...Suppositories containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines are greatly utilised for the alleviation of pain in the youngsters and in obstetrical and standard surgical practice. Few reviews are available where these suppositories have brought about complications in the form of rectal and anal ulcerations, rectal stricture, anal stenosis, proctitis, and peri-rectal cellulitis. Systemic absorption of topically applied steroids can arise in kids. Calcium dobesilate is accounted for to cause agranulocytosis. Patients utilising diclofenac suppository have reported with a complete recto-anal stenosis and bowel obstruction requiring an everlasting colostomy. These patients experienced anal soreness, tenesmus, faecal incontinence, and, in two instances, intestinal obstruction. On examination of the rectum, severe circular narrowing of the distal rectum with shallow ulcerations with stenosis of the anal verge has been observed. Diclofenac suppositories must be utilised with caution as part of patients with haemorrhoids, rhagades, and anal fissures because it exerts local irritative symptoms, bleeding, and exacerbation of haemorrhoids. Suppositories, when given for alleviation of symptoms in the anal canal, could go away deep in the rectum, where they fall...
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...Since symptoms vary from person to person, the best treatment approach is to have a health care team that will tailor treatment to the specific conditions of the patient. Often physical therapy, pain management, and psychiatric treatment are needed in addition to Doctors who specialize in the treatment of the systems affected. Current pharmacotherapies include: *Biological DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs); cyclosporine, leflunomide, mycophenolate, methotrexate *Nonbiologic DMARDs; MTX, HCQ, LEF, SSZ *Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac *Corticosteroids; methyl prednisone, prednisone *Antimalarial; hydroxychloroquine Prognosis: Before 1955, the 5 year survival rate in SLE was less than 50 percent. The natural history of SLE ranges from relatively benign disease to rapidly progressive disease, and even death. Because symptoms of SLE are different for every person, the mortality rate is highly variable, dependent on the severity and type of symptoms. With proper care and treatment, 80 to 90 percent of people with SLE can expect to live a normal lifespan. Medication side-effects...
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...Case Study Ms. J. O. is an 82 year old female with a variety of comorbidities including Alzheimer’s type dementia. She is a resident of a dementia unit of a local assisted living facility. She was brought in to the hospital for a fall from which she stated she had hit her head but never lost consciousness. On arrival to hospital she was noticed to be very confused with complaint of back pain, chest pain but alert. After a short period of time her GCS abruptly dropped to 3 requiring intubation. CT scan of her head showed no bleeds, strokes or abnormality. All lab values were within normal limits and her blood pressure was mildly hypotensive 93/55. Past medical history 1. Ms. J.O. has had numerous falls recently requiring multiple emergency room visits. Each visit also showed evaluation of altered mental status over her normal state of being. On one fall she suffered a pelvic fracture, sacral fracture and L2-3 fracture. Another fall she suffered a nasal bone fracture. She was treated for pain control for each visit and then returned to assisted living facility. Per family she has been at her facility for about a week before this fall. 2. 3. Type 2 diabetes 4. Ulcerative colitis 5. Anxiety/Depression 6. Hypothyroidism 7. Osteoarthritis 8. GERD 9. Alzheimer’s type dementia 10. Stroke 11. Peripheral neuropathy 12. Chronic back pain from falls 13. Hypertension 14. Knee surgery 15. Cataract surgery 16....
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...Sickle-cell disease From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the disease itself. For the genetic transmission of sickle-cell disease and its carrier state, see sickle cell trait. Not to be confused with Sick cell syndrome. Sickle-cell disease Classification and external resources Figure (A) shows normal red blood cells flowing freely through veins. The inset shows a cross section of a normal red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells log jamming, sticking and accumulating at the branching point in a vein. The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with long polymerized HbS strands stretching and distorting the cell shape. ICD-10 D57 ICD-9 282.6 OMIM 603903 DiseasesDB 12069 MedlinePlus 000527 eMedicine med/2126 oph/490ped/2096 emerg/26emerg/406 MeSH C15.378.071.141.150.150 GeneReviews • Sickle-cell disease Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) or drepanocytosis, is a hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Individuals with one copy of the defunct gene display both normal and abnormal haemoglobin. This is an example of codominance. Life expectancy is shortened. In 1994, in the US, the average life expectancy of persons with...
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...and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India Article Received on: 13/11/12 Revised on: 17/12/12 Approved for publication: 23/12/12 *Email: mparle@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences that include time, space, intensity, emotion, cognition and motivation. Analgesics are the agents, which selectively relieve pain by acting in the CNS or by peripheral pain mechanisms without significantly altering consciousness. Analgesics may be narcotic or non-narcotic. The study of pain in animals raises ethical, philosophical and technical problems. Philosophically, there is a problem that pain cannot be monitored directly in animals but can only be measured by examining their responses to nociceptive stimuli. The observed reactions are almost always motor responses ranging from spinal reflexes to complex behavior. The animal models employed for screening of analgesic agents, include Pain-state models based on the use of thermal stimuli, mechanical stimuli, electrical stimuli and chemical stimuli. The neuronal basis of most of the above laboratory models is poorly understood, however their application is profitable in predicting analgesic activity of newly discovered substances. Keywords: Analgesics, Nociception, Thermal, Mechanical, Chemical. INTRODUCTION Pain is a complex unpleasant phenomenon composed of sensory experiences that include time, space, intensity, emotion, cognition and motivation originating from damaged tissue...
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...What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis (or OA for short) is the most common type of arthritis and is associated with joint pain and reduced range of motion and quality of life. It is a vast, chronic condition which affects the weight bearing joints and involves biomechanical, morphologic and biochemical alterations of the matrix and cells of the bone. Common symptoms are pain in the affected joint area and loss of mobility however, structural changes may occur without any accompanying symptoms. In itself, OA is not a life threatening condition although it can affect considerably the quality of life. OA can be classified depending on the number of joints affected, the site which it affects and also the type. By type, one means whether it is inflammatory, generalised (affects many joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most...
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...The assessment and management of acute Pyelonephritis in pregnancy ------------------------------------------------- Urinary tract infection (UTI) incorporates a range of conditions including acute pyelonephritis or kidney infection. It is almost invariably caused by bacteria (Brown et al 2005, Le 2004). The incidence of this disease in pregnancy has decreased in recent years (Dawkins et al 2012), possibly due to improved antenatal care. However, it remains one of the most common complications in pregnancy (Hill et al 2005) affecting 1-2% of pregnant women (Dawkins et al 2012, Hill et al 2005, McCormick 2008). Acute Pylonephritis is the most serious urinary tract infection in pregnancy (Le 2004, McCormick et al 2008) and successful treatment usually requires hospital admission (Jolly and Wing 2010). It is most often seen in nullparous and younger women and there appears to be a link with lower socioeconomic status, diabetes and sickle cell disease, although not with ethnicity (Hill et al 2005, Jolley et al 2012). It is more common in the 2nd and 3rd trimester (Archabald et al 2009, Hazhir 2007, Hill et al 2005) as the presence of urinary pathogens seems to increase as pregnancy advances (Hill et al 2005). There does appear to be an association between repeated urinary tract infections and sexual activity (Bernard et al 2011, Pfau and Sacks 1992). If not effectively treated, acute pyelonephritis may have serious consequences for both the mother and fetus. Urinary...
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...Case Study 11 Karley Lapointe Liberty University Abstract C.W. is a patient with a gastrointestinal bleed that produced a duodenal ulcer. This ulcer then produced a bloody diarrhea stool. C.W. Was brought to the emergency room with by his wife for having bloody diarrhea for three days and was presenting signs of weakness and hypotension. C.W. underwent surgery for his gastrointestinal bleed and then was admitted to the hospital for having a fluid volume deficit, due to his diarrhea and bleed. C.W. being volume deficit made his fluid, electrolyte and blood levels become very abnormal. His medication that he was on for prior health history was causing some of his levels to rise and drop. He has a past medical history of cardiovascular problems, which were described and attributed to his current admitting problems. While at the hospital he went into sinus tachycardia and was placed on a Swan-Ganz catheter. One of the main goals for treating C.W. is to control his tachycardia and control his levels. He has some serious cardiovascular conditions that can not be healed but medical professionals, using education and medication , can better his quality of the life he has left. Patient C.W., a 70-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital at 0430 with a 25-X15-mm duodenal ulcer causing a gastrointestinal bleed, which was presented by “ dark red “ bloody diarrhea. His wife states that he has had diarrhea for 3 days with “dark red” stool starting the night before. She states that...
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...Geriatrics Geriatrics Jennifer P. Dugan, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Assistant Professor University of Colorado Colorado, Denver Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Review and Recertification Course 31 Geriatrics Learning Objectives: The following case pertains to questions 2 and 3. J.T. is an 82-year-old community-dwelling woman with a history of stage III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend...
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...Molecular Systems Biology 4; Article number 228; doi:10.1038/msb.2008.60 Citation: Molecular Systems Biology 4:228 & 2008 EMBO and Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1744-4292/08 www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Finding multiple target optimal intervention in diseaserelated molecular network Kun Yang1,2, Hongjun Bai1,2, Qi Ouyang2, Luhua Lai1,2,* and Chao Tang2,3 1 Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 2 Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China and 3 Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA * Corresponding author. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Tel.: þ 86 10 6275 7486; Fax: þ 86 10 6275 1725; E-mail: lhlai@pku.edu.cn Received 23.5.08; accepted 14.9.08 Drugs against multiple targets may overcome the many limitations of single targets and achieve a more effective and safer control of the disease. Numerous high-throughput experiments have been performed in this emerging field. However, systematic identification of multiple drug targets and their best intervention requires knowledge of the underlying...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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...Uttar Pradesh, India, 2 Deptt. of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Delhi Road, Meerut ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera, an important medicinal plant is one of the most widely cultivated species of the family Moringaceae. It is highly valued from time immemorial because of its vast medicinal properties. The present article provides all necessary information regarding its phytochemical investigations, pharmacological actions and medicinal properties like anemia, anxiety, asthma, blackheads, blood impurities, bronchitis, catarrh, chest congestion, cholera, conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhoea, eye and ear infections, fever, abnormal blood pressure, pain in joints, scurvy, semen deficiency, headaches and tuberculosis. It gives an account of all the data and reports which have been appeared to prove its medicinal and nutritional importance. Its utility as a nonfood product has also been extensively described. Every part of Moringa is said to have beneficial properties that can serve humanity so the whole plant can be extensively studied for further research aspects. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Drumstick tree, Horse-radish tree, cardiovascular, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial....
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...GCC Pharmaceutical Industry March 31, 2013 Alpen Capital was awarded the “Best Research House” at the Banker Middle East Industry Awards 2011 GCC Pharmaceutical Sector | March 31, 2013 Page | 2 Table of Contents 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................ 6 Scope of the Report .................................................................................. 6 Key Growth Drivers .................................................................................. 6 Key Challenges ........................................................................................ 6 Trends .................................................................................................... 7 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 GCC PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW ...................................... 8 GCC Pharmaceutical Market Overview ............................................................. 8 The UAE Pharmaceutical Market .................................................................... 11 The Saudi Arabian Pharmaceutical Market ...................................................... 13 The Kuwaiti Pharmaceutical Market ............................................................... 15 The Qatari Pharmaceutical Market ................................................................. 16 The Bahraini Pharmaceutical Market .............................................................. 17 The...
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