...cultural differences between target countries and our native country. National culture is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country. Even two countries whose geographic distance is close, their cultural differences may vary a lot, for example, China and Japan. From the graph I get on the website, the biggest cultural difference between China and Japan is on uncertainty avoidance, which is the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, unpredictable situations. The fact that China has a comparatively low score on this dimension reflects that Chinese are adaptable and entrepreneurial, and comfortable with ambiguity. On the contrary, at 92 Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries on earth. Japanese learned to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation. This goes not only for the emergency plan and precautions for sudden natural disasters but also for every other aspects of society. On long term orientation, both China and Japan have relatively high scores. This dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future. Therefore, these two countries show an ability to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in achieving results. Both on individualism and indulgence, China has...
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...relationship between...
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...Ricci 622624 Word Count: 2018 Why do we sometimes refer to the events of 1868 in Japan as a 'restoration', but to those of the years following 1911 in China as 'revolutions'? Introduction The Meiji Restoration of 1868 in Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 were responsible for producing an enormous amount of upheaval in both countries. Both nations were immersed in social, political and economic backwardness. In this context, both political episodes should be construed as an attempt to reverse decline and set the course for modernization. The main thesis of this essay is based on the notion that whilst there are some similarities between both political events, the main difference resides in the fact that the Meiji Restoration began the centralization of the mechanisms of governance and induced the social and economic modernization of the country. At the same time, the Chinese Revolution of 1911 did not succeed in engendering a sound system of government capable of reversing the country’s decline. The first part of the essay will deal with the main characteristics of the Meiji restoration of 1868. The second section of the essay will outline the main features pertaining to the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The third part of the essay will examine the similarities and differences between these two events, with the ultimate purpose of determining the qualitative differentiation to be made between the concepts of “restoration” and “revolutions”. The main characteristics of the...
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...Quality Practices in Modern China Issue 1. Do you see any parallels between today’s Modern China and post-World War 2 Japan? What differences are evident? Parallels • Both cultures are rich and traditional, unified or nationalistic, and have similar religions, and values (Padmalingam, 2002). • Rapid urbanisation – the move from an agricultural based society to a manufacturing (and thus urbanised) society. • Democratisation – from a centralised government to capitalist, moving from an insular to outward looking culture. • Both Japan and China have imported their technology, relying upon imitating the inventions and ideas of others. This is changing however as modern quality management is embraced. • Preference for high growth over low growth. Chovanec (2011) says of Post-W2 Japan that “Inflation was low, and there were no external constraints”. Further, he states that Money Supply and Private Fixed Investment factors are paralleled between post WW2 Japan and China today. He infers that this “high growth has spending “out of control”. With such money to spend, quality systems are easily afforded. The subject of Chovanec’s article is that the growth is unsustainable and dangerous, with China set to follow Japan’s lead and head into recessionary financial territory. • Fast growing economies that are encouraged and supported by governments. • Both countries have economically benefited from conflict and wars, as the rate of technology improvement and economic benefit...
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...think the same way. For example, consumers in Hong Kong have different historical and cultural views than Mainland China, although they may have similar cultural values (Weber, 2002). Consumers within these two regions may have different preferences and environmental standards. The same could be said for Japan. Therefore, when marketers are trying to enter other regions they must understand the region’s culture and behavior toward a product or service. Marketers must also understand demand factors of that region, such as economic and social. Case one: Japan to Apple’s iPhone: “No Thanks!” Although technology is used all over the world, different countries can provide many challenges when trying to introduce new technologies to them. Apple found this out when trying to introduce the iPhone in Japan. According to Frommer (2010), reasons the iPhone was not successful in Japan was because Apple failed to understand what the Japanese consumer expected of an iPhone and the competitive marketplace. Although the iPhone is successful in the United States, many consumers in Japan believe the phone’s technology is old and inadequate. Some Japanese consumers also believed that the iPhone did not look good and the network subscriptions were too expensive (Chen, 2010). Japanese consumers believe that the technology and many of the iPhone’s features are inadequate because Japan has already had the technology and features for more than two years (Chen, 2010). According to Frommer (2010),...
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...of national business systems with their distinctive characteristics varying among countries. Then ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization is applied to describe two main types of national businesses that existing in developed and developing countries, which explains the key institutional and organizational differences among countries in particular to some extend. Each country has fallowed different pathway and carried out their industrialization in different period. It is known that the UK is the first country that achieved early industrialization revolution, which was followed by the US. And then in the late twentieth century, Germany, Japan and China implemented their industrialization process with dramatic change on their economic performance. The purpose of this essay is to use the conception of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization to explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems by comparative perspective. First of all, the theories of industrialization will be displayed. Then this paper will concentrate on five main comparative countries, which are United States, Japan, Britain, Germany and China, to clarify major differences of national business systems. Moreover, further implications and debates upon these countries long-term national competitiveness will be given to assess the...
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...CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE ACCOUNTING Chapter Outline China I. There are some unique features in the accounting profession in China. They include the following: A. Until the 1980s, those who carried out accounting work were not held in high regard in society, and this has had an adverse effect on the development of the accounting profession in China. B. Accounting and auditing in China have taken different paths in their development processes. Auditing firms audited mainly domestic companies, and were under the State Administration of Audit (SAA), whereas accounting firms focused on companies using foreign investments and were sponsored by the Ministry of Finance. C. Unlike in the U.K., where there was a good legislative and judicial environment during the early stages of the development of the profession, in China, a market-oriented legislative and judicial environment is still emerging. D. Unlike in the U.K., where auditors receive support from the established professional bodies, these support mechanisms are still lacking in China. II. The recent economic reform program stimulated the growth of the accounting profession in China. A. With the recognition by the State of joint stock company form, the demands for financial information from investors and other interested parties increased. B. The establishment of two stock exchanges helped rapid growth of the accounting activities. C. Various government regulations...
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...1) Why did China become weaker in the late 19th century? Be specific and provide details to support your answer. China became weaker in the 19th century because of British control. There was a war between China and Britain over the opium trade, called the Opium Wars. Britain then forced China to sign The Treaty of Nanking (aka the Unfair Treaty), which forced China to pay Britain $18 million for destroyed opium and war costs, give Britain Hong Kong and 5 other treaty ports, tariff all British goods at 5%, and force China to sell the same thing to Britain as it does with other nations. The Chinese fought against Britain and French, but it only made the country weaker and poorer. There was an unsuccessful rebellion, Taiping Rebellion, that severely hurt China. 2) Why was Japan weak in the 19th century, and why did Commodore Perry's arrival spark a crisis in the shogunate? Be specific and provide details to support your answer....
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...Quality Practices in Modern China Issue 1. Do you see any parallels between today’s Modern China and post-World War 2 Japan? What differences are evident? Parallels • Both cultures are rich and traditional, unified or nationalistic, and have similar religions, and values (Padmalingam, 2002). • Rapid urbanisation – the move from an agricultural based society to a manufacturing (and thus urbanised) society. • Democratisation – from a centralised government to capitalist, moving from an insular to outward looking culture. • Both Japan and China have imported their technology, relying upon imitating the inventions and ideas of others. This is changing however as modern quality management is embraced. • Preference for high growth over low growth. Chovanec (2011) says of Post-W2 Japan that “Inflation was low, and there were no external constraints”. Further, he states that Money Supply and Private Fixed Investment factors are paralleled between post WW2 Japan and China today. He infers that this “high growth has spending “out of control”. With such money to spend, quality systems are easily afforded. The subject of Chovanec’s article is that the growth is unsustainable and dangerous, with China set to follow Japan’s lead and head into recessionary financial territory. • Fast growing economies that are encouraged and supported by governments. • Both countries have economically benefited from conflict and wars, as the rate of technology improvement and economic...
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...with foreign countries it is important to be knowledgeable in many aspects of that country. There are many differences between foreign countries and the United States when it comes to dealings with business transactions. For example business partners within the United States tends to lean towards an interpersonal level and having other form of relationship outside is frowned upon. In Asian countries businesses will not even begin negotiating until a relationship is built and there is a level of trust. The use of a middle man can be helpful when negotiating in order to gain an understanding of the background information of the foreign negotiators. Aside from the importance of etiquette and social customs it is important to know the negotiating tactics employed. When doing business with China, Japan, and South Korea it is important to know the differences between each individual country. While they are all Asian countries and there are many similarities in etiquette there are many differences when dealing with negotiations. Before negotiations starts one must be conscientious of attitudes and styles, the sharing of information, pace of negotiations, and bargaining. China and South Korea share the attitude and style of distributive and contingency, while Japan is more cooperative. The Japanese see “negotiating as joint problem solving”. (Lothar Katz) China and South Korea’s distributive and contingency style of negotiating rely on the use of aggressive techniques...
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...Introductory As we know, different country has diversity style of education system, we cannot say which is better or worse, each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. We can figure out the differences and connections with them, and learn to know the reasons why different countries has different education system. I am going to talk the teaching style and education purpose in three countries, China, America and Japan. As for teaching style, This will determine the interests for students. If a professor could make his or her class more funnier, students would be willing to go to his or her class and listen carefully. But how to do this, from ancient to now, teaching style is always the topic that people discuss. Now in China, it is traditional education and hidebound style, to be honest, in Chinese college, instructor is authority, students should just listen and take notes, and too much homework lead them they do mot have time to know the world and themselves. They just focus on their academic business, and the test points, because, in Chinese teachers eyes, how hard you work and how many points you get is a standard to measure if you are a good student. “ Chinese students are less conscious of the world around them, all-around development is faint and they have no opportunity to enhance their personal qualities in many respects.” (Ruby, S.,& Olivia, S.). We have to say, this kind of teaching style exists so many problems. On the one hand, this will enable...
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...It is necessary for most companies in the world who wish to broaden their business to expand to foreign markets. Thus, companies expanding internationally must consider the environment in their new country. There is no better way to explore said environment than by conducting marketing research in the area so as to formulate the most appropriate marketing strategies. Nevertheless, companies entering a new market still encounter difficulties even if they employ a marketing strategy because they make several critical mistakes in their marketing. Be it cultural misunderstandings, systemic political differences, or a poor understanding of the market conditions in a given country, marketing mistakes damage a company’s ability to enter (Ghauri and Cateora, 2010). While political differences or a poor understanding of the market strongly impact success in a foreign market, the slightly larger issue that multinational corporations encounter are due to cultural misunderstandings. However, the impact that cultural misunderstandings have on success in a foreign market is dependent on the industry in question. In some industries, international marketing mistakes can often be rooted in the lack of understanding of different cultures such as the aspects buying behavior and product preference. Take the retail industry for example, since the purchasing behavior of customers varies by region, foreign retailers might usually make marketing mistakes due to insufficient knowledge of a given region’s...
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... The review is about the article What Panasonic Learned in China written by Wakayama Toshiro, Shintaku Junjiro and Amano Tomofumi. Harvard Business Review. Dec2012, Vol. 90 Issue 12, p109-113. The article focuses on how Panasonic in China learned to bridge two strategies that are often mutually exclusive: localization and integration. The founder of Panasonic was asked by the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to help modernizing China’s industries. Panasonic began licensing technologies to China which led to more than 40 China-based manufacturing operations. Panasonic’s first main purpose was to take advantage of low manufacturing costs and exporting the output. In Japan, Panasonic invested a Lifestyle Research Center to understand more how households use their products. However, there was little effort to understand China’s market which had as consequence of minimal efforts to localization. As the middle class of China began to emerge, local competitors such as Haier outpaced the Panasonic company. In response, Panasonic started to develop a deep understanding of consumer lifestyles in China’s market. Through its effort in the Chinese market, Panasonic learned to bridge localization and integration as their strategies. Reflection “When your manufacturing base becomes your growth market, your strategy has to adjust.” This statement was written by the authors of the article What Panasonic Learned in China. By reading this, one can have different thoughts about what...
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...| China and Japan | | SOC/335 | April 6, 2013 | | Introduction Nations around the world are ever changing and such cultures have the ability to produce scholars, businessmen, and businesswomen, and educators. It is through such perception that individuals learn of cultures and embrace the distinctions of people to understand the uniqueness of tradition, religion, and working ethnics to build interpersonal relationships among others. In this paper, the relationship between Japan and China will determine how political and economic developments effects Northeast Asia. The relationship between both countries will also present historical meaning toward Japan and China’s relationship, how the relationship changed in the 20th century, and the relationship now. Last, the paper will present Japan and China’s relationship effects on the United States and neighboring countries. Japan and China’s Relationship Affects When considering the relationship of Japan and China one has to perceive the representation of two well-educated countries who illustrates behaviors, strengths, and attitudes of long political and economic tension. However, for Northeast Asia, China, and Japan possess strong will and economic activities that produce economic and political stabilities and enhances its cultures wealth and identity. For Asia, Japan, and China are its giant, and such great incentives places China and Japan in the race of leadership in economic and political leadership...
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...Name of the Book: Asian Juggernaut Subtitle: The rise of China, India and Japan Author: Brahma Chellaney Publication: HapperCollins Publishers India Year of publication: 2006 Library ID: 915 CHE NIM LIBRARY The book Asian Juggernaut, The rise of China, India and Japan is a piece of work by Brahma Chellaney, who has been a Member of the Policy Advisory Group headed by the External Affairs Minister of India and is now a Professor of Strategic Studies at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research. The author has very well tried to state and relate various perspectives that have helped China, India and Japan in emerging as the most powerful nations of Asia. The book since was published in 2006 miss some of the most significant economic incidents that have happened in the last four years but nevertheless it very well justifies the conditions and relationships that were prevailing in and before 2006 among nations in Asia as well as the rest of the world. Author has discretely tried to classify and cover different concepts in five different chapters as The Asian Renaissance; Why Asia is Dissimilar to Europe, Asian Geopolitics of Energy, Equations in the Strategic Triangle and Averting Strategic Conflict in Asia. The author starts the book describing the revival of the three nations and Asia altogether in the last quarter of the twentieth century. The centre of gravity of the world affairs is slowly moving towards Asia. Asia has the world’s fastest growing, fragmented and...
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