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Dhahran Roads

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Responsable: Mariela Pólit Vera Tema: “La investigación operativa como una herramienta de sugestión en la resolución de problemas concernientes a producción y transporte” Propósito: Aplicar la investigación operativa para encontrar la mejor solución en cuanto a minimización de costos de producción y distribución de los productos en una microempresa de la ciudad de Portoviejo. Fecha de Entrega: jueves, 03 de julio de 2014 Manabí – Ecuador Introducción El presente ensayo, corresponde a un análisis respecto a un problema de producción y costos de transporte originados en el negocio de la señora Fátima Briones Chóez, quien se dedica a producir y comercializar diferentes tipos de alimentos. Ante esta situación, por medio de los métodos matemáticos que comprende la investigación operativa, se logrará encontrar la mejor solución a dichos problemas. Para el desarrollo del análisis propuesto, se han tomado en cuenta los requerimientos de horas hombre y horas máquina del negocio; en uno de los cuales se presentará cierta condición o restricción, a la que se deberán sujetar los ejercicios realizados. El objetivo general y substancial del presente análisis, consiste en brindar a la propietaria del negocio la alternativa óptima para minimizar sus costos de producción y de comercialización de los productos, originados en el negocio por la distribución de los productos a diversas direcciones en la ciudad de Portoviejo. La consecución de la mejor alternativa será posible debido a la utilización de determinados métodos de la investigación operativa que permiten llegar a diferentes alternativas y con esto, facilitar el análisis sobre la solución más conveniente para el negocio. El problema de la producción sujeta a cierta restricción en cuanto a las horas hombre, se resolverá mediante ejercicios de programación lineal y para la distribución de los productos que mejor resulta producir según el resultado obtenido en el problema de producción, se recurrirá al Método de Aproximación de Vogel y posteriormente para su comprobación al Método Óptimo de Distribución Interna (MODI). 1. Tema: La investigación operativa como una herramienta de sugestión en la resolución de problemas concernientes a producción y transporte 2. Objetivos 2.1 Objetivo General * Encontrar la alternativa óptima de solución tanto para la minimización de costos de producción como de distribución de los productos 2.2 Objetivo Especifico * Aplicar metodología de programación lineal para el cálculo de los costos de los productos ofertados * Encontrar la alternativa óptima para la distribución de los productos en diferentes direcciones de la ciudad de Portoviejo, mediante el Método de Vogel. * Comprobar la alternativa óptima obtenida en el Método de Vogel mediante la utilización del Método Óptimo de Distribución Interna (MODI). * Efectuar un análisis sobre cada una de las soluciones encontradas. * Elaborar conclusiones y recomendaciones 3. Metodología Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación, se requirió de observación y recopilación de información de una microempresa determinada, con lo cual fue posible definir el problema. La base metodológica de esta investigación es matemática y por ello se ha procedido a cuantificar la definición del problema mediante expresiones matemáticas empleando los siguientes pasos: identificar las variables de decisión, identificar la función objetivo, identificar las restricciones y emplear un modelo matemático. El modelo aplicado ha sido desarrollado mediante el uso de métodos matemáticos y la introducción del algoritmo Tita, diseñados para su resolución y facilitar la toma de decisiones. 4. Antecedentes La señora Fátima Briones Chóez, desde hace más de 10 años se ha dedicado a la elaboración de diferentes tipos de alimentos para diversos tipos de compromisos; pero debido a la creciente competencia que existe hoy para quienes se dedican a ofertar este tipo de servicio y debido a su necesidad de generar un ingreso permanente a la semana, optó por dedicarse a la elaboración de diferentes tipos de bocaditos. Estos bocaditos son realizados en su casa, ubicada en la calles García Moreno y Francisco de P. Moreira y son distribuidos por ella misma en diferentes calles de la ciudad de Portoviejo. En total, la señora Fátima elabora 7 productos diferentes para la venta, pero no todos los días oferta esos 7 productos, a excepción de las empanadas de queso y pollo y de las bolas de carne y deditos de queso, los cuales oferta a diario. 5. Presentación Número de Empleados = 1 Productos que elabora: empanadas de Queso, empanadas de Pollo, empanadas de Carne, empanadas de Harina, dedos de Queso, dedos de Mortadela y bolas de Carne. Productos Seleccionados: empanadas de queso, empanadas de pollo y bolas de carne. Tiempo dedicado a la producción: 4 horas diarias Factores Productivos: * 20 horas hombre semanales (4 horas diarias x 5 días a la semana) * La señora Fátima desea no excederse en sus horas laborales a la semana * 10 horas máquina (2 horas diarias x 5 días a la semana) * Máquinas: Cocina (1 hora) y molino de carne (1 hora) * La señora Fátima desea aprovechar la totalidad de sus horas máquina Debido a que los cálculos en cuanto a horas hombre y horas máquinas corresponden en su mayoría a minutos, se ha realizado la respectiva conversión de minutos a horas teniendo en cuenta que las unidades de tiempo no se miden de igual forma que las unidades matemáticas: Empanadas de Queso | 1 h60 min*24 min=0,4 horas | 1 h60 min*45min=0,75 horas | Empanadas de Pollo | 1 h60 min*36min=0,6 horas | 1 h60 min*75min=1,25 horas | Unidades producidas: Semanalmente se producen 50 unidades de empanadas de queso, 60 unidades de empanadas de pollo y 75 unidades de bolas de carne. * Para efectos del ejercicio se tomará en cuenta el plato que se comercializa como la unidad de producto. Dicho plato contiene en el plato de empanadas, 10 unidades y en el palto de bolas de carne, 20 unidades.
Costo Unitario por producto: 6. Planteamiento del Problema DESARROLLO DEL EJERCICIO Función Objetivo: 0,6x1+0,7x2+0,9 x3 = ↙Z | Sistema de ecuaciones 0,75x1+1,25x2+2 x3 ≤20 (H.H) 0,4x1+0,6x2+x3=10 (H.M) | Conversión de Inecuación a Ecuación 0,75x1+1,25x2+2 x3+x4=20 0,4x1+0,6x2+x3 =10 | Soluciones Posibles SP =n+m SP =4+2 SP =6 | Grados de libertad gl =n-m gl =4-2 gl =2 | Programación | 7. Soluciones Posibles Solución #1: x1; x2=0 | Solución #2: x1; x3=0 | 2 x3+ x4=20 2 (10)+ x4=20 x4=0 | 4 x3=10 x3=10 | 1,25x2+x4=201,25(16,7)+x4=20x4=-0,9 | x2=10x2=16,7 | Función Objetivo: 0,9 (10) = 9Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 10 unidades de bolas de carne, trabajaría 20 horas a la semana, que equivalen al 100% del total de horas laborales (2(10) = 20), es decir, no se estaría excediendo en las horas hombre. | Función Objetivo: 0,716,7=11,7Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 16,7 unidades de empanadas de pollo, trabajaría 20,9 horas a la semana, que equivalen al 104,5% de horas laborales totales (1,25(16,7) = 20,9). Aquí se estaría excediendo de tiempo. | Solución #3: x1; x4=0 | Solución #4: x2; x3=0 | (--1 )1,25x2+2x3 = 20(2) 0,6x2+ x3=10 -1,25x2-2x3=-201,20x2+2x3=20 x2 =0 | 1,25x2+2 x3 = 201,25(0)+2x3 = 20x3 = 10 | 0,75x1+x4=200,75(25)+x4=20x4=1,25 | 0,4x1=10 x1=25 | Función Objetivo: 0,70+0,9 10=9Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 10 unidades de bolas de carne, trabajaría 20 horas a la semana, que equivalen al 100% de horas laborales totales (2(10) = 20) y estaría utilizando el total de horas máquina (0,6(0) + 10 = 10). | Función Objetivo: 0,625=15Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 25 unidades de empanadas de queso, estaría trabajando 18,75 horas semanales, que equivalen al 93,75% de horas laborales totales (0,75(25) = 18,75). No se excede de 20 horas. | Solución #5: x2; x4=0 | Solución #6: x3; x4=0 | -10,75x1+2x3=2020,4x1+x3=10 -0,75x1-2x3=-200,80x1+2 x3=20x1 =0 | 0,750+2 x3=20x3=20/2x3=10 | (1,44) 0,75x1+1,25x2= 20 (-3)0,4x1+0,6x2=10 1,08x1+1,8x2=28,8-1,20x1-1,8x2=-30 x1 =10 | 4(10)+0,6 x2=100,6x2=10x2=10 | Función Objetivo: 0,6(0)+0,9 (10) = 9Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 10 unidades de bolas de carne, trabajaría 20 horas a la semana, que equivalen al 100% del total de horas laborales (2(10) = 20), es decir, no se estaría excediendo en las horas hombre | Función Objetivo: 0,610+0,710=13Razonamiento: Si la señora se dedica a producir 10 unidades de empanadas de pollo y 10 de empanadas de queso, trabajaría 20 horas a la semana, que equivalen al 100% de horas laborales totales (0,75(10) + 1,25(10) = 20). |
Selección de la Mejor Alternativa
Existen tres alternativas que nos ofrecen los costos más bajos de $ 9 a la semana, pero en las tres alternativas es importante fijarse que solo se dedicaría a la elaboración de un producto, no siendo esto recomendable respecto a la feroz competencia que existe en cuanto a este servicio. Por esta razón, pese a no ser la alternativa con el menor costo, en mi opinión la señora Fátima debería escoger la alternativa #6, en donde produciría 10 unidades de empanadas de queso y 10 unidades de empanadas de pollo, a un costo de $13 semanal.
8. Distribución de los Productos (Problema de Transporte)

* Como no es posible sacar penalizaciones, de inmediato se identifica el mínimo costo y se asigna la mayor cantidad posible de producción a transportar.

Método Óptimo de Distribución Interna (MODI) para comprobar | 0 | -0,5 | 1 | 0,5 | 0 | 0,5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | CT = 0,5(5) + 1(6) + 1,5(9) = $22
CT = 0,5(5) + 1(6) + 1,5(9) = $22
1,5 | | 5 | 6 | 9 |

9. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones CONCLUSIONES | RECOMENDACIONES | Los ejercicios empleados en el presente trabajo brindan resultados matemáticos, sin embargo, es la interpretación de cada resultado lo indispensable a la hora de decidir. | No siempre es recomendable tomar decisiones empresariales en función de una cantidad matemática, ya que por lo general tienen un fondo. | No siempre la “mejor alternativa” es aquella que otorga el mejor resultado numérico. | Analizar cada resultado y contrastarlo con diferentes variables no contenidas en el ejercicio, pero muy influyentes en la realidad. | Los métodos para resolver problemas de transporte permiten obtener menores en costos en función de los destinos establecidos. | Se sugiere a la Sra. Fátima incorporar en la distribución de sus productos nuevos destinos de mayores ventajas para ejecutar la comercialización. | La señora Fátima podría ayudarse a mejorar el rendimiento de su negocio mediante la investigación operativa, pero debe tomar en cuenta que un negocio es de naturaleza dinámica y el mercado es variante, lo que la obliga a mantenerse en constante búsqueda de mejorar el rendimiento de su negocio. |
10. Calcular el determinante a partir de las ecuaciones obtenidas anteriormente
Determinante por Método de Gauss MATRIZ ORIGINAL | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | 1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | 0 | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | 1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | 0 |

1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | | | | 0 | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | | | | 1 | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | | | | 0 | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | (0,48+0,45+0,5) – (0,5+0,48+0,45) = 0 (1+0,9+0,9375) – (1+0,9+0,9375) = 0

(0,5+0,48+0,45) – (0,48+0,45+0,5) = 0 (0,9375+1+0,9) – (0,9+0,9375+1) = 0

║A║ = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Determinante por método de Sarrus MATRIZ ORIGINAL | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | 1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | 0 | 0,75 | 1,25 | 2 | 1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 1 | 0 |
║A║= -1 4+1*10,40,610,751,2520,40,61+-1 4+2*00,751,2520,751,2520,40,61+-1 4+3*10,751,2520,40,610,40,61+-1 4+4*00,751,2520,40,610,751,252=
║A║= [-1 4+1*10,5+0,45+0,48-0,5+0,48+0,45]+[-1 4+3*10,45+0,48+0,5-0,48+0,45+0,5]=
║A║ = 0
R: No se puede calcular la inversa de la matriz, puesto que el determinante es igual a cero, es decir, no tienen una matriz inversa.
11. Resolver el problema de colas o fenómeno de espera aplicado al ejercicio actual
Notas:
* El intervalo de llegada del primer cliente es 10 minutos, por lo que se entiende que el cliente llegó a los 10 minutos de empezar la venta en el lugar. * El tiempo de llegada del primer cliente será igual a su intervalo de llegada, pues se entiende que por ser el primero, fue atendido directamente en cuanto llegó.

Inicio: 19:00 Tiempo en Minutos | Orden de llegadaN° | Intervalo de llegada | Tiempo de llegada | Tiempo de servicio | Tiempo de entrada | Tiempo de salida | Tiempo de espera (clientes) | Tiempo inactivo | | | | | | | | | 1 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 12 | | 10 | 2 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 15 | 18 | | 3 | 3 | 8 | 23 | 2 | 23 | 25 | | 5 | 4 | 10 | 33 | 3 | 33 | 36 | | 8 | 5 | 3 | 36 | 4 | 36 | 40 | | | 6 | 2 | 38 | 5 | 40 | 45 | 2 | | 7 | 4 | 42 | 2 | 45 | 47 | 3 | | 8 | 5 | 47 | 3 | 47 | 50 | | | 9 | 8 | 55 | 4 | 55 | 59 | | 5 | 10 | 15 | 70 | 5 | 70 | 75 | | 11 | | 70 | | 33 | | | 5 | 32 |

BIBLIORAFÍA * Sondeo de información respecto al negocio de la Sra. Fátima Briones Chóez. * Apuntes en clase de la asignatura “Investigación Operativa”. * Compilación de varios documentos por Eco. Horacio Sabando para el desarrollo de la asignatura de Investigación Operativa.

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