RESISTANCE IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TOMATO AGAINST INSECT PESTS

An internship report submitted for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Agriculture
In
Department of PBMG
By
Babar Usman
Roll No. 110
Reg. No. 2009-URTB-1136
Session: 2009-2013

The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot

CERTIFICATION

It is certify that M. Usman Afzal, Reg. No. 2009-URTB-1136, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Faculty of Agriculture Rawalakot has successfully completed his internship program submitted by his report in this present form by the University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Rawalakot.

Internship Supervisor ………………………..

Department Chairman………………………….

DEDICATION DEDICATED TO
HOLY PHROPHET
(PBUH)
MINER AT OF KNOWLEDGE
My beloved Parents
(Father)
WHO SUPPORTED ME FINANCIALLY AND MORALLY AND GAVE A LOT OF SACRIFICES FOR MY STUDY.
(Mother)
Who guided me to the right path
Who was the inspiring force behind
Each and every step I took forward in my life
Especially to
My sisters, brother and friends who encourage
Me &
Guide me to right path to future

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge the omnipresent kindness and love of the Almighty Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful, Who made it possible for me to complete the writing of this internship report.
I would love to express gratitude and respect to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole.
It is my utmost pleasure to avail this opportunity to express the heartiest gratitude to my worthy supervisor Dr. Khalid Mahmood, Professor of Entomology, The University of Poonch Rawalakot AJ&K, for his creative criticism, valuable comments, keen and potential interest, dynamic supervision and sympathetic attitude during course of research which paved the way for taking this manuscript to finality.
I am thankful to Dr. Khalid Mahmood, Chairman Department of Entomology,The University of Poonch Rawalakot AJ&K for their expert guidance to complete my part of research.
Moreover, I really appreciate the cooperation of my all teachers of Department of Entomology, The University of Poonch Rawalakot AJ&K ,who provided me valuable information during course of research.
I am pleased to acknowledge the moral support and encouragements of my friends and fallows. Last but not the least, I cordially pay my humble thanks to my family who prayed for my success all the time.

(M. Usman Afzal)

Abstract
These Entomological Research were carried out in area of University of Poonch .Rawalakot , Depart of Entomology, during May, 2013 to August, 2013 on Resistance of different varieties of tomato against insect pest. The Experiment was laid out in a 1.5 kanal plot which was equally divided into 12 beds 4 hybrid varieties were sown and 3 replications were made. The overall results of current research work showed that the relative humidity and temperature significantly effect on the population of insect pests of tomato crop. The tomato crop were affected by cutworm, crickets, earworm, bugs and fruit fly. Randomly 60 plants are selected 5 from each bed. Damage fruits were counted to check the resistance. The current study suggests that the nursery was mostly effected by cutworm. Yaqui is susceptible to borers and fruit fly, it is also seen that Romeo has more resistant to insect pest than others. The attack was more in the month of August. leaf aphid population was found on leaves of soybean, okra, and maize and potato crop. .
Key words: Marjan, Yaqui, Romeo, Jessica, Insect pest, Resistant.

Tomato

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: S. lycopersicum
Binomial name: Solanum lycopersicum L.

INTRODUCTION

Tomato belongs to solanaceae family . It is one of the very popular vegetables in Pakistan.
Tomato, is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and global production is estimated at around 136 Billion ton per year (FAOSTAT, 2008). Tomato is the 3rd most economically important vegetable crop after potato and onion. Major production countries in descending order include China, USA, India, Turkey and Egypt respectively. Pakistan ranking 35th number in world tomato production. Europe contributes 22% of the world’s tomato production. In the Netherlands all tomatoes are produced in glasshouses, which cover an area of about 1,257 ha (LEI, 2009).
Tomato is worldwide the most important greenhouse vegetable crop with a production of 720 MT and a total value of $170 Million per year (FAOSTAT, 2008). Tomato is a dietary source of vitamins especially A and C, minerals and fiber, which are important for human nutrition and health. Also, tomatoes are the richest source of lycopene, a phytochemical that protects cells from oxidants that have been linked to human cancer (Giovannucci, 1999; Mutanen et al., 2011). Other antioxidant compounds in tomato fruit include flavonoids and phenolic acids. Flavonoids and phenols are regarded as potentially health benefitting compounds since they are implicated in the prevention of human inflammatory and, cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer (Martin et al., 2004; Tan et al., 2010; Mutanen et al., 2011).
Fresh fruits of tomatoes are used in salads, various culinary preparations, juices, or processed in the form of purees, concentrates, condiments and sauces (Razdan & Mattoo, 2007). Varieties for fresh consumption are cultivated in greenhouses and in the open air, while varieties for processing are only cultivated in the open air (Diez & Nuez, 2008). Today, nearly all the tomato cultivars for the fresh market, as well as an increasing number of cultivars for processing, are hybrids (Diez & Nuez, 2008).
There are no sufficiently high levels of host plant resistance to allow for significant reductions in the quantity of pesticides used in tomato (Labate et al., 2007). Therefore, the development of cultivars with increased levels of host plant resistance is a major issue in tomato breeding programs (Labate et al., 2007).
The various wild tomato species have been reported to be resistant to many tomato insect pests (Gentile et al., 1969; Kumar et al., 1995a; Muigai et al., 2002; Kennedy, 2007). The various wild varieties showed high levels of resistance to the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci/Bemisia argentifolii complex (Kennedy, 2003; Berlinger, 2005), the aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Liedl et al., 1995), two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus cinnabarinus and T. urticae (Goffreda et al., 1989), as well as to the larvae of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, (Gentile et al., 1969).
It has high contents of vitamins A and C and is widely used in various dishes (AVRDC, 1996). With the increasing affluence of the world, its demand has increased very rapidly resulting in wide scale development of tomato industry for production of tomato. Rise of the fast food industry in the country is also having a significant impact on the demand for tomato products. It is expected that this trend will continue in the near future and the consumption of tomato will increase.
Among agricultural products, tomato is most common vegetables in Pakistan and other countries. This vegetable is co-cooked with other vegetables and meat in addition to be consumed as salad. Therefore, the demand of this vegetable is relatively inelastic in Pakistan (Lohano and Mari, 2005). This crop provide high profit to farmers and employment opportunities to rural laborers as this crop require more labor inputs as compared to other crops (Mari et al., 2007). Pakistan devoted 0.34 m ha to produce 4.8 mt of vegetables and condiments during 2003-04 (GoP, 2004). Besides, Pakistan also earned valuable foreign exchange from vegetables. Major buyers of vegetables and fruits from Pakistan were Dubai, India, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and United Kingdom (EPB, 2006). Keeping in view the increasing production and demand along with its importance in the daily diet, prospects in local and internal market the study presents an overview of the tomato economy of Pakistan, trade scenario and examines the revealed comparative advantage in tomato production for Pakistan.
Time of sowing
Due to varying climatic conditions, there is a wide range of sowing time of tomato in Pakistan. There are three main crops that are as under.
Early crop
For early crop, nursery is sown in July-August, transplanted in the field in August-September and the harvesting of the crop starts in November.
Mid season crop: Nursery is sown in September, which is transplanted in October and harvested in December/January.
Main season crop: Nursery is sown in mid-November, transplanted in February and the crop is harvested in May-June.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

The present investigations were carried out to see the “ Resistance in different varieties of tomato against different types of insect pest” at the research area The University of Poonch Rawalakot.
Varieties
1. Jessica 2. Romeo 3. Marjan 4. Yaqui

Methodology
Design = RCBD
Total number of block = 12
Replications = 3 Block width = 4 feet
Furrow width = 1 foot
Block length = 90 feet
P x P = 1.5feet
Sowing date = 1 May, 2013
Transplanting date = 15 June, 2013.

Nursery management:
The nursery was sown in April, 2013 on well prepared seed bed manually maintaining the plant to plant distance 1.5f. Nursery was sown in 4 small blocks for each variety.
All the cultural practices were done uniformly. Fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and DAP. Manually hoeing and weeding was also done for the removal of weeds and galleries made by cutworms and cricket.
Insects found in nursery * Cut worms * Mole cricket * Field cricket * Bugs

Carbafuran 3% w/w was also used for the control of cutworm and soil insects at the rate of 50 grams in 1 marla.
After 5 days Furadon was also applied for control of insects.
Regular visits were made at the time of morning. Visits were made to inspect inset attack.
Nursery was transplanted on 16 June, 2013 in a well prepared bed. 12 beds were made each of 4 feet width keeping the plant to plant distance of 1.5 feet, 3 replications were made.
Lay out

R1 | R2 | R2 | Jessica | Jessica | Yaqui | Marjan | Marjan | Jessica | Romeo | Yaqui | Romeo | Yaqui | Romeo | Marjan |

Management after seedling transplantation:
Different fungicides were used for the control of fungus attack, like raddomill and diathine.
5 plants were selected from each bed randomly, i.e. 20 plants were selected from each replication. Total 60 plants were selected to examine the attack of insect pest. * 10 grams diathine was mixed in 8 liter of water and sprayed with the help of knap-sap spray pump, while only 5 grams Radomill was used. The spray was done after the interval of 2 weeks at the morning time.

Different observations were carried out during the experiment. 1. Total number of leaves 2. Insect per plant 3. Total number of damage fruits 4. Identification of insect attack 5. Identification of insect pest 6. Killing and preservation of insects

Insects found after seedling transplantation: * Flea beetles * Horn worms

Main Problems 1) Shade in the field 2) Weeds 3) Rain fall

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
DESCRIPTION OF THE FLEA BEETLE
Flea beetle a dults are from 0.06 to 0.12 inch (1.5–3 mm) long. These insects derive their name from their well-developed hind legs; when disturbed they jump like fleas. Flea beetles can overwinter on weed hosts surrounding the field, on residues of a previous tomato crop, or in the soil if the previous crop was a flea beetle host.
DAMAGE
Flea beetles are common pests of seedling tomatoes in most areas. Adult beetles chew small holes in leaves, giving them a sieve like appearance. The small , slender, white larvae feed on underground parts of the plant, but this damage is not economically significant. High populations of flea beetles feeding on plants younger than the 4- to 5-leaf stage can result in stand loss, especially under hot, windy springtime conditions when the injured plants are desiccated. Foliar damage to mature plants is not considered to be economically damaging.

On rare occasions, flea beetles may feed directly on ripe fruit, just below the calyx. This damage resembles feeding by young tomato fruitworm, Heliocoverpa zea, or by tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella, and is usually seen only in very late-season plantings where leaves are senescing as a result of maturity, lack of water, or powdery mildew. Damage to fruit has caused it to be rated off grade.
Tomato Fruitworm = Corn Earworm
Tomato fruitworm moths are about three quarters of an inch long and range from olive green to dark reddish brown.

Tomato fruitworms are most abundant during August and September. They prefer to feed on green fruit and usually do not enter ripe fruit. Damage consists of deep watery cavities frequently in the stem end of the fruit. During its development, one larva may injure several fruit.

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