...Tooth loss and dental extractions have existed for centuries with the latter being the main tool for providing relief from dental pain and removing diseased tissues (Torabinejad). There was an estimated 50 million dental extractions performed in the United States in 1979 (Bullock). With the increased number of people living in the United States for a longer period of time, the occurrence of dental extractions and tooth loss has certainly risen exponentially. Unfortunately, tooth loss, whether it is through dental extractions or other means, has long term clinical sequelae associated with it. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, bacteremia, orbital cellulitis, and other psychological and physiological clinical sequelae that impact the well-being of the patient will be discussed. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is defined as the presence of exposed bone in the mouth that fails to heal after appropriate intervention over a period of 6 to 8 weeks (Reid), and results in chronic osteomyelitis with areas of bone necrosis. Most commonly affecting the mandible (Bagan), patients with ONJ experience symptoms that range from painless exposed bone to severe jaw pain (Sambrook). The majority of cases of ONJ have been found to be initiated and associated with tooth extraction procedures as a result of the introduction of oral flora to the exposed jaw bone that prevents healing and becomes infected (Ruggiero). In addition to tooth extractions being a precipitating event to ONJ, it has been found...
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...to determine the details of the case. In the lab, Dr. Brennan requests an x-ray of the head and macerates the bones by boiling it in water to remove the flesh. Dr. Brennan can determine the race because the victim has red hair, and the remaining skin appears to be Caucasian. To determine the sex, Dr. Brennan analyzes the facial features, and build of the body. Dr. Brennan notes that the facial features were “delicate” (Reichs 28), and then goes on to analyze the pelvis to confirm her hunch that the body was a female. I would agree with her assessment and...
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...diseases such as dental caries may result in pain, which in turn may lead to consequences on children's daily life, taking time off from school or difficulty eating 1. Quality of life has been increasingly used as a scientific concept in literature embracing a wide range of target groups and populations as a whole2. Measures of quality of life are increasingly being used to supplement clinical indicators to explore the individual’s perspectives on their health and health care and it is an important part of assessing oral health 3. These measures, which assess "the extent to which oral conditions disrupt normal social role functioning and lead to major changes in behavior", are known as socio-dental indicators or oral health-related quality of life measures (OHRQoL). These indicators were developed to assess subjective aspects of oral health 4. Adolescent oral health is influenced by many factors; good oral health is also associated with broader social and economic determinants. A variety of child oral health-related quality of life instruments have been developed in the past 20 years but child version of the Oral...
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...aseptic necrosis, and “dead jaw syndrome” in some literature. This disease takes action by disrupting the blood supply to the jawbone, and it can result in extensive irreversible damage. Specifically, the jaw bone will resorb. In the dental field, we will see...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction In earlier civilizations, trepanization (drilling holes in the skull) was performed because of the belief that this would release demons that had entered into the skull and had to be released, if headache relief was to result. In the seventeenth century, it was suggested by Willis that the head pain of 'megrim' or migraine resulted from the swelling of blood vessels within the head. Interestingly, this explanation of blood vessel swelling is close to the belief today that such swelling is involved in migraine headaches (Edmeads, 1997). At the turn of the twentieth century, Sir William Osler proposed that headaches were due to 'muscular rheumatism' of the head. This was probably the first suggestion that muscle abnormalities might be involved. During the 1940s, Wolff carried out a series of experiments that showed that involuntary contraction of scalp and neck muscles could result in headache development. Other causes have been suggested; these were more serious than muscle dysfunction and would evidently require other medical interventions (Solomon, 1993). In the worldwide view, headache can be such a big health problem as evidenced by the establishment of the World Headache Alliance in 1997. The organization exists to alleviate the burden of headache worldwide, in particular, by sharing information among headache organizations and by increasing the awareness and understanding of headache as a public health concern with profound social and economic...
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...Many children suffer from different forms of child abuse such as physical, mental, and sexual abuse. The definition of child abuse according to (child help.org) “is when a parent or caregiver, fails to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child”. There are two types of child abuse that takes place every day, physical and sexual abuse, but the major form of child abuse based on years of research and study is physical abuse. According to (childhelp.org) physical abuse is define as “when a parent or caregiver causes any non-accidental physical injury to a child. Physical abuse can have detrimental effects on children. “The effects of child physical abuse may last a lifetime and can include brain damage and hearing...
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...Ocular Complications Following an Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block on a Child Patient: A Review of the Literature and Report of a Case Richard K. Yoon, DDS' • Steven Chussid, DDS Bidang Pedodonsia, Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah Alamat Korespondensi: Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Puworketo, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, 53122. Email: fettysitinuzuliyah@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Seorang pasien anak laki-laki berusia 7 tahun mengalami palpebral ptosis dan kelumpuhan otot-otot ekstraokular setelah pemberian anestesi lokal untuk prosedur operasi besar pada gigi molar pertama menjelaskan sebuah paresis iatrogenik dari saraf kranial ketiga setelah dilakukannya anestesi lokal pada pasien anak1. Kata kunci : inverior, alveolar, saraf, anestesi, komplikasi. PENDAHULUAN Keterlibatan saraf motorik kranial yang dihasilkan dari anestesi intraoral jarang terjadi sehingga didokumentasikan dengan baik. Meskipun jarang, peristiwa tak terduga setelah pemberian anestesi lokal dapat terjadi di beberapa titik dalam karier klinisi. Keterlibatan saraf oculomotor disebabkan oleh difusi larutan anestesi arah mata menimbulkan defiait motor sementara yang cenderung menghilang sampai efek anestesi habis. Komplikasi oftalmologi sekunder saraf alveolar inferior (IAN) blok meliputi: 1. hilangnya Transient visi yang dihasilkan dari difusi anestesi menuju orbita, dengan keterlibatan saraf optik dan melaporkan kasus kebutaan permanen.2 2....
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...1 Introduction to Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its...
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...Data obtained for the MGI score was subjected to statistical analysis using Student’s paired “t”-test for intergroup comparison. The level of significance was taken as 0.05 (P0.05) when compared to placebo group throughout the study [Table 3]. Mild burning was reported in few subjects rinsing with diclofenac mouthwash but none of the placebo group patients reported the same. Palatability was judged as pleasant/acceptable in all cases. The present study shows that diclofenac mouthwash 0.074% at a dose of 15 ml twice daily has a significant local analgesic effects (P<0.001), with duration of pain relief being 123.7±98.2 min for morphine. Results of these studies suggest a possible analgesic effect of topical...
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...Original Article Evaluation of initial stability and crestal bone loss in immediate implant placement: An in vivo study Durga Prasad Tadi, Soujanya Pinisetti1, Mahalakshmi Gujjalapudi2, Sampath Kakaraparthi3, Balaram Kolasani4, Sri Harsha Babu Vadapalli Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, 1Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Drs. S and NR Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinaoutpally, Gannavaram, 2Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, 4Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Dental Surgeon, Government Dental College and Hospital, Gunadala, Vijayawada, 3Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Corresponding author (e‑mail: ) Prof. Durga Prasad Tadi, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Siddhartha Institute of Dental Sciences, Chinaoutpally, Gannavaram ‑ 521 101, Andhra Pradesh, India. Abstract Objectives: (1) To measure the crestal bone levels around implants immediately, and one month, three months, and six months after immediate implant placement, to evaluate the amount of bone level changes in six months. (2) To measure the initial stability in immediate implant placement. Materials and Methods: Ten patients were selected and a total of ten implants were placed in the immediate extraction sites. The change in the level of crestal bone was measured on standardized digital periapical radiographs...
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...Understanding the Effects of Sexual Trauma Julie Johnson Liberty University Crisis Counseling 302-B04 March 8, 2015 Abstract Rape and sexual trauma are not just physical violations, but also violations of mental and emotional well-being that leaves the victim with a lifetime of emotional distress. Victims of sexual trauma are often left with devastating consequences that affect the physical, psychological, social and even financial part of their lives. Because the rate of sexual violence continues to increase, researchers study the side effects extensively. Adverse effects of sexual violence are individualized and very diverse, leaving victims with a broad range of impacts. This paper will define what sexual trauma is and the devastating effects it can leave on the lives of the survivors. It will cover different variables such as the psychological impact of the immediate, short term and long term as well as the physical, social, and financial effects of childhood and adult sexual trauma. This paper will hope to promote further discussions on the effects of sexual trauma left on the lives of the victim as to help any individuals and organizations that might work with the victims of such violent acts. The analysis of this report would aim to support individuals working with victims in the recovery process of sexual trauma from family support, spiritual support, and the counseling process. Understanding the Effects of Sexual Trauma According to Basile & Saltzman...
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...Table of Contents Introduction…………………….………………………………………………………………….3 Review of literature………... …………………………………………………………………….3 Framework...............................................................................................................................…... 6 Hypothesis…….. …….……….………………………………………………………………….. 6 Research questions……. …….……………………………………………………………….…...6 Methods…………………….…………………………………………………………………..…4 Design …………………………………..………………………………………………….7 Intervention ……………..……………………………..………………………………….. 7 Sample/Setting …………………….…………………………..……………………………7 Power analysis …………………………………..…………….……………………………8 Instrumentation ...............................................................................................................…...8 Data collection ……………………………………..………….……………………………8 Statistics and data analysis …………………………………………………………….…...9 Expected results …………………………………………………………………………………..9 References cited………………………………………………………………………………….10 Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………13 Appendix B………………………………………………………………………………………14 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………15 Appendix D………………………………………………………………………………………16 Ventilator associated pneumonia and chlorhexidine use in the traumatic brain injured patient Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), is defined as, a nosocomial pneumonia that develops more than 48 hours following endotrachial intubation and mechanical...
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...Mercury Pollution Coming in Contact with Mercury People can come in contact with mercury in a number of ways. There is increased risk of mercury exposure in the dental, health and chemical industries. People are also at risk of consuming an unsafe amount of mercury if they eat certain things in excess amounts, such as more than 6 ounces of albacore tuna per week, or over 12 ounces of fish like shrimp, canned tuna, salmon, pollock or catfish. Exposure to mercury can cause brain damage, kidney damage, lung damage and various digestive system problems (McCoy). Perhaps the person most vulnerable to mercury poisoning is the pregnant woman and her unborn fetus. Trauma caused to infants and children as a result of mercury exposure is exponentially worse than it would be an adult. In most cases, it causes severe nervous system problems. Exposure A EU study found that “between 1.5 and 2 million children in the EU are born each year with MeHg exposures above the safe limit of 0.58µg/g and 200,000 above the WHO recommended maximum of 2.5µg/g” (Sunderland). Exposure to MeHg in these amounts affects brain development. Stunted brain development leads to a lower IQ. A low IQ lessens one’s earning power. When just looking at the European Union, the consequences are of paramount importance. In the study, Prof Philippe Grandjean explained, "If we convert the effects of MeHg on developing brains into IQ points then the benefits of controlling MeHg pollution equates to 700...
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...osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, and most recently, osteogenesis imperfecta in the pediatric population.2,3 Currently, there are 5 bisphosphonates in clinical use: alendronate (Fosamax; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ), risedronate (Actonel; Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH), ibandronate (Boniva; Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NY), zoledronate (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), and pamidronate (Aredia; Novartis Pharmaceuticals). All 5 medications differ in their binding affinity to bone, potency, and duration.2–5 B Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a condition characterized by necrotic exposed bone in the jaws of patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy. A review of the medical and dental literature reveals that the pathoetiology of ONJ remains unknown and there is no established link that bisphosphonates are the primary cause of this bone pathology. However, there is clinical evidence that Actinomyces may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-associated ONJ. Identification and a prolonged course of oral antimicrobial therapy may lead to complete resolution of this actinomycotic osteonecrosis. (Implant Dent...
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...Germany is of a high standard. Charges for private patients can be approximately the same as those assessed in the United States but vary from physician to physician. University professors are likely to charge higher fees than other doctors on the list. These fees, however, in view of the physicians’ standing in the medical community are not considered excessive. Tourists should be prepared to pay in cash when they visit a doctor. For hospital admittance, except in emergency cases, a deposit is usually required to cover a five day stay. All cities, town and rural areas in Bavaria will have University, City or County Hospitals. You will generally find physicians with basic English knowledge. Any hotel manager will assist you, in case of illness, in finding appropriate doctors or medical care. As a general rule, patients are admitted into hospitals through their physicians, except in emergencies. 1|Page Contents Anesthesiologists: 3 Chiropractors: 3 Dentists/Dental...
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