...I. Introduction Diabetes is on the rise in the United States and the resultant health problems are leading to visits to physicians’ offices and hospitals more than ever before. Diabetic neuropathy, a debilitating nerve disorder which can affect almost any part of the nervous system, occurs in nearly 50 percent of patients with diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is found in 12 percent of insulin dependent diabetics and 32 percent of those who are not, equaling approximately 3 million people in the United States. (Chen et al. 2007) The number of patients with other neuropathies, such as autonomic, proximal, and focal, comprises the other 1 million diabetic neuropathy patients, most of whom suffer in pain from the dysfunction of the nervous system. (Chen et al. 2007) This disorder’s elusive nature is such that it can not only present in any part of the body but it can be completely without symptoms that the average patient would report to their physician. Since the patients themselves are less likely to naturally disclose their suffering through their assumption that their symptoms are not relevant to their diabetic condition, the physician’s role in the diagnosis and recognition of this disorder is even more critical. II. Definition and Types of Diabetic Neuropathy The most common type of diabetic neuropathy is peripheral, considered, more generally, sensorimotor. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs, hands, and arms....
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...important part of the body. If someone has diabetes he/she is more likely to have to foot problems. Diabetes can damage your nerves. This, in turn, may make you less able to feel an injury or pressure on the skin of your foot. You may not notice a foot injury until severe damage or infection develops. This may led to gangrene in the through simple injuries eventually amputation will be the final choice. So a diabetes patient always has to wear specialized footwear that can protect the foot in more sophisticated way. Diabetes changes your body's ability to fight infections. Damage to blood vessels causes because of diabetes results in less blood and oxygen getting to your feet. Because of this, small sores or breaks in the skin may become deeper skin ulcers. The affected limb may need to be amputated when these skin ulcers do not improve, get larger, or go deeper into the skin. Worldwide, 50% of all leg amputations happen to people living with diabetes. In India, an estimated 50,000 amputations are carried out every year due to diabetes related foot problems. By employing reconstructive and corrective footwear, to remove the high pressure points, a large number of such amputations can be prevented. Thus the patient can lead a near normal life, free from complications. WHO predicts that developing countries will bear the brunt of diabetes epidemic in the 21st century. Currently, more than 70% of people with diabetes live in low- and middle income countries. ...
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...the implied population. A recent report on the weekly news presented the findings of a study on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. * The implied population would be people who have diabetes. Even though you could take into consideration that the implied population could be the individuals that watch the weekly news, it is intended for the information to be passed on to individuals who could benefit from this information on these new diabetic treatments. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. * I would say that this would be an observational study because the characteristics of this population were being observed and the sample population in the study were in no way influenced by the researcher. They were solely asked to answer the question and their answers were not manipulated. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. * The reported statistic would be 75% of the 460 drivers age 70 and over. Which would be a total of 345 drivers age 70 or older that had uncorrected vision problems. * The parameter would be...
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...need to click on Data Set on the left side of the page. You do not need a StatCrunch ID or a password to access the data set; simply click the on Data Set to load the data file. Name: 1. In the following situation identify the implied population. A recent report on the weekly news presented the findings of a study on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. Implied population is people with diabetes. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Polls are an Observational type of study as they do not try to sway the numbers. Statistical stats are gathered to measure ‘variables of interest’. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. The statistic is the 75% of drivers in the study of 460 drivers that have uncorrected vision problems. The parameter is drivers age 70 and over. 4. What type of sampling procedure...
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...data e.g. demographically by age groups, by problem type 7 Geographic approaches may be used 8 Use of model; we are using the wheel from Neuman’s model. 9 Look for data convergence when categorizing-e.g. how many times do we see data converging in different categories? 10 Look for commonalties, health resources that are available. SEC, age, etc. III. Data Summary 11 Summary statements-summarize each table. 12 Summary statistics-put data into percentages and rates so that different areas/communities can be compared. Raw numbers will not work to compare different areas. 13 Graphic methods of data summary: 14 Remember that tables need concise summary data. P. 222, can put population statistics in graph. 15 Dependency Ratio: how many people in your community who can support the dependents. Calcuation on page 225. Should do for both census tracts. 16 Data summarization facilitates ease of reading and spotting trends/patterns in data IV. Summary Statistics 17 Rates-vital statistics 18 Percentages-population characteristics 19 Ratios-sex,...
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...situation identify the implied population. A recent report on the weekly news presented the findings of a study on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. Answer: As part of the treatment for ‘diabetes’, there was a news clip for the effectiveness study, along with diet & exercise. The implied population is all the people used to test the effectiveness of the ‘Onglyza’ through diet & exercise. A link is posted on the bottom; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Answer: An observational study because the sample population that was studied was not influenced by the researcher themselves, & it involved research in work to do. 3. In the following scenario what is the statistic and the parameter it would estimate. A recent study of 460 drivers age 70 and over by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that 75% of those drivers had uncorrected vision problems. Answer: The report of the ‘traffic safety administration’ reported that 75% (345 people) was the reported statistic from the 460 drivers of 70 or older drivers. I feel the assumed parameter would be the population of drivers that had uncorrected vision that were 70 years old or older. 4. What type of...
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...Analysis of Research Report Results Analysis of Research Report Results In a nation where over two-thirds of adults are overweight and over one-third are obese, many Americans turn to commercial diet and weight loss programs in an attempt to shed the extra pounds and incorporate a healthy lifestyle (National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Diseases, 2011). According to Gardner, Kiazand, Alhassan, Kim, Stafford, Balise, Kraemer, and King, (2007) the health benefits of weight loss, have been well established. However, the debate regarding the effectiveness of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets versus low-carbohydrate diets continues and very limited evidence is available to evaluate other diets (Gardner, et. al 2007). In a study published in JAMA in 2007, 4 weight loss diets ranging from low to high carbohydrate intake were compared for their effects on weight loss and metabolic variables (Gardner, et.al, 2007). The study was conducted for a period of twelve months and consisted of over 300 premenopausal women 40 years old on average who were either overweight or obese. The women were randomly assigned to one of the following diets, Atkins, Zone, LEARN, or Ornish and participants received instructions weekly for 2 months and then again at a 10-month follow-up. When analyzing data, statistical procedures are used to make inferences about the population being studied. In the A to Z weight loss study the following statistical procedures were used, analysis of variance...
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...click on Data Set on the left side of the page. You do not need a StatCrunch ID or a password to access the data set; simply click the on Data Set to load the data file. Name: 1. In the following situation identify the implied population. A recent report on the weekly news presented the findings of a study on the effectiveness of Onglyza, along with diet and exercise, for treating diabetes. Based on chapter one reading the population is the population in a statistical study is the complete set of people or things being studied (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Therefore the population consists of all diabetic patients. 2. In the following scenario identify the type of statistical study that was conducted. A Gallop poll surveyed 1,018 adults by telephone, and 22% of them reported that they smoked cigarettes within the past week. Based on our chapter one as well as our chapter two reading the statistical study that was conducted was; Simple Random sampling which fell into descriptive statistics, this is what deals with describing raw data in the form of graphics and sample statistics (Bennett, Briggs, Triola, 2009). Furthermore the study is of quantitative data; which consist of values representing counts or measurements; you...
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...Many products that we used now are tested on animals before they are sold to us. Animal experimentation has been an ongoing phenomenon for years. Animals are used for research to help evaluate the effectiveness of new medicines and industry products on human. These industry products can range from beauty products and medicinal drugs to household cleaners (Humane Society International, 2013, para. 1). Collins (2011) gathered statistics from various sources like the U.S. Department of Agriculture and noted, “ yearly, U.S. accounted for more than 100 million animals that are killed due to researches” (para. 1). Noting that this statistic only applies to the U.S. makes it very alarming, as there are animal testing going on everywhere in the world. Although we are not able to understand animals as well as we do humans, it does not mean that they should not be given equal rights. Animal experimentation should be made illegal globally as every life should be seen as important as another. There are several reasons why animal experimentation should be stopped. Numerous alternatives are made available for product testing and experimenting, however there does not seem to be a way to stop animal experimentation for good. Animal and humans may seem similar in many ways, both having the same organ system and similar ways of executing task. However just like no two humans are the same, animal's response to a drug can be different to a human's. For example a drug know as “Penicillin...
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...any way. Potential Link between Obesity, Age and Socioeconomic Status The paper chosen for this assignment focuses on analysis that uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to explore how body weight and obesity change as a person progresses in age. The presentation of the material is stylistically sound in which it meets proper APA standards language bias, and expressing ideas, the content is formatted clearly, and is it stylistically sound (Baum, 2007). The research and data gathered on obesity is an important study for many different reasons. One of the first reasons would be the significance obesity has on a person’s overall health and well-being, making obesity an important risk factor for diseases such as diabetes, and asthma, hypertension, high cholesterol, gallbladder disease, and coronary...
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...Data to Knowledge Analysis Patricia Warble University of Maryland April 26, 2015 Data to Knowledge Analysis It is estimated that at least 94% of the U. S. population have at least one cardiovascular/stroke risk factor, with major risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity) in at least 38% (Roger, et al., 2012). The presence of peripheral arterial or carotid disease detected during community cardiovascular screening changes risk stratification. Evidence-based treatment guidelines, such as aspirin and statin use can be implemented in those with risk factors to minimize the risk of a life threatening or debilitating health event such as myocardial infarction or stroke. The Dare to Care (DTC) program is a community cardiovascular screening program that utilizes ultrasound to screen for carotid atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysm, in addition to peripheral arterial disease, hypertension (HTN), and self-report risk factor assessment. A clinical question of interest: How effective is a community cardiovascular screening program in identifying persons with subclinical atherosclerosis, who are at risk and not on appropriate preventative treatments such as aspirin and statins? The purpose of this paper is to identify potential data sources, discuss data access implications, and identify strengths and weaknesses of data sets and identity potential data analysis testing tools. Potential Data Sources The DTC program utilizes an old FoxPro SQL database...
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...Childhood Obesity EC 315 Shane Martin Spring II 2012 Purpose Statement Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. Experts estimate that 1 in 5 kids between the ages of 6 and 17 are overweight. That means that as they get older they will be more at risk for diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart related diseases. Things that we used to associate with older people are now affecting younger and younger children. There are many reasons for this rise in obesity and this paper will look at a few of them. My goal is to show a correlation between what children are doing and how it affects their chances of being obese. My data comes from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website. They sent a survey to schools in all 50 states and American territories. Once completed the survey was sent back to the CDC and then the results were tabulated. The data I am looking at represents middle and high school students. The dependent variable, childhood obesity, is determined by independent variables, physical activity, nutrition, meals with the family, and schools offering sugary drinks The model (less constants and coefficients is): OBESITY = %FRUITVEG + %PHYSICAL + %FAMILY + %SUGAR Definition of Variables I believe the most important independent variable in this relationship is nutrition (%FRUITVEG), because nutrition is the most important component for staying healthy. The data that I am using for my calculations...
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...utilized, it is important to take a moment to see how the flow of the delivery of services can be confined to smooth transitions. This paper will include appropriate probability concepts, rationale, statistical analysis, and a decision tailored to research studies specific to the thesis statement, question response types, and classification of our findings. Thesis Question "Does the emergency room get utilized more by a particular race and is there a reason for this occurrence?" Appropriate Probability Concepts and Your Application of Them to Find Resulting Data To Limit the Uncertainty of this Decision Probability theory is an important part of statistical theory that bridges descriptive and inferential statistics. It is the science of uncertainty, chance or likelihood (Cooper & Schindler, 2008). There are three kinds of probability; classical, empirical and subjective. In this instance, we will focus on a mixture of empirical probability which is based on past experiences and subjective probability which a probability is assigned to an event based upon whatever evidence is available. A closer look will be taken at the records of the patients treated by the emergency care team in the last six months along with tracking the cases seen in the emergency room over the next six months. At the conclusion of this study, it is our hope to have a better understanding in the growing trends and hope to be able to fairly prioritize emergency room treatment...
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...Diabetes: Prevalence, Diagnosis and Prevention English/147 A considerable percentage of the global population suffers from different health conditions that affect their health and wellbeing. Diabetes is among the conditions that affect a greater percentage of the global population. Statistics shows that approximately 382 million people are affected by diabetes in the world. Early diagnosis of diabetes is critical for easy management and prevention of symptoms associated with the condition. Considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its associated effects translate into the need for the adoption of responsive measures that aim at creating awareness and prevention of diabetes across the world. Therefore, the following paper focuses on the analysis of prevalence, diagnosis, and prevention of diabetes. Diabetes refers to a combination of metabolic conditions or diseases that are characterized by high glucose levels in the blood. The high level of glucose is attributed to inadequate production of insulin or improper response of cells to insulin or occurrence of both. “It is estimated that more than 382 million people across the world had diabetes by the year 2013” (In DeFronzo et al., 2015). Diabetes is classified into three broad classes, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The body lacking the mechanisms needed for the production of insulin characterizes type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there is inadequate production of...
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...lead to multiple life threatening diseases, such as diabetes. When people hear the news that they have been diagnosed with diabetes, it makes them feel frightened. In 2011, statistics show that in United States 25.8 million of children and adults has diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). American Indians and Alaska natives have a higher percentage of adults with diabetes than other ethnicities (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Diabetes is a serious life-long illness caused by high level of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin that is located in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that moderates the blood level. Diabetes affects the process of how the body uses blood sugar (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Glucose is significant since it is “the main source of fuel” (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). There is no cure for diabetes but there are ways to lower the risks. Although diabetes is a disorder, it can also lead to other factors such as heart attack, kidney failure, or death. A person with diabetes has to maintain a healthy lifestyle including eating the right food, exercising, controlling their blood sugar level, and be optimistic. Diabetes occurs in several forms but the major ones are Type I and II diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type I diabetes is also known as “Juvenile Diabetes” because it typically occurs in children and young adults. The symptoms for Type I diabetes are frequent urination, extreme thirst and hunger, unusual...
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