...Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is more common among the older population, however with the raise of childhood obesity, it is being seen more and more in children. Individuals who are overweight or obese are at a greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as certain ethnic populations. These populations include; African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans and Alaska Natives. (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, O’Brien and Bucher, 2007, p. 1255) Unlike type 1 diabetes, where the pancreas is unable to create insulin, in type 2 diabetes the pancreas doesn’t make enough to support the bodies needs or the insulin produced is poorly utilized by the tissues. There are four metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the onset of type 2 diabetes. The first is insulin resistance in glucose and lipid metabolism resulting in the bodies inability to recognize the presence of insulin. This is caused by an insufficient number of insulin receptors or the receptors not responding properly. When the insulin is not being used, glucose is unable to enter the cell resulting in hyperglycemia. The next factor that contributes to the onset of type 2 diabetes is the bodies blood glucose level increasing. When this happens the pancreas responds by creating more insulin causing the B-cells to be overworked. When the B-cells become fatigued the pancreas is unable to produce a sufficient amount of insulin for the body. Another factor that contributes...
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...Diabetes mellitus or what is commonly known as diabetes is a deadly disease and is becoming more common not just in America, but worldwide. Diabetes Mellitus is a disease where sugar levels in the blood are at a very high level. This disease is caused due to the fact of the body not being able to use insulin properly, or not being able to balance the use of insulin altogether. There are also times when there is a problem with both. As of January 27, 2012, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention noted that diabetes is ranked seventh among the leading causes of deaths in America. There are three main types of diabetes that can affect a person. Type I, which usually has an effect on the younger population, Type II, which effects the population of people above 40, and gestational diabetes, which affects women during their third trimester of a pregnancy. With Type I diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin in the body. Type I diabetics must use insulin injections on a daily basis. Type I diabetes usually affect children and young adults, but it can affect people of any age. Type I diabetes comes from the destruction of beta cells that are in the body. The cause of the beta cells' destruction has yet to be determined, but it is believed that it is caused by something that has gone wrong with the body's immune system. The problem with Type II diabetes is that the beta cells do not produce enough insulin in the body. As a result of this problem, the cells...
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...Walk 30 Minutes a Day to Cut Diabetes Risks By Wendy Bumgardner November 9, 2014 No excuses - get out and walk for 30 minutes a day as your minimum daily requirement for health and to prevent Type 2 diabetes. A study by the Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, published in the Oct. 1, 2003American Journal of Epidemiology discovered that walking for 30 minutes a day cut diabetes risks for overweight as well as non-overweight men and women. Reduce Diabetes Risk by Walking 30 Minutes a Day Complications of Type 2 diabetes are the leading causes of misery and death in the US - amputations, impotence, blindness, kidney failure, and shortening life by five to seven years. Yet this disease is preventable by lifestyle changes. Walk outdoors or on the treadmill each day, eat healthier and enjoy life rather than heading down the road to a life governed by blood sugar readings and disabilities. "We have found that men and women who incorporate activity into their lifestyles are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who are sedentary. This finding holds no matter what their initial weight," said study author and principal investigator Andrea Kriska, Ph.D., associate professor of epidemiology at GSPH. "This suggests that adopting and maintaining a program of regular physical activity similar to what the Surgeon General's recommendations suggest can play a significant role in preventing type 2 diabetes." Use a Pedometer or Fitness Band A study...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Michelle McCormick SCI/163 June 24, 2013 Charles Ware Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a disease affecting millions of people each year, according to the American Diabetes Association in 2011 8.3% or 25.8 million Americans suffer with diabetes. Diabetes is a disease where the body does not produce insulin, does not produce enough insulin, or does not react properly to insulin. Insulin is a hormone the pancreas releases to allow blood glucose to enter cells to produce energy and growth. Without the proper amounts of insulin, the glucose gets trapped in the bloodstream causing dangerously high blood sugar levels. This can cause many problems with one’s health, such as comas, heart attacks, seizures, and strokes. The term “diabetes,” originating in Greece in second century A.D. by Aretus the Cappadocian, meaning “siphon” describes a patient who passes to much water or in other words, urinates too frequently. He named this condition diabainein later translated into the English term diabetes. In 1675 the word “mellitus” was added by Thomas Willis to increase to quality of the meaning. Mel in Latin means honey, which describes the sweet aroma of a diabetic’s urine. Ancient China coined this “The Sweet Urine Disease.” There are three types of diabetes even though most people will say there are only two. The first is the least common affecting only 5% to 10% of people diagnosed with diabetes. This is called type one diabetes, but you may also hear people refer...
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...What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition where the amount of glucose in the blood is too high Glucose comes from the digestion of carbohydrate containing food and drinks and is also produced by the liver Carbohydrate comes from many different sources including starchy foods such as bread, potatoes and chapattis, fruit, dairy products, sugar and other sweet foods The food we eat turns into glucose (sugar) for energy The pancreas makes insulin (a hormone) to help glucose get into the cells of our body When someone has diabetes their body either doesn’t make any/enough or can’t use its own insulin as it should Glucose begins to build up in the blood Prevalence: WHO estimate in: 2000 = 177 million diabetic people 2025 = 300 million diabetic people = 9% global population IDF (international diabetes federation): 2 million diabetic people in UK with over 750,000 undiagnosed NICE: 650,000 women give birth in England & Wale each year and 2-5% (13,000-32,500) involves women with diabetes, of these: * 87.5% are Gestational Diabetes (GD) * 7.5% are Type 1 * 5% are Type 2 From 1997-2003 there was 74% rise in new cases in the UK with the West Midlands being one of the highest areas (News, 2009) Treatment: Aim: to maintain glycaemic control – regular monitoring is required Lifestyle: diet, exercise Medication – tablet or injection e.g. Insulin, rapid acting insulin analogues (Aspart, Lispro) and/or hypoglycaemic agents (Metformin and Glibenclamide) ...
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...Primary Medical Diagnosis: Diabetes mellitus 2. Relevant Pathophysiology: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by an abnormality in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The cause of type-2 diabetes are multifactorial and include both genetic and environmental elements that affect beta cell function and tissue (muscle, liver, adipose tissue, pancreas) insulin sensitivity. A number of factors have been suggested as possibly linking insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes. A majority of individual suffering from type-2 diabetes are obese, with central visceral adiposity. Therefore, the adipose tissue should play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes. Medications related to medical diagnosis: My patient is taking Lantus insulin 6 units every day at night before she goes to bed, and my patient is also taking Glimepride 4 mg everyday by mouth. Subjective: my client told me that she had been diabetic for almost 25-30 years. She also told me that she feels dizzy most of the time. She said that she spends most of time in bed by taking plenty of rest. Objective: I seen my client became tired really soon. For example, after taking shower she feels tired and goes to bed. Evidence Based Research Related to Medical Diagnosis: 1. Diabetes Mellitus type-2 2. Prevention of complications of diabetes Oral therapies for T2D. Nursing Diagnoses (prioritized): (1) Fluid volume deficit r/t osmotic diuresis...
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...1.1 Causes and Risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus 1.1.1 Causes of Diabetes Mellitus (Pasqualotto, Alberton, & Frigeri, 2012), (HR, R Nagratna, 2013) Heredity Overweight or obese Age Autoimmunity 1.1.2 Risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus (Bauters et al., 2003) Stress Diet 1.2 Sign and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus The signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus are given as follows. 1.3 Classic symptoms of DM (Golbidi & Laher, 2010) Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia 1.3.1 Clinical Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus(Bos & Agyemang, 2013),(Timper & Donath, 2012) Lethargy, Stupor(Numbness), Weight loss; Eat much and not grow Smell of acetone(Lack of Emotion), Nausea and Vomiting, Abdominal pain as well as cramping Kussmaul...
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...previous award. Date …17/5/2015……. Managing the Needs of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus LO1 Type 2 diabetes is a serious chronic condition affecting the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels. According to Diabetes UK (2012), there were 2.9 million people in the UK diagnosed with diabetes in 2012, and this is estimated to increase to 5 million by 2025. Up to 90% of people with diabetes are thought to be type 2. According to Diabetes UK (2006), many are unaware they have the condition and it can lead to long-term complications including eye problems, kidney disease, foot ulcers and cardiovascular disease. Gregg et al (2005), states advances in preventative medicine have seen an effective reduction in the burden of risk from hypertension and hyperlipidaemia but the incidence of diabetes has continued to rise, driving cardiovascular rates. There has been much done in recent years to identify people who are at high risk of developing diabetes. This assignment will discuss the link between diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. It will also identify lifestyle and behaviour changes involving the multi-disciplinary team and structured patient education of diabetics. The case study for this assignment is Mrs Smith, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and a family history of heart disease and diabetes. She leads a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight and has a poor diet (see appendix). The Health...
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...Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type II Type II diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels. It characteristically results from a surplus caloric intake, as compared to energy consumption, combined with inadequate insulin secretion, due to dysfunction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells (Pfeiffer & Klein, 2014). Type II diabetes has reached pandemic levels, despite efforts to slow its progression. In a society where healthcare is ever-changing, primary care physicians, along with advanced practitioners are now treating this disease more readily, as compared to specialist and endocrinologist in the past. As with many disease processes, there are several options when choosing a treatment plan for type II diabetes. Combining knowledge and evidence-based research, the practitioner will be able to establish an individualized treatment plan for treating type II diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology Type II diabetes is a very complex, non-communicable disease that effects more than 370 million people throughout the world. The symptoms of this disease can vary from patient to patient. Without intense and concentrated efforts to address the pathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome, the destructive macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of type II diabetes will remain a major problem for years to come (Kahn, Cooper, & Del Prato, 2014). In T2D plasma insulin levels may be low,...
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...Diabetes Mellitus Quiz (Paper) Metformin is a good oral glycemic agent used for treatment of DM and new research from the US Diabetes Prevention Program ( DPP) shows that it can aid in delaying the onset of the disease when used in patients who are at high risk. Some of the high risk patients include those that are overweight or obese, have a family history, had gestational diabetes or are African American. The study uses 3 groups of people, a placebo group, a intensive lifestyle group and a metformin group. Appoximitely 3000 people have been used in this study and 85% of the original group study continued on in further studies. Approimitely 45% of the group were minorities ethnic backgrounds. Diabetis Mellitis (DM) is becoming more and more prevelant in our society. This article is about ways of helpng those at high risk of developing DM to reduce their risk of getting it or delay the onset. The main component of the article is the use of metformon to delay or reduce the risk of onset of DM. Research has shown that the use of metformin in those that are high risk for getting DM may delay the onset for as long as 15 years. If the patient takes metformin and increases their exercise and diet regimines then the chances of delaying the onset are even greater. Although intensive lifestyle changes still have the best chance for delaying the onset of DM, in the future Metformin may be used to delay the onset as well as for treatment of Diabetes. Did the article contain any additional...
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...tool to decrease incidence of type II DM. B. Nurses are the most valuable asset for education. C. Internet and workplace place for education. D. Prevention is key E. Place where prevention programs could be the center of education and intervention. Introduction Diabetes mellitus type II is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and is thought to be caused by abnormal insulin production or by hereditary insulin resistance. According to Madden et al (2008) type II diabetes mellitus amounts for 90-95% of all diabetes diagnoses and by the year 2025 approximately 300 million people will have the disease. Diabetes can cause destructive complications leading to many medical problems such as an increase risk in cardiovascular disease, damage to the retina of the eyes, kidney disorders, peripheral vascular disease, and possible stroke. These complications that can arise from diabetes impact the quality of one’s life and are very costly not only to the patient but also the government. Diabetes type II time of onset is usually over 30 years of age and is typically associated with sedentary lifestyles and obesity. Preventing type II diabetes mellitus can be attained through prevention programs which can help reduce cost on the health care system and improve...
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...Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which the patient experiences hyperglycemia resulting from a decrease in the secretion or use of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune or idiopathic disorder in which the body destroys the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, leaving it to be unable to produce insulin. The disorder begins with insulitis, which is an inflammatory process that occurs due to the destruction of the islet cells, which contain the beta cells. In this process insulin production slowly stops and the patient begins to experience the symptoms of diabetes, such as hyperglycemia and ketosis, when 80-90% of the beta cells have been destroyed (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, & Gubrud-Howe, 2015). J.T....
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...Diabetes DIABETES More than 3% of the world population has diabetes; diabetes is caused by lack of a hormone called Insulin, which is produced by the organ pancreas to control blood sugar (Miller, 2010). Diabetes has been regarded as one of the biggest killers in the world. There exists three types of diabetes, type one, type two and type three. The most common is diabetes mellitus (Derek LeRoith, 2004). Therefore, Diabetes can be caused by little insulin, resistance to the protein insulin or even both. This paper aims to see to research on what causes diabetes, types of diabetes, the incidence and the risk factors associated with the disease. Problems Diabetes is a condition when there is a sharp rise of sugar levels in the blood. The body finds it difficult to deal with the high concentration of the sugar in the blood. Foods, which contain starch or carbohydrates such as, rice, bread etc and foods that taste sweet are digested in the body into glucose. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows glucose to move into cells to be used by our bodies for energy. When glucose levels increase above normal levels it leads to the complications of diabetes. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from diabetes, also being Asian or Afro-Caribbean, overweight, aged between 40 and 75 or having diabetes in the family can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. To understand...
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...Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in which blood levels of glucose are abnormally high because the body doesn’t release or use insulin adequately. Diabetes Mellitus affects many organs of the body. It affects the blood vessels because Atherosclerotic plaque builds up and blocks large or medium-sized arteries in the heart, brain, and legs. The walls of small blood vessels are damaged so that the vessels do not transfer oxygen normally and may leak. This can lead to poor circulation and can hinder the healing of wounds, cause heart disease, stroke, gangrene of the feet and hands, and infections. The eyes are also affected. The small blood vessels of the retina become damaged leading to decreased night vision and ultimately blindness. Poor kidney function and kidney failure may also arise due to thickening of the blood vessels in the kidneys. Protein leaks into the urine and the blood is not filtered normally. Skin is greatly affected by diabetes Mellitus. There is poor blood flow to the skin which causes loss of feeling. Sores and deep infections called diabetic ulcers occur because of this. Pregnancy is affected by diabetes Mellitus. Many changes that take place during pregnancy make controlling blood sugar more difficult for a woman who has diabetes. Changes in the levels and types of hormones produced during pregnancy can cause insulin resistance, increasing the body’s requirements for insulin. Poorly controlled diabetes may endanger the fetus as well as the woman. With proper...
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...Student number 213059356 HND 701 pathophysiology of Diabetes Assignment 1 Word count 2130 Student name Trevor Clemens Student number 213059356 Page 1 of 17 Student number 213059356 Many aspects must be taken into consideration in attaining knowledge and understanding of diabetes, it is not just a metabolic process. There are multiple risk factors that precipitate the metabolic process leading to a diagnosis. The following analyses relevant data in relation to pathophysiology, presenting signs, symptoms and underpinning principles of Type One Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), their prevalence and incidence, metabolic abnormalities and associated risk factors are also examined. Diagnostic criteria is also examined along with advantages and disadvantages of differing testing screen methods and results. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Health Survey 2012, reported that in 2011 – 12 the prevalence of all reported diabetes was at 4.0% (875,400 people) and had remained the same as the 2007/’08 period. Of these people 12.4% had T1DM, 85.3% had T2DM while the remaining 2.3% had diabetes of another kind. Tanamas S, et al. (2013) stated that the prevalence of type two diabetes in peoples over the age of 25 years in Australia is 7.4% and that a further 7.4% remain undiagnosed. The dominance of western lifestyles and diets has contributed to a dramatic rise in obesity within the population. It is contended...
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