...TWENTY YEARS ANNIVERSARY of THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA A paper submitted as part of the 20 years commemoration of the OUT Theme: Students’ perception towards ODL Compared to Conventional Mode of Learning Competitor’s name: MUKIIBI, Ibrahiim Current education level: GRADUATE Course offered at OUT: ODDEOL Year of study: I Course duration: 2 YEARS OUT Essay writing competition, 2012 Theme: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS ODL COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL MODE OF LEARNING 1. Introduction Open and Distance Learning (ODL) has so far proved to be more of a promising and practical strategy than being a stagnant and theoretical strategy especially in the developing world. The more research ODL is given, the more the success attained in addressing the challenges of widening access to education. Consequently, it has most of the time increased participation in especially higher education. The inexistence of structured face-to-face contacts between the students and teachers is the main difference between ODL and ordinary conventional educational delivery methods. Study centres, counselling services and self directed learner-centred instructional materials are some of the main features of ODL, though there is some distinction between open learning and distance education. The main interest here however, is the mode of education where the learner and the tutor...
Words: 4413 - Pages: 18
...1.0 INTRODUCTION Perception is an important aspect to understand or predict the behaviors of customers in some situation, according to Sethi, 2002. Eagly and Chaiken, 1993 in their article said that general attitudes are relatively good predictors of general behavioral likelihoods. Furthermore, customer’s attitude toward a product or service is influenced by a match of the product or service user image with the customer’s self-concept . Islamic banking which started in 1983 in Malaysia, refers to a system of banking that complies with Islamic law which also known as Shariah law. The underlying principles that govern Islamic banking are mutual risk and profit sharing between parties and the assurance of fairness for all transactions based on an underlying business activity. It does not allow any transactions based on interest (riba), gambling (maisir) and speculative trading (gharar) at all cost. In terms of products and services, there are more than 40 Islamic financial products and services that may be offered by the banks using various Islamic concepts such as Mudharabah, Musyarakah, Murabahah, Al-Bai Bithaman Ajil, Al-Ijarah, Al-Takjiri, Qard Hasan, Al- Wakalah, Al-Kafalah and Wadiah. This study was stated the most perception of Islamic banking product among the Malaysian customer. As one of the important in service industry today, Islamic banking is no longer regarded only to fulfil the religious obligation of the Muslim. It is also how the Islamic banks want to market...
Words: 3598 - Pages: 15
...address the struggle that developing countries faced between combating environmental damage caused by a acute poverty and effectively developing their weak economies. Malaysia, which is at an intermediary stage of development, is facing tremendous challenge in ensuring sustainable development. Urban air quality, river water quality, deforestation, household wastes and hazardous waste are some of the examples of environmental issues faced by the nation (Aini et al., 2003). Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) in Gebeng, Pahang is a typically example of sustainable issues in Malaysia which encompasses environment, social and economic pillars. The project will contribute towards increasing Malaysia’s gross domestic product (GDP). It is reported that the plant may generate up to 1% of the nation’s GDP (Gholamreza et al., 2011). However, its economic contribution to our economy is still debatable. The truth is, it had generated enormous volumes of radioactive waste and toxic and it is linked with serious environmental pollution. Besides, the location of LAMP is in a densely populated area with 700,000 people living within a 20 kilometre radius. If the waste is to be stored in Malaysia, it might have possible negative effects on the residents and endanger the environment. Exposure to such radioactive material is hazardous. Radiation can cause or trigger cancer in humans in the long term...
Words: 991 - Pages: 4
...organisational change, this paper will discuss how change is relational and, therefore, the product of mundane conversations. In achieving this, the paper will consider the meaning of organisational change, the meaning of conversations and social construction, and the role of conversations within change. In discussing these definitions and examining the role of conversations within organisational change, we will be able to highlight fictions within the change process and identify methods of negating them. UNDERSTANDING ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE The definition of change is one that has been discussed and debated by philosophers throughout the ages. An ancient criterion of change states that an object, x, changes if and only if there are distinct times, t and t’, and property p, such that x has p at t and fails to have p at t’, or vice versa (Lombard, 1978, p. 63). This criterion looks at change in the widest sense. To understand organisational change, we need look deeper into what creates change, how the change affects individuals and an organisation, and how to successfully navigate the issues associated with change within an organisation. To successfully understand organisational change, we use one of two broad modes: the rationalist and social/relational modes. Within the rationalist approach, each element is considered...
Words: 2248 - Pages: 9
...Perceptual Development Mohammad Abdul Shabazz-Marsh Fayetteville State University Instructor: Chris Ike Ph.D. November 21, 2012 ABSTRACT The current study examined the individual and joint effects of the Developing Child personality traits and acculturation on coping styles. Using the proposed framework of (Dammeijer, Schlundt, Chenault, Manni, & Anteunis, (2002), the relations among these variables were evaluated at the Developing level to exploit previously unexplored within perceptual skills. This approach emphasizes the unique expression of Nativism and Empiricism specific personality in a Perceptual Development stage in a single culture. Perceptual Developing is not just a one area of a person’s life its throughout their life from a child throughout adulthood, we have to stress the point of Development. “Perception refers to the process of taking in, organizing, and interpreting sensory information. Perception is multimodal, with multiple sensory inputs contributing to motor responses (Bertenthal 1996)”. An infant is revolving his head in reaction to the illustration and acoustic cues of the vision of a face and the reverberation of a voice exemplify this type of perception. Intersensory redundancy, “the fact that the senses provide overlapping information is a cornerstone of perceptual development” (Bahrick, Lickliter, and Flom 2004)”. Nativism is the view that certain skills or abilities are 'native' or...
Words: 1222 - Pages: 5
...self –esteem and self-presentation. Self-concept deals with the cognitive aspect of self. It is the knowledge and beliefs we have about ourselves and how we represent our self to others. Self-esteem is more of our self and our emotions. Self-esteem is measure by how people feel about themselves. If people feel valuable and meaningful their self-esteem is rated to be high. If a person feels insignificant or worthless their self-esteem is viewed as being low. Self-presentation is another part of the operational self. Self-presentation is how we behave or our behavior in everyday life. Our images we portray to other or the impressions we leave on other people (Fiske, 2010). How Individuals Develops Self- Concept Some Social Psychologist suggests that people obtain...
Words: 1277 - Pages: 6
... or impulses within the individual and are directed toward goals that may be conscious or subconscious.” (Hersey, et.al 2008) A working definition of motivation can be “giving a reason to act: the act of giving somebody a reason or incentive to do something” (www.bing.com) It is important to have a working definition of motives or motivation before creating a plan for it. Motivation or the motives of someone will always depend on the individual, their perceptions, their needs and their beliefs. When a person’s perception is skewed, their needs high and their belief of what can be done that is when trying to motivate them in another direction is difficult. A leader is able to meet someone where they are, understand their perceptions, needs and beliefs and guide them into a new understanding in order to meet their needs and ultimately change their beliefs; in order to motivate them. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943) states that everyone has several levels needs beginning with a person’s physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. (Hersey, et.al 2008) According to Hersey, et.al a person’s “needs, wants, drives, or impulses” ultimately drive a person. When determining a motivational plan it is imperative to look the person or persons to whom the plan is for as a whole. A leader must understand the people to whom they are leading; starting with the group’s physiological needs. The physiological needs of a group of teachers range...
Words: 1436 - Pages: 6
...1. There are four important factors that cause international migration flows: economic pressures; social networks and connections between migrant sending and receiving countries; immigration policies; and cultural perceptions people in developing countries have about immigration and immigrant receiving countries. Indicate which of these you believe is the most important and second most important factors and explain why. There are four important factors that cause international migration flow. The most important factor is the economic pressures and second most important is the cultural perceptions people in developing countries have about immigration and immigrant receiving countries. Both these factors are relatively related and linked together. The most important factor that influences migration flows is the economic pressures. People who pursue better wages and a higher standard of living economically motivate most labor migrations. This is generated by the push- pull theory that explains how migrants are pushed to leave the areas of origin because of demographic growth, low standards of living, and lack of economic opportunities (Castles and Miller 22). Migrants are then pulled to move to receiving countries because they are attracted to the demand they have for labor, availability of land, economic opportunities, and political freedoms (Castles and Miller 22). The push-pull factor is one of the main explanations as to why the economic pressures are the biggest factors that...
Words: 1983 - Pages: 8
...REASONS BEHIND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN WITHIN A RURAL HOUSEHOLD IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY. Dr. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY FINAL DRAFT ON REASONS BEHIND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN WITHIN A RURAL HOUSEHOLD IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY. Subject: Sociology Under the supervision of: Submitted by: ( ) ( ) Dr. Sanjay Singh Priyamvada Priyadarshini Professor (Dept. Of Law) B.A LL.B 1st SEM (Sec B) Dr. RMLNLU Roll no. – 92 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Sanjay Singh for giving me this golden opportunity to propose the project on this topic which has helped me in doing lot of research and understanding the variable aspects of the topic. I would also like to thank my family members and friends for their kind support and encouragement. I would like to express my special thanks to those original thinkers I have taken to privilege to quote. I would like to thank the local people of Azamgarh and Govindpur for helping me in completing my research. It would be wrong on my part if I don’t mention the grace of ‘Almighty’...
Words: 2652 - Pages: 11
...and less expensive alternative (Krasny, 2012). The allegations of non-ethical marketing practices led to boycotts of Nestlé products, beginning in 1977, in the United States and Europe: some boycotts continue to this day (Facebook, 2012). The criticisms, public outcry, and attention from social activists resulted in Senate Hearings in the United States and meetings by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1981). The result was a new set of marketing rules, introduced in 1981,that restricted the promotion of baby formula (WHO, 1981). These restrictions are outlined in the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO, 1981). The aim of the code is to “ensure the proper use of breast milk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information and through appropriate marketing and distribution” (International Lactation Consultant Association, 2001). When you consider the corporate marketing practices uncovered in the Nestlé scandal, one can see that a corporation’s vision must go beyond profits, and consider business ethics, motivation, perception, and conformity, and business ethics as key success factors in a world that has embraced corporate social responsibility. Business Ethics - Nestlé Business ethics are the values and behaviors that companies uphold and exhibit in carrying out their everyday business (Gruble, 2011). Business ethics require companies to act in an ethical manner and be...
Words: 3303 - Pages: 14
...has co-existed with human society for a long time. Corruption has received significant attention among economists and international financial institutions during the last few decades, given its impact on economic growth both in developed and developing countries. There is an increasing volume of literature on the relationship between corruption and economic growth, and the general conclusion is that corruption slows down the long-term growth of an economy through a wide range of negative post-effects. It hampers economic growth, disproportionately burdens the poor and undermines the effectiveness of any investment and aid. Some theoretical studies suggest that corruption may counteract government failure and promote economic growth in the short run, however in recent years this studies aren`t anymore valid given the clear message from the negative effects on society and the economic system. In this paper we will analyze and present: First, we will describe and list a number of causes and consequences of corruption, derived from recent international studies from worldwide organizations trying to fight corruption. Second, we will introduce a regression model that can help explain the negative relationship between corruption (Corruption Perception Index or CPI1) and economic growth by looking closely over metrics like the government effectiveness2 in percentiles and GDP per worker conclude. 3 in a huge sample of countries. In the last chapter we will 1 CPI - Official metric...
Words: 4260 - Pages: 18
...different culture, economy, progress, status, etc. round the globe. Human being considered as social animal cause’s significant social culture impact by tourism. According to Teo (1994) impacts are defined as “change in value system, moral, conduct, individual behaviour, relationship, lifestyle, expression, tradition”. Social culture impact of tourism discussed below is categorised broadly as positive and negative impact of tourism, factors responsible and impact management utilising various supportive journals articles. Interaction between host and tourist at particular destination leads to social culture impacts. This could have immediate social impact like change in quality of life, adjustment to tourist industry and long term culture impact like change in standards, social relationship defined as “conducting elements of behaviour and product of that behaviour” (Weidenfeld, 2012). Broadly literatures revels positive impacts like urban relocation by creating jobs, infrastructure, security, foster pride in culture, etc. certain negative impacts like increase in crime, environmental detonation, increase traffic, alcoholism, drugs, prostitution etc. However, the impacts are considered ambiguous broadly varies country to country and hosts perceptions. Various pre studied articles are taken into consideration to have detailed inside story on various location with different aims and method. Social culture impacts of tourism causes different phenomenon like different adjustments by host...
Words: 3247 - Pages: 13
...is a collection of people who work together to achieve a variety of goals (Understanding & Managing Organizational Behavior, p 1). Organizational behavior is the actions and attitudes of those people within the organization (Understanding & Managing Organizational Behavior, p 1). The attitude of an individual determines the job satisfaction or dissatisfaction, commitment to the organization and overall involvement. Attitude can be influenced by internal factors, external factors and perception. First developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963, Equity theory attempts to explain the relationship between how fairness and unfairness correspond to a persons satisfaction. It asserts that employees seek a need to maintain balance between their inputs and outputs, all in comparison to that of a “referent” other (McShane & Von Gilnow p.151). Further, it suggests people will avoid those relationships that seem unfair or inequitable and recognizes the balance of the inputs and outcomes as ones perception of them, not necessarily by objective standard (Understanding & Managing Organizational Behavior, p 27). When an imbalance of inputs and outcomes exist, the individual’s reaction is to find balance. Occasionally they find this...
Words: 3727 - Pages: 15
...In her essay “Women Talk Too Much,” Jonet Holmes argues that to dominate talking depends on many different factors, including the social context in which the talk is taking place, relative social confidence and perception (299-304). By contrast, Ronald Macaulay declares his statement in his article “Sex Difference” that language use and development as a result of the social environment have a great impact on the talking between women and men, not the sex differences in language (307-313). It is explicit that both Holmes and Macaulay express their personal perspectives about the similar purpose of talking, the dissimilar factors of language development and the perception of language that could affect their conversational style. In Holmes’ article, she told about the purpose of talking in public between man and women, “Formal public talk is often aimed at information people or persuading them to agree to a particular point of view” (301). She agrees that public talk is often undertaken by those who emphasize their degrees of public status. In addition, when the men have an effective talk in public, the purpose of the speech is to improve their social status. In private context, women contribute to establish social contact with others and develop personal relationship. Likewise, Macaulay illustrated his opinion in his article that those different social positions would affect the talking between women and men. “It is also obvious that those in a position of power often expect...
Words: 1025 - Pages: 5
...AFRICA THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESSES By Iman A. Murbe An essay submitted in Fulfillment of the ENG 2206 course 31st July 2016 THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESSES IN KENYA Kenya is one of the countries in the sub Saharan region in Africa. Being one of the developing countries, it is faced with challenges such as poverty, economic decline, and the lack of enough resources to meet the health needs and demands of the people. Mental health of the population is also included in the concern. There are very few organizations and facilities when it comes to mental health. It is an issue brushed aside and only brought up when one is exposed to people with it including friends or family...
Words: 1830 - Pages: 8
