...5198/jtlu.v1.425 Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than in wealthier, advanced...
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...dealing with Urban Crime and Race-Ethnics and how it has affected our cities, will be the focus of this paper. Handleman 2011, Kruger (2007), Urban Poverty, Mehta is the references have chosen to use to help explain the issue with Employment, Crime and Race in our Urban Communities. Urban crime is a major problem in Latin- America and the African Cities, but East Asia's major urban areas are generally safer than large Americans. Race also plays a role in regards to being poor. Contemporary Third World urbanization differs from the West's earlier urban explosion into important respects. Many of the poor who are unable to find work in the so-called formal sectors of the urban economy (the government and more modern, private-sector enterprise) turn to the informal economy for jobs (Handleman 2011). FACTS AND FIGURES ON POVERTY A quarter of the world's population, 1.3 billion people, lives in severe poverty... • Nearly 800 million people do not get enough food, and about 500 million people are chronically malnourished. More than a third of children are malnourished. • In industrial countries more than 100 million people live below the poverty line, more than 5 million people are homeless and 37 million are jobless. • Of the world's 23 million people living with HIV/AIDS more than 93% live in developing countries. • More than 840 million adults are illiterate - 538 million of them are women. • In developing countries 160 million pre-school children are underweight. Employment ...
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...Robert Hayes II Geog 413 Midterm November 10, 2013 Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every...
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...Five ICT Essentials for Smart Cities A Whitepaper for Business Executive Summary More than half of the population of the Earth now live in urban areas (United Nations, 2012). Modern cities face many challenges and opportunities because of this. The challenges range from providing a good quality of life for citizens to ensuring appropriate socio-economic development year on year, while the opportunities can be seen in businesses becoming more efficient and innovative, to the reduction of crime through the use of ICTs in policing. The concept of making cities “smart” has grown out of the need for cities to meet these challenges and opportunities. Based on an analysis of the literature on Smart Cities1, Future Internet2 and Open Living Labs3, this paper examines, from the perspective of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage, what the essential components are for making a city “smart”. It outlines five essential ICT elements that cities need to acquire or develop on their path to becoming smarter. The paper then comments on the non-material essentials that also make up a good ICT strategy for smart cities. It argues that along with the five ICT essentials outlined in this paper, cities must develop sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among main stakeholders to ensure the effective sharing of common city resources among citizens and businesses. If this is achieved, urban and regional innovation ecosystems can develop, in turn, speeding...
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...towards the end of 2008 (United Nations). Intimately connected to the processes of modernization, industrialization and rationalization, the phenomenon has it genesis in the Renaissance period. Continuous attacks by the Turks caused the Christians to migrate from the east to the west of Europe. Consequently, the volume of trade rose and European cities besides the coastline progresses impressively. An additional push was given to urbanization upon the advent of the Industrial Revolution; the population density of European and American cities continued to intensify. For instance, the city of Chicago saw it population rise from fifteen individuals to over twenty million in a timeframe of seventy eight year. Yet, the phenomenon took hold of the Asian and African region only after sovereignty from colonial subjugation; in the first and second half of the 20th century, respectively (Howard Gillette Jr.). As mentioned before, the process of urbanization takes place when individuals abandon their rural lifestyle and migrate to developed cities in anticipation of a superior standard of living. This is typically the case with developing nations; residents of rural localities fall prey to volatile weather conditions and have to put up with natural disasters such as floods and droughts which have the potential to wreck havoc in their lives. As a result, the vast majority of farmers have started to move to developed...
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...issue in recent years, with the negative influence occurring in the third world. There are lots of negative effects on most urban areas city on coast and riverbanks are vulnerable to climate change effects such as a increase in sea level (Nichcolls, cited in Hunt and Watkiss 2004, p.17). Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Parry M.L et al. 2007, p.13). The world’s urban population will rapid increase in the next few year, so the negative effects caused by climate change in cities should be solved necessarily. This essay outlines the major negative impacts by climate change, and evaluates three possible solving measures in many developing countries. The essay argues that three effective solutions are able to solve the problems of climate change in developing countries. Climate change negatively affects the urban in developing countries. The first environmental effect of climate change is a rising sea level. Rosenzweig et al. (2010, p.910) survey that city should obviously contributed to 71% of global energy-related greenhouse-gas. Most chief cities in developing country are located in low altitudes or near the seaside, which are brought calamities by the climate change. As the world warming, the threat from the ocean level increase poses alarming for cities. A rising in sea level has the direct influences on urban areas such as beach erosion and soil loss (Hunt and Watkiss 2011, p. 17). The...
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...1. There are several reasons that women experience gender inequality in developing countries. One of the major reasons is the traditional role of wife and mother. If woman is going to be a wife and mother, then it is assumed that she will have to take time off for childbirth. As a result women are usually offered lower paying jobs. Women also experience inequality because they have been historically considered to have less education than men. Women are also not treated equal because they are perceived as being less powerful, having less prestige, and less ownership than men. 5. The growth rate of the urban population in developing countries is dramatically increasing because of the desire to move from the country to the city for what is thought to be a better life. However, because of the rapid growth of urban areas the city is no longer able to provide jobs, housing, and resources that people need. The unemployment rates in urban areas tend to be extremely high especially for individuals who are new to the city. Many urban areas in developing countries not only suffer from high unemployment rates but also from transportation and housing problems. As the urban population increases the resources become limited and eventually nonexistent. Because of the severity of problems with urban growth, countries such as China are trying to regulate it. 6. An effect of the expansion of cities is the growth of urban crime. Urban crime is constantly growing. Urban crime is an obstacle of...
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...2012 International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Engineering (ICTTE 2012) IPCSIT vol. 26 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Private Vehicle Ownership and Transportation Planning in Malaysia Noresah Mohd Shariff + School of Distance Education Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang Malaysia Abstract. This paper analyzes current trends in private vehicle ownership in Malaysia. For the past decades private vehicle ownership has increased tremendously in this country which is partly due to the economic growth, rapid urban development, population growth and inadequate public transport availability and services. In 2010, Malaysia has a population of 28.3 million, 17.4 million private vehicle automobiles and 11.7 million registered drivers. Traditionally, income has been hypothesized as a major determinant of private vehicle ownership. However, the spatial arrangement of urban fabric has becoming more important determinant of owning a vehicle. Other determinants such as government policy, auto vehicle financing, household characteristics and travel characteristics are also important. Therefore this paper is analyzing the spatial determinants of private vehicle ownership in Malaysia with a special reference to the Penang Island. Penang Island is located on the northeastern region of Malaysia and is an industrialized and a highly developed island. Penang Island has a population of 575,498 in 2000 and 740,200 in 2010, an increase of 29 percent for the last 10 years...
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...Urbanization is increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries. Available statistics show that more than half of the world’s 6.6 billion people live in urban areas, crowded into 3 percent of the earth’s land area (Angotti, 1993; UNFPA, 1993). The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas, which was less than 5 percent in 1800 increased to 47 percent in 2000 and is expected to reach 65 percent in 2030 (United Nations, 1990; 1991). However, more than 90 percent of future population growth will be concentrated in cities in developing countries and a large percentage of this population will be poor. In Africa and Asia where urbanization is still considerably lower (40 percent), both are expected to be 54 percent urban by 2025 (UN 1995; 2002). Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally on human health, livelihoods and the environment. The implications of rapid urbanization and demographic trends for employment, food security, water supply, shelter and sanitation, especially the disposal of wastes (solid and liquid) that the cities produce are staggering (UNCED, 1992). The question...
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...Research proposal Title: The role of cobblestone on youth unemployment reduction in Adigrat city by -Amanuel Teklu Aregawi teklu Dawit Hagos Berihu Gebremeskel Adigrat UniversityCollege of Business and Economics Department of Management/ MBA 1.INTRODUCTION Cobblestones are small, chiseled rectangular stones formerly used to cover road surfaces ,typically either set in sand or similar selected material, or are bound together with mortar. Paving with cobblestones allows a road to be heavily used all year long and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being permeable paving, and of moving rather than cracking with movements in the ground. INTRODUCTION con’t It was in early 2005 that the concept of using cobblestones to construct roads was first introduced to Ethiopia. Faced with fast-growing cities, inadequate urban infrastructure, and a large youthful population in need of employment, the Ethiopian Government turned to an innovative solution: Cobblestone road production throughout the country, driven by community participation and local materials. In recent years, cobblestone road creation has become one of the most successful infrastructure and job creation programmes in the country, with tremendous benefits for the urban poor. It has created hundreds of thousands of jobs, greatly improved urban mobility, and built collaborative relationships between communities and local...
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...Human Population and the Environment SCI/275 12/22/2013 Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas, such as country sides, to urban areas, such as cities. Cities like Los Angeles did not come to be the way it is simply overnight of course, urbanization is also the transformation of rural areas into urban ones. According to the text book, “When Europeans first settled in North America, the majority of the population consisted of farmers in rural areas. Today, approximately 79 percent of the U.S. population lives in cities” (Berg, Ch. 7.5). One more important distinction between rural and urban areas isn't how many people live there but how people make a living. Most people residing in rural areas have jobs involving harvesting natural resources—such as fishing, logging, and farming. In urban areas, most people have jobs that are sites of industry, economic development, and educational and cultural opportunities. There are factors that produce urbanization. The four major factors that affect population are the death rate of the people versus the birth rate of the people in that urban population and the immigration rate (people coming in), versus the emigration rate (people going out). These factors determine the rate of the population decline or growth. If the birth rate and immigration rate is larger than the death and emigration rate the population will grow exponentially. If the death rate and the emigration rate is larger than the birth and immigration rate...
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...UAE Many cities all over the world are developing to become important urban areas in all respects like Tokyo, New York and Mumbai. Every city has some reasons for their develop like building factories, importance of the location and much more. On the other hand there are some cities that had decline like Detroit, Flint and Cleveland because they only have depended on one resource for income. Abu Dhabi has grown through its economic vision and it is trying to sustainable its development through diversification to avoid declining. Development and growth in cities is shown through some reasons. The strategic location of the city. For this reason, most major cities are on rivers or at the junction of important overland routes (City, 2008). Moreover some cities owe for the importance of religion and became centers of worship (City, 2008). For example the city of Rome survived the collapse of the Roman empire because it was the capital of western Christendom (City, 2008). Early cities that developed strong military forces added to their territory, wealth and importance by conquest. Favorably located settlements often became large and prosperous through commerce (City, 2008). Also some modern cities owe to their development and to the fact that they were built as national capitals. Like Washington, D.C; Canberra, Australia (City, 2008). Climate also is a an important factor; the cities of Florida owe much of their growth to the state’s attractive climate (City, 2008). Other...
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...Urbanization has occurred in numerous developing countries since World War II and this trend is expected to continue. Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. It occurs because people move from rural areas to urban areas, which usually occurs when a country is still developing. There are many different causes of urbanization. People living in rural areas are drawn to the city, because they often believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better. Urbanization has its pros and cons and affects every developing country differently. Three positive effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: Less distances to travel and decrease in transport cost, growth in trade and commerce, and increase community resources. When population is concentrated in cities people have less distance to travel to work and for most other purposes. Urbanization helps the nation's business sector. Rural people come to the urban places with their goods. In Costa Rica growth in trade was a major positive in urbanization, because they are large exporters of bananas, coffee beans, and pineapples to name a few. Inspired by the growth of Los Reyes, multiple residential developments are being built in vast areas. It includes a combination of residential solutions in large areas with other services like a club, swimming pool, golf, tennis and football facilities. Three negative effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: the decrease...
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...What is Smart City The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of ‘smartness’. In the approach of the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and...
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...2.3.1 Theorising the peri-urban As a result of the rapid growth of cities across Nigeria, peri-urban settlements, referred to as transition zones, where urban and rural activities exist side by side have experienced rapid alterations induced by human activities (Thando & Gwebu, 2013). Furthermore, to understand this dynamics of change in peri-urban settlements, different scholars have undertaken a myriad of studies with a view to explaining the patterns, determinants, impacts and policy implications of the spatial expansion of cities in the developing world. Most of these present-day discussions of peri-urban settlements emphasize patterns of change, mainly resulting from infringement from a neighbouring city as explained in their expressions....
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