...Definitions of words used in Sensory Science A glossary of words associated with Sensory Science. Absolute threshold: See stimulus threshold. Acceptance measurement: Consumer test to determine the acceptance of (new) products. Generally involves a comparison of new products with those already on the market. Acquired preferences: Preferences which are acquired during life as a result of learning or conditioning processes. Adaptation: Ability of a sense to show a change in perception as a result of the continuing effect of a constant stimulus; the stimulus threshold of the affected sense becomes adapted to the stimulus intensity level. Adaptive response: An appropriate action in which the individual responds successfully to some environmental demand. Adaptive responses require good sensory integration, and they also further the sensory integrative process. Additivity: Addition effect of sensory impressions in a mixture so that the perceived overall intensity is equal to the sum of the intensity of the single components. Affective tests: Tests to evaluate the popularity of an aroma and/or taste impression (also called hedonic tests). Aftertaste: Sensory impression that lasts longest after swallowing. Analysis of variance: Multivariate statistical method. An independent variable Y, one or more independent variables X. Are there X differences between the products for term Y? Analytical testing: See objective testing. nosmia: Olfactory disorder resulting in temporary...
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...Benguet State University College of Teacher Education Bachelor of Secondary Education Km 6, La Trinidad Benguet Educational Research Prof. Ed. 133 THE DEGREE OF ACCEPTABILITY OF STRAWBERRY FLAVORED PANDESAL Amoyong, Frankie B. Semen, Joven Acknowledgements The researchers would like to acknowledge and thank you everyone who encouraged, guide, lead, teach, lend, and more for the success of this research. For our patient and industrious teacher, Sir Garin, for his full dedication in guiding us till the end of our study. Also, the researchers want to thank and acknowledge the BSU-Secondary Laboratory School headed by the principal, Mrs. Emelda E. Villa for letting us conduct our study at SLS Laboratory room, for the guidance and encouragement. For our own CTE dean, Ma’am Imelda Parcasio for allowing us to conduct experiment at SLS, and to or our dear classmates, church mates, friends, and family for their unending support and empowerment. The care they show prior to the accomplishment of the research study INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Every morning and every break is the times where we have our coffees. Part of our coffees are breads or a hot pandesal served. With the effect of modernization, many foods today are being made either genetically modified or added with synthetic flavors to cater the taste and fashion of today’s generation however, researches tells that this foods are dangerous to our health because of the chemicals used in preparing...
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...Word Processing on Memory ability Many researchers have done experiments or had conducted studies about the memory and our ability to storage information inside our brain and recall them when we need them. We divide our memory in three “pieces” the short-term memory and the long-term memory and the sensory memory. This memory model was explained by the researchers Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968. First is the sensory memory, it can memorize things only for a few seconds. The visual system possesses iconic memory for visual stimuli like the shape, the size and the color of an object. Second is the short-term memory, in this case we can store some information for a longer period so that we can be able to use them for example we can memorize a telephone number long enough to dial it and use it, after that we are giving away the information if we don’t need it. According to Peterson & Peterson (1959) the duration of the short-term memory is approximately fifteen to thirty seconds. The third one is the long-term memory, which is the type of memory that makes us remember information from the minute that we learn something for the rest of our lifetime. Some memories may be stored from sensory...
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...PERSONALITY TEST NAME: 16 PERSONALITY FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE (16PF) GENERAL PURPOSE: The 16PF is a descriptive, as opposed to diagnostic, personality inventory that is designed to assess 16 "normal" personality traits. It is used in vocational settings to provide vocational and occupational comparisons which can then facilitate identification of occupational or career choices. TARGET GROUP: The established norm groups are high school students, college students, and adults. The 16PF, on the surface, appears to have been well criticized by the reviewers in the Burrough's Mental Measurement, but on closer examination suggests that it actually fares quite well for a personality assessment instrument. Its reliability coefficients range from .45 to .93 and has been correlated to numerous other personality instruments. TEST ADMINISTRATION: The test can be administered to groups or individuals, and requires anywhere from 35 to 60 minutes to complete, depending upon the form of the test being used. TESTING CONSIDERATION/ACCOMMODATIONS: There are 5 forms (A-E), with Forms A/B requiring a 7th-grade reading level, C/D a 5th-grade level, and Form E a 3rd grade reading level. The test can be read to poor readers or persons with sensory impairments but is most appropriate with career-minded individuals looking toward college training or individuals trying to make "tough" educational choices. It may also be useful for individuals who have a history of job-hopping. SCORING/INTERPRETATION: ...
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...Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. According to Spector (2012) “I/O psychology is an eclectic field that has borrowed concepts, ideas, techniques, and theories from many other disciplines.” (p. 5). Industrial and organizational psychology, or something similar can be traced back to the studies of European scientist Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894). He expanded on the concept of conservation of human energy to determine if the energy levels in the present labor force were sufficient to the increasing demands of the industrial revolution (Koppes, & Pickren (n.d). English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) surmised that knowledge begins with the individual’s sensory experience. He further believed that logical thinking combined with sensory experience was superior to religion as a basis for developing a civil society (Koppes, & Pickren, n.d.). Another philosopher, Karl Marx (1818-1883) argued that freedom defined what it is to be human. He believed that a struggle for freedom existed in a capitalist system because the system attempted to develop a false sense of consciousness or belief of freedom in workers (Koppes, & Picken, n.d.). Emil Kraeplin (1856-1926) performed studies focused on work performance. He surmised that few differences between physical and mental performance existed. He believed that workers experienced fatigue in mental and physical performance in similar ways by interpreting work...
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...Midterm Reviewer General Psychology Psychology – is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Wilehelm Wundt – “Father of psychology” * Aristotle – methods of Contemporary Science. * Francis Bacon – Deductive Reasoning in the study of behavior. * Charles Darwin – 1859, Theory of Evolution. * Psyche – mind / soul * Locos – study 4 Goals of Psychology * Describe – Detailed of record of ascertain behaviour. Qualitative – names, sex, and nationality, rating/ranking. Quantitative – weights; height, speed, distance, no. of age. * Understand - explain or interpret facts about behavior. The causes of certain. Sign learning. Verbal punishment. Dispositional – nature of personality/ reason. * Predict – predict future behavior. a) Scientific b) Casual c) Cause and Effect * Control – controlling behavior may be done thought planning based on accurate prediction. Traditional Schools of Psychology * Structuralism – structure of the mind. (Edward B. Titchener) a) Sensation b) Image c) Feelings Introspection – a method of metal self-analysis w/c feeling, thinking, & behavior. * Functionalism – how the mind function in the adjustment of man to his environment. ( William James) [ Experimental ] * Functional * Advises * Gestalt – the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ( Max Weltheirmer, Wolfgang Kholer, & Kurt Koffka ) [ Experimental ] * Behaviorism – The important of learning &...
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...them. Using this method also utilizes other methods to identify behavior through characteristics other than its obvious properties. This discipline of psychology was not just created overnight, it took some milestones in psychology to help create. Neuroscience Neuroscience is used to see how the brain and nervous system determine behaviors, cognitive psychologists use this to identify brain areas that enable functioning. Neuroscientists can account for intelligent behavior through the use of abstract constructs, hypothetical representation, and processes. They have also established definitive links between structures of the brain and functioning. The research of neuroscientists enables the understanding of states of consciousness, sensory experiences, emotion, motivation, development through life spans, and psychological health. Behaviorism Behaviorism helped create cognitive psychology because when behaviorism was criticized, it was not able to answer many of the questions or account for different human processes that cognitive psychology could. Behaviorists focused mainly on observable behaviors and almost disregarded the importance of genetics. There are many things that behaviorism could not give a reason for, such as, human language, internal mental processes and intrinsic drives. It focused more on observing animal behaviors and could not explain the behaviors of humans....
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...terminology consistent with the social sciences]. 1 The close connection between theory and research was implied in the discussion of their functions. Stated explicitly, the initial impetus for research is the search for theory. Theory development relies on research, and research relies on theory. Brown (1977) characterized the relationship between theory and research as a dialectic, a transaction whereby theory determines what data are to be collected and research findings provide challenges to accepted theories. 2 Research, then, is neither more nor less than the vehicle for theory development. It is the method used to gather the data needed for the theory. This is true whether the purpose of the research is to generate a theory or to test one. When the purpose is theory generation, the phenomenon of interest suggests things to look for. .or example, if a theory of clients perceptions of factors influencing their adherence to a nursing care plan were to be generated, one source of data would be clients perceptions of why they were willing and able to follow the care plan. Conversely, if the purpose is theory testing, the theory dictates the data to be collected. .or example, if a theory proposes that emotional support provided by spouses is the best predictor of clients adherence to nursing care plans, then the data to be collected include the extent of emotional support provided by spouses and the extent to which clients adhere to care plans. Types of Theory and...
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...“The Influence of Haptic Information on Product Evaluation – an Experimental Research on Undergraduate Students of Four Private Business Institutions of Karachi, Pakistan” Bachelors of Business Administration Fall 2012 Prepared by – Advisor – Mr. Zohaib Sufiyan Acknowledgement Firstly we would like to thank the Allah Almighty for his blessings and for the timely completion of the research. We would also like to thank and appreciate the efforts of our thesis advisor – Mr. Zohaib Sufiyan for his assistance at every step of the report. We would like to thank following people for providing us with valuable information which formed the basis of our research and expanded our knowledge base: Ms. Wajeeha Javed – Head of Academics, SZABIST Mr. Fahad Zuberi– BBA Coordinator, SZABIST Mr. Rizwan Bashir– CEO/Consultant, Training House Mr. Khurram Abbas– Territory Manager – Reckitt Benckiser Thank you all Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 4 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Variables of the Study 5 2.2 Research Methodology 6 2.3 Sampling Size & Sample Techniques 9 2.4 Scope of Study 10 2.5 Research Objectives 10 2.6 Research Questions 11 3 Assumptions 11 4 Literature Review 12 5 Theoretical Framework 34 5.1 Flowchart 34 5.2 Explanation 34 5.3 Question Statement 35 6 Data Analysis 36 6.1 Study 1 36 6.2 Study 2 41 6.3 Data Collection Methodology 56 7 Conclusion 57 8 Recommendations 58 10 Limitations of the Study 59 ...
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...CONSUMER ATTITUDES TO 100% FRIUT JUICE Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Problem definition: 4 3. Organization of the Study: 7 4. Approach to problem (literature review): 8 5. Research design (Methodology): 11 6. Ethical issues: 13 7. Data Analysis and Results: 14 8. Conclusion and recommendations: 25 9. Appendix A: Survey 27 10. Appendix B: Statistical tests results 30 1. Executive summary A web survey was used in the UK to collect information for Tropicana fruit Juice Company to increase their sales. Descriptive research analysis was used to investigate which labeling attributes consumers consider significant when choosing 100% fruit juices, and to evaluate their willingness-to-pay for this specific label. The objective of this report is to inform Tropicana of the status of the current consumer’s attitudes to 100% juice to understand the customers and increase their sales. 2.Problem definition: I. Background: Consumer habits of food consumption have changed greatly, in today’s society people are looking for healthier choices due to the increasing awareness surrounding health, nutrition and to improve the quality of the human life are reasons for the risen demand on fruit and vegetables. “5 A Day” for example is a campaign supported by the World Health Organization made to encourage people to have five fruits or vegetables a day. The world fruit industry and manufacturers has responded for this demand by developing fruit...
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...developments on the demand side of the market and represents a rational and more precise adjustment of product and marketing effort to consumer or user requirements."^ The idea that all markets can be profitably segmented has now received almost as widespread acceptance as the marketing concept itself. However, problems remain. In the extreme, a marketer can divide up his market in as many ways as he can describe his prospects. If he wishes, he can define a left-handed segment, or a blue-eyed segment, or a German-speaking segment. Consequently, current discussion revolves largely around which of the virtually limitless alternatives is likely to be most productive. According to this ar+icle, mos+ techniques of market segmentation rely only on DESCRIPTIVE factors pertaining to purchasers and are not efficient predictors of future buyer behavior. The author proposes an approach whereby market segments are delineated first on the basis of factors with a CAUSAL relationship to future purchase behavior. The belief underlying this s e g m e n t a t i o n strategy is that the benefits which people are seeking in consuming a given product are the basic reasons for the existence of true market segments. Segmentation Methods Several varieties of market segmentation have been popular in the recent past. At least three kinds have achieved some degree of prominence. Historically, perhaps the first type to exist was...
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...Cognitive psychology was introduced when there were flaws found in the areas of behaviorism (Galotti, 2014). The field of behaviorism began moving their concerns towards observable behaviors instead of focusing on the mind (Galotti, 2014). Since this was occurring cognitive psychology was born. This aspect of psychology began emphasizing on how the mind thinks and functions (Galotti, 2014). For instance, cognitive psychology encompasses areas of learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making (Galotti, 2014). It is defined as the scientific study of mental processing (Galotti, 2014). Cognitive psychology concentrates on how an individual stores, processes, acquires, and interprets the world around them. And it also tries to classify certain behaviors that are presented through different characteristics (Willingham, 2007). Once this area of psychology was introduced it brought back the importance of studying the mind. In the next following sections they will cover the key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology and the importance of behavioral observation in this field. Key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology There were four key milestones that had a hand in developing cognitive psychology. The milestones were: neuroscience, information processing model, artificial intelligence, and the criticism of behaviorism (Carley, 2012). The criticism that behaviorism received was...
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...through the history of psychology. You will learn how psychology grew out of philosophy and medical physiology, and will become acquainted with some of the pioneers of psychology as a scientific discipline. Descriptive Statistics Purpose: To describe the common measures of central tendency and variability and demonstrate their use in summarizing a data set. Summary: This activity introduces you to the basic statistics that researchers use to summarize their sets of data. You will learn how to produce a distribution of scores and how to graph the distribution. After descriptions of the measures of central tendency (mode, median, and mean) and variability (range and standard deviation), you will be able to manipulate the scores in a distribution to see how each score affects the descriptive statistics for that distribution. Hemispheric Specialization Purpose: To explain how research on split-brain patients has helped us understand the special abilities of the two halves of the brain. Summary: This activity describes what researchers have learned about the special abilities of the left and right sides of the brain. After a brief review of the way that information is carried from the main sensory channels to the brain, you will test the responses of a simulated “split-brain” patient to demonstrate that, for most right-handers, the main language center is located in the left hemisphere, while the right hemisphere is specialized for spatial...
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...psychology Course Description Effective Fall 2013 AP Course Descriptions are updated regularly. Please visit AP Central ® (apcentral.collegeboard.org) to determine whether a more recent Course Description PDF is available. The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of more than 5,900 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success — including the SAT® and the Advanced Placement Program®. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. For further information, visit www.collegeboard.org. AP Equity and Access Policy The College Board strongly encourages educators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs by giving all willing and academically prepared students the opportunity to participate in AP. We encourage the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underserved. Schools should ...
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... B. Scientific method - set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in investigations 1. Events are lawful (follow consistent patterns) 2. Events are explainable 3. Events are approached with scientific skepticism (critical thinking) a. Minimize the influence of preconceptions/biases while evaluating the evidence b. Determine the conclusions that can be reasonably drawn from the evidence c. Consider alternative explanations for research findings Steps in the scientific method A. Formulate a testable hypothesis 1. hypothesis 2. variables 3. operational definition B. Design the study and collect data 1. descriptive methods 2. experimental methods C. Analyze the data and draw conclusions D. Report the findings Descriptive research methods – strategies for observing and describing behavior A. Naturalistic observation – systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural settings 1. Allows study of behaviors that cannot be easily or ethically manipulated in an experiment B. Case study – indepth investigation of an individual or small group of individuals 1. Allows study of rare, unusual or extreme conditions C. Surveys 1. Sample 2. Representative sample 3. Random selection D. Correlational studies – examines how strongly two variables are related Experimental method – used to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship A...
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