drawn from the data: “…strong demographic differences exist between Turkish and Kurdish-speaking populations…the convergence of the two groups does not appear to be a process under way. Turks and Kurds do indeed appear to be actors of different demographic regimes, at different stages of demographic and health transition processes”...
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...Evaluate the effectiveness of the DTM as a means of predicting future population Demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition model. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1919 by the American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson observed changes (transitions) in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries are in stage 4 of the model; the majority of developing countries have reached stage 3. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife, notably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan. The DTM was first observed in the two centuries preceding 1950 in what are today’s economically developed countries. Prior to this, these developed countries experienced high death rates matched by high birth rates, resulting in a stable population size. But then improving living standards and public health measures, such as the public health acts, caused death rates to drop, followed by a gradual drop in birth rates, which by the 1970s matched the death rates again. Between the decline in the death rates and drop in birth rates...
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...International Conference on Technology and Business Management March 28-30, 2011 India’s Demographic Dividend - Issues and Challenges Arun Ingle P B Suryawanshi inglearun@gmail.com pbsurya@gmail.com Pad. Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Institute of Business Management and Rural Development, Ahmednagar 1. Introduction India is transforming demographically, in which the population of a nation slows down and life expectancy increases, participation of women in labor force and rate of saving increases. India has its own issues like illiteracy, income disparity, gap between haves and have-nots; etc. This study explores demographic dividend in case of India by studying issues and challenges, the policies to be implemented and lessons to be learned from countries like Japan, Ireland and Thailand. By 2025, India will have over 65% population under working class. This is a unique window of opportunity for deploying resources. This study explores the benefits to be realized and the policies to be implemented; now India is well poised for becoming a super economic power. As all developed nations will have older population by 2026, as their population is aging. It means if India can take the advantage of this situation, by proper deployment of resources, by converting the human potential in to engine of economic growth. This period of demographic dividend is an opportunity for overall growth; it’s not the guarantee for improving the standard of living. This window of opportunity...
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...Social analysts have generally paid too little attention to demographic trends, as conventional wisdom holds that rapid population growth inhibits improvement in living standards. This short monograph by three authors associated with Harvard's School of Public Health attempts to clarify the complexities of demographic change and economic growth. Modern societies have typically passed through a demographic transition in which the labor force grows more rapidly than total population because a decline in mortality precedes a decline in fertility. In the right policy environment -- one conducive to education and to saving -- this transition creates the potential for exceptionally rapid economic growth, as has been experienced in recent decades by Ireland and by several East Asian countries. The authors draw attention to this opportunity for many developing countries over the next 20 years, urging these countries to take advantage of the situation. Similarly, rich countries need to prepare for significant aging of their populations and, in some cases, for shrinking labor forces -- an altogether new experience in the modern era. Related Review Essay, May/June 2012 India's Broken Promise Basharat Peer Indian elites are cheering their country’s newfound status and influence. But two recent books reveal the ugly underbelly of India’s success story. A vast gulf has opened up between the rich and the poor, corruption suffuses every aspect of life, and the country’s political leaders...
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...Studying this chapter should enable you to understand: * Theory of Demographic Transition * Demographic Profile of India * Population Growth and Economic Development * Population Policy of India Introduction: The size and composition of a country’s population can exert a powerful influence on a country’s development. The population size, composition, and distribution influence the range of industries a country can support and the pool of talent that are available in the country.In size of population, India is the second largest country in the world after China, constitutes 2.4 per cent of the world’s land area and supports 16.25 per cent of the world’s population. The population growth in India has proved to be more an obstacle to its development efforts rather than a contributory factor in economic growth. Theory of Demographic Transition: The theory of demographic transition states the impact of economic development on the population growth of a country. The earliest systematic discussion on the theory of population growth is provided by Malthus in 1798. Malthus stated that population growth always exceeds the growth of means of subsistence and warned that the uncontrolled population had to be corrected by nature which would be very painful. Economists however, argued that the population growth is a transitory phenomenon that is explained by the theory of Demographic transition. According to this theory there are three distinct stages of population growth: ...
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