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Deviance

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Bệnh về tim: Nguyên nhân cái chết của các bệnh về tim (CVD) bao gồm đau tim, tăng huyết áp và nhồi máu cơ tim đã bắt đầu giảm vào những năm 1960 ở các nước phương Tây và còn tiếp tục giảm nữa vào các thời gian sau. Ở nước Mỹ, tỉ lệ tử vong giảm hơn 35% giữa năm 1980 và 1997. Điều tương tự như thế cũng xảy ra ở các nước phương Tây khác. Chúng ta có thể giải thích cho sự giảm đi ấy như thế nào? Một nhân tố phổ biến nhất đó là con người đang sẵn sàng thay đổi cách sống lành mành để giảm mối nguy hiểm của CVD. Một trong những nhân tố khác đó là việc chuẩn đoán và điều trị của bệnh đã được cải thiện. Ích lợi của công nghệ có thể cho phép chuẩn đoán sớm những mối nguy hiểm nghiêm trọng xảy ra sau đó. Từ đấy, các bác sĩ có thể điều trị như kê thuốc để giảm cao huyết áp, giảm lượng cholestorel trong máu hay tiến hành nghiên cứu để điều trị phục hồi cho tim. Đối với các bệnh nhân đang phải chịu đựng bệnh thì đó là một tin tốt. Dựa vào các thiết bị công nghệ cao, các loại thuốc và kinh nghiệm phẫu thuật, nhiều người có thể phục hồi và quay lại cuộc sống sau khi điều trị. Đó là điều tưởng như không thế cách đây 40, 50 năm. Tuy nhiên, có một tin xấu cho các bệnh về tim. Thứ nhất, việc không thể ngăn chặn được tỉ lệ tử, CVD vẫn là một căn bệnh phổ biến gây ra cái chết ở nhiều nước phương Tây. Những số liệu năm 2000 ở nước Mỹ, ví dụ, cho thấy rằng bệnh tim gây ra hơn 30% cái chết mỗi năm. Con số ấy, tất nhiên, sẽ là điều tệ hại hơn nếu chúng ta gộp cái chết với mối liên hệ cùng bệnh huyết áp cao và bệnh nhồi máu cơ tim. Điều thứ hai trong tin xấu đó là ngoài trừ các nước giàu thì CVD đang trở thành một vấn đề lớn về sức khỏe ở các nước đang phát triển. Tại các nước ấy, sự thay đổi xã hội một cách nhanh chóng đang gây ra những mối nguy hiểm điều mà chúng ta có thể liên hệ với CVD – giảm các hoạt động thể chất, tăng việc hút thuốc lá và ít thay đổi chế ăn lành mạnh.

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