...patient is experiencing severe thirst coupled with an increased urinary output of 7-9 liters per day. Question: What is the pathophysiology of neurogenic and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? Generate: Diabetes Insipidus (DI) occurs due to a deficiency in the production, or recognition of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Often times, it is characterized by a large output of dilute urine (polyuria) and extreme thirst (polydipsia), and can occur acutely as a result of head trauma, or chronically due to hereditary causes.1,2 Additionally, it can be further classified...
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...Mystery Case Study Answers PDF at Online Ebook Library HOT TUB MYSTERY CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF Download: HOT TUB MYSTERY CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF Are you looking for Ebook HOT TUB MYSTERY CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF?. Getting Ebook Hot Tub Mystery Case Study Answers PDF is easy and simple. Mostly you need to spend much time to search on search engine and doesnt get Ebook Hot Tub Mystery Case Study Answers PDF documents that you need. We are here to serve you, so you can easily access, read and download its. No need to wasting time to lookup on another place to get Ebook Hot Tub Mystery Case Study Answers PDF. We provide you Ebook Hot Tub Mystery Case Study Answers PDF in PDF format so you can read and download its to your computer which this file are safe and virus free. You can read this document with Adobe Acrobat or other PDF Reader. We have massive collection of documents, Ebook and pdf files including that you are looking Ebook Hot Tub Mystery Case Study Answers PDF. To access this you just need to signed up and complete its through website to open your limited access for documents that you needs. So what do you waiting for? Follow this link to read online and download HOT TUB MYSTERY CASE STUDY ANSWERS from our online library. Download: HOT TUB MYSTERY CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF You are also possible to search for a book or subject on the digital platform. You can access ebooks on our online library related to the subject, i.e. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hot Tub Mystery Case Study...
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...and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers Week 8 Topic 8 Fever and Chills Beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Rheumatic fever signs/symptoms and lab findings (and Infective Endocarditis). Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myelogenous leukemia...
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...Chemical Eric: Dealing with the Disintegration of Central Control by Eric Ribbens Department of Biological Sciences Western Illinois University Part I—At Fifteen... He was, his mother always said, the cutest little boy ever, and she had always adored him. So strong, so sturdy, confidently charging through life. At , he joined a Little League baseball team, and made the AllStar team in his first year. It wasn’t until quite some time later that she realized something was very wrong. Looking back, probably the first symptom appeared when he was . Promoted up to the next division in Little League, he mostly sat on the bench. His coordination was not as good, and he seemed to have lost his hustle. Of course, it was probably just that he was being expected to do too much, and it was easy to overlook. And he began to grow. Soon he began to notice girls, but after an initial girlfriend or two, he retreated. Too shy, probably. They moved, and moved again, and his grades slipped. He became more introverted. Troubled teen? Doing drugs? She found no evidence, but worried. And he grew. He turned , and he grew. He was getting close to six feet tall now, and was wearing size shoes. He was skinny, weighing only lbs. His right knee began to swell, and he developed mysterious ulcerated sores on his lower left leg that refused to heal. He began to complain often of feeling sick, and came home from school frequently. Never anything seriously wrong, but he just ...
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...AP2 Dr. Halstead Unit 8 case studies Tricia Kanipe The Case of the Man with the Swollen Kidneys Mr. Newman is a 49 year old male who has hematuria, fever and severe flank pain. He also has bilateral lumbar tenderness, bilateral renal enlargement, liver enlargement, ankle and facial edema, skin pallor, and lung sounds suggest pulmonary edema. His vital signs are as follows: BP 172/100, heart rate 92 beats per minute, and a temperature of 102.2 F. There have been some labs done. His red blood count is 3.1 million cells, white blood count is 22,000 cells, potassium is 5.4 mEq/L, calcium is 6.8 mg/dL, phosphate is 4.3 mEq/L, urea is 37 mg/dL, creatinine 2.0 mg/dL, albumin is 2.9 mg/dL, and pH is 7.29. With labs like these, more testing was done. A chemistry panel which showed protein 1.7 gm/24 hours, glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 ml/minute, and his urine sediment showed presence of gram negative bacilli, presence of white blood cells, presence of red blood cells, and granular and waxy casts. Mr. Newman had a genetic screening that showed a mutation on Chromosome 16. This mutation results in the formation of abnormal membrane protein called polycystin. It is inherited from one of his parents. The mutation takes place in 1 to 2 homologous chromosomes. With him only have one copy; it has stayed latent for many years. Now he has two abnormal polycystin genes. Polycystin genes act as receptors for extracellular growth. Cystic lesion has formed in Mr. Newman’s...
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...A CLINICAL CASE STUDY: CHEMICAL ERIC ERIC: Age 15, 6’ tall, 150 lbs, size 13 shoes. Swelling presents on right knee and ulcerated sores on his lower left leg with prolonged healing. Doctor’s test results reveal lowered levels of thyroid hormone and low levels of cortisone and testosterone but high growth hormone. Treatment is administered to remove fluid from knee. Shortly after Doctor visit, Eric breaks left hip. PROBLEM: What hormonal problem could be causing these symptoms? A: Hypopituitarism. Based on the symptoms the patient presented it appears there was a deficiency in FSH/LH due the decreased muscle mass (skinny), increase osteoporosis (bone fragility), ACTH deficiency due to the low cortisol in the adrenal glands which reveals symptoms of fatigue, weight loss, can have delayed puberty in children, affects in the immune system. CQ1: What hormonal problem could be causing these symptoms? A: Pituitary gland has problems. CQ2: Based on the diagram in Slide 10 (pituitary gland) choose the correct answer. A: The posterior pituitary probably collects hormones made by the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary probably makes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus. ERIC: Upon test results, it appears a benign pituitary tumor has placed pressure on the pituitary gland and disrupted functions. TREATMENT: Irradiation to kill the pituitary and tumor associated with it. Post irradiation...
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...A study conducted in Greater Manchester and Lancashire has identified that, the disease is more prevalent in areas with high unemployment, low income and teenage pregnancy, however the debate is still ongoing about the correlation between maternal age and SOD....
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...Name: Student Number: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Arts and Sciences APRIL 2011 EXAMINATIONS LMP301H1S DURATION: 2 HOURS Examination Aids: Non-programmable calculators are allowed Version A SECTION I – MULTIPLE CHOICE (88 marks) The 44 questions are of equal value (2 marks). Select the most correct answer for each question. 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding lipid biomarkers? i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D. E. Total Cholesterol to HDL-C ratio is more sensitive for heart disease than cholesterol alone Elevated triglycerides are a defining criterion in metabolic syndrome Increase in lipoprotein(a) reflects accumulation of the small-dense form of LDL particles Measurement of Apo-A1 levels is useful in patients with metabolic syndrome at high risk i and ii i and iii iii and iv iv only All of the above (i, ii, iii and iv) 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding regulation of body water? A. B. C. D. E. Receptors in the hypothalamus respond to increased osmolality and stimulate thirst As the effective circulating volume increases, aldosterone secretion is suppressed Congestive heart failure may arise from volume overload of the circulatory system Anti-diuretic hormone stimulates the Na+/K+ transporter to retain sodium and water Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction and sodium resorption in the kidney Page 1 of 15 Name: Student Number: 3. Given the following test results: sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate glucose...
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...Running Head: CASE STUDY IN INEFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT Case Study in Ineffective Pharmacological Management Southern University A&M College Graduate Nursing 652 Dr. Blair April 23rd, 2015 Introduction In the case study of Mr. J; he has been exhibiting dyspnea upon exertion and fatigue. His blood pressure was 170/95 mmHg. After reviewing his labs; his LDL level was 200 mg/dl. Upon physical examination, he was found to have peripheral edema and jugular vein distention. A chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and pleural effusion. An echogram has also been scheduled. Based on his signs and symptoms, the physician suspects Mr. J has new onset Stage C heart failure. Mr. J has multiple prescribed drugs for Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Parkinson’s, Gout and Depression. After careful reviewing Mr. J’s medications there is concerns ineffective pharmacological management. Ineffective pharmacological management refers to medication therapy prescribed that does not take into account the patient’s age, diagnoses and comorbidities; therefore leading to complications of existing health problems. Side effects, adverse reactions and drug to drug interactions have to also be considered when reviewing a patient’s medication regimen. The drug categories most commonly involved in adverse reaction are cardiovascular agents, antibiotic, diuretics, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic, steroids, opioids, anticholinergic...
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...young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products. Creatinine levels may be normal in the early stages of CKD, and the condition is discovered if urinalysis (testing of a urine sample) shows that the kidney is allowing the loss of...
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...sequencing of the genes that encode transporters and channels (as well as their subunits) is not a trivial matter and must be complemented by experiments determining expression patterns. The Xenopus oocytes that have been used for such studies are transfected cells rather than “real” polarized cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle surrounded by the sophisticated hypertonic environment of the renal medulla. The complex polyuria–polydipsia syndrome described by Schlingmann et al. is attributable to the concomitant loss-of-function mutations in both CLCNKA and CLCNKB; the syndrome results in ion selectivity, demonstrating the means whereby a renal tubular cell lets one type of ion (chloride) through the lipid membrane to the exclusion of others. It thus provides yet another example of the molecular basis of Bartter’s syndrome (see Figure). The contributions of Roderick McKinnon and Peter Agre to solving these two complementary problems of the resorption of renal solute and renal solvent earned them the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry.5 We live in a fascinating time in which clinical syndromes can be deciphered at the molecular and even the atomic level. From the Department of Medicine and the Membrane Protein Study Group, University of Montreal (D.G.B.); and the Department of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University (T.M.F.) — both in Montreal. 1. Peters M, Jeck N, Reinalter S, et al. Clinical presentation of genetically defined patients...
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...pituitary fossa behind the bridge of the nose and below the brain’s base near the optic nerves. Maya and Pressman (2010) add that the pituitary gland is the most important part of the system because it produces hormones controlling the functions of other endocrine glands. The most common problem occurring in the pituitary gland is the development of a benign growth or tumor. The tumor causes the gland to secrete excess hormone, blocks its production or causes it to malfunction. Other causes of pituitary disorders include traumatic brain injury and pituitary infarction. Although pituitary disorder are able to alter quality of a person’s life significantly, medical or surgical treatment is available where efficient diagnosis is made. The present study investigates the role of imaging modalities in the evaluation of pituitary gland disorders. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in diagnosing the pituitary gland. Anatomy of the pituitary gland The sellar region of the brain is anatomically complex being bounded by sinus arteroinferiorly, the brainstem posterioly, the dorsum sella, the hypothalamic sellae, the suprasella, and the cavernous sinuses laterally (Drouin, 2010). The hypothelamus consists of a layer of tissue that extends from the...
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...Lindholm and P. Laurberg. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The last part of the 19th century was a period of great achievements in medicine and endocrinology. The thyroid gland evolved from being considered a rudimentary structure to an organ related to specific diseases. The singular importance of iodine became acknowledged. Graves-Basedow’s disease was described. Surgical treatment evolved with extraordinary speed. Theodor Kocher observed that the clinical picture in patients after total thyroidectomy was similar to the one seen in cretinism. In 1850, the first case of hypothyroidism or myxedema was described. Less than 50 years later, effective treatment was introduced. Another 50 years later, autoimmune thyroiditis was ascertained as the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism (in areas with no iodine deficiency). This paper gives a short survey of the history of hypothyroidism and its treatment. 1. Introduction During the 50 years preceding World War I, medicine saw a wealth of new ideas and novel procedures, not in the least within the field of endocrinology. Among major achievements of this period were the recognition of the importance of the pituitary gland, first suggested by Oscar Minkowski (1858–1931) [1] and...
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...PATHO Exam 3 Study Guide * Define KEY WORDS (terminology) listed in the syllabus * Answer the OUTCOMES in the syllabus as if they are questions * Review all Activities, Games, extra videos, journal articles, etc. posted in course contents * Review the handouts from class: case studies, matching, charts, etc. Normal Values | Intracranial pressure | 5-10 mm Hg | Blood glucose | 70-130 | Hgb A1c | <5.7% | Thyroid levels | | Parathyroid levels | | Types of bone cells | Osteoblasts | Bone forming cellsThey are responsible for bone growth and repair | Osteocytes | Osteoblasts that have become trapped, imprisoned within mineralized bone matrix (MATURE BONE CELLS) | Osteoclasts | Reabsorb or remove bone during growth and repair (also assist in the release of calcium and phosphate)**bone reabsorption; bone destroying cells | *So, if one is immobilized then the osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity in bone marrow decreases. This is why we have debone mineralization during immobilization. Maintenance of bone integrity | This occurs through remodeling and it is a 3 phase process where existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down [repairs bone, does not heal bones] | Phase 1 | Activation phaseThis is where a stimulus occurs, such as a weight baring exercise, causing the formation of osteoclasts | Phase 2 | Resorption This is where osteoclasts form a cutting zone and resorb or remove bone | Phase 3 | Formation...
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...SITUATION : Arthur, A registered nurse, witnessed an old woman hit by a motorcycle while crossing a train railway. The old woman fell at the railway. Arthur rushed at the scene. 1. As a registered nurse, Arthur knew that the first thing that he will do at the scene is A. Stay with the person, Encourage her to remain still and Immobilize the leg while While waiting for the ambulance. B. Leave the person for a few moments to call for help. C. Reduce the fracture manually. D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following...
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