...KATHRYN GREENE Rutgers University JULIANNE SEROVICH Ohio State University WILLIAM N. ELWOOD Center for Public Health and Evaluation Research This research examined the relative importance of reasons for HIV disclosure/nondisclosure with a friend, intimate partner, and parents. Participants were 145 men and women with HIV. Overall, catharsis, a will to duty/educate, and having a close/supportive relationship were endorsed as reasons that influence HIV disclosure. Privacy, self–blame, fear of rejection, and protecting the other were endorsed as reasons that influence nondisclosure. Both men and women endorsed testing the other’s reaction as a reason for disclosing more for an intimate partner, whereas they endorsed privacy more as a reason for not disclosing to a friend. Men (mostly self–identified as homosexuals or bisexuals), but not women (mostly self–identified as heterosexuals), endorsed similarity as a reason for disclosing more to a friend or intimate partner than to a parent. The results are consistent with a Model of HIV–Disclosure Decision Making that indicates how cultural attitudes This research is partly supported by a research grant (#R01DA13145–01A1) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health. The authors wish to express our appreciation to the men and women who completed the questionnaires for this study. Please address correspondence to Valerian J. Derlega, Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529–0267;...
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...relationships and technological capacities, which when applied will give organizations competitive advantage.” Predicting a company’s future market performance is one of the key functions of IC information disclosure (Roslender and Fincham, 2004). Consequently, IC will have a significant role in the future value creation process. This study has some limitations, such as the small sample number, which has implications for how representative the data are. Ten companies in the respective stock markets were selected in the UK and China (total twenty) and content analysis was performed. A larger sample would have made the calculations too complex for the time available. The following paper reports the results of empirical research indicating that the trend of IC information disclosure is steadily increasing in both China and the UK, indicating that British companies had a better approach than Chinese companies to disclose IC. The study has identified common ground while preserving differences to obtain an advanced and suitable method of disclosing IC information. The essay will firstly define IC in detail. Secondly, it will illustrate the research objects and methodology. Thirdly, it will analyze the results...
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...Evidence on the Audit Risk Model: Do Auditors Increase Audit Fees in the Presence of Intemal Control Deficiencies?* CHRIS E. HOGAN, Michigan State University MICHAEL S. WILKINS, Texas A&M University 1. Introduction Internal controls over financial reporting (ICOFR) should provide reasonable assurance about the reliability of financial statements by setting in place policies and procedures related to maintaining accounting records, authorizations, and safeguarding of assets.' For such controls to be effective, they should ensure, to the greatest extent possible, that material financial statement misstatements either cannot occur within a given functional area or will be detected and corrected by management before financial reports are issued. If ICOFR cannot provide this assurance, it is widely assumed that financial reporting quality will suffer. This assumption underlies many of the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, including the requirement that managers attest to the effectiveness of ICOFR. Although it may seem reasonable to assume that intemal control deficiencies and "bad accounting" go hand in hand, we contend that strong intemal controls are not necessary for reporting to be in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Stated differently, financial reports are not generated in a vacuum; rather they are a joint product of management and an independent auditor. The audit risk model — which provides a framework for evaluating the relationship...
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...Research Ethics This section of the proposal will demonstrate how our research team will conduct our study in an ethical manner. Our research study will be an overt study design where all participants will be aware they are participating in a research study and the researcher’s professional identity (undergraduate students at Wilfrid Laurier University) and academic intentions are fully disclosed. The most important ethical component of this study is that the participants are able to give signed informed consent. This document will inform participants about the project explaining what they will be asked to do as participants and outline their rights and responsibilities (CITE). Participation is voluntary and participants have the ability to...
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...deliberate process emerges from the offender identifying signs of vulnerability in a child and using his power of adult status and his relationship with the child to entrap and capture them, (Reid, 1997). Recent studies about why and how children often delay disclosing about the abuse indicate that : older children fear the negative consequences of disclosing more than younger children and children who are sexually assaulted by a family member are likely to delay telling. Goodman et al., (2003), found that factors contributing to children delaying disclosure included heightened fears about the consequences of disclosure and heightened feelings of responsibility for the abuse. Goodman’s work regarding children’s disclosures of sexual assault found that factors concerning the age of the child, the offender’s relationship to the child and the child’s fear of negative consequences and perceived responsibility should they disclose, contributed to predicting the time children took to disclose the abuse. The study found that older children took longer to disclose and it was more difficult for them to tell than younger children and this was attributed to grooming and perpetrator tactics around responsibility and repercussions for telling by their offenders. Research has shown that very young children rarely lie about sexual abuse. Statistics show that...
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...STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY by KATLEGO FANDIE This thesis is submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE BLOEMFONTEIN January 2015 Promoter: Prof. L. Naudé DECLARATION I declare that the thesis hereby submitted by Katlego Fandie for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I further more cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State. SIGNATURE: _____________________________ DATE:____________________________ i DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR ii PROOF OF LANGUAGE EDITOR 083 2877088 +27 51 4367975 corrieg@mweb.co.za CORRIE GELDENHUYS POSBUS 28537 DANHOF 9310 3 January 2015 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Herewith I, Cornelia Geldenhuys (ID 521114 0083 088) declare that I am a qualified, accredited language practitioner and that I have edited the following PhD thesis by Katlego Fandie: STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS COUNSELLING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY All changes were indicated by track changes and comments, to be addressed by the researcher. ............................................................ C GELDENHUYS MA (LIN – cum laude), MA (Mus), HED, HDLB, UTLM ACCREDITED MEMBER OF SATI –...
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...instinct. People in this level make decision with no research whatsoever. Middle Tier – Some of the decisions in this level are based on business research. They would have people in firms using tried-and-true methodologies. Top Tier – In this level, every decision is guided by business research and where firms develop proprietary methodologies, and are innovative in their combination of methodologies. 2. 3. Applied Research – The problem-solving nature of applied research means it is conducted to reveal answers to specific questions related to action, performance, or policy needs. Basic Research – Basic research aims to solve perplexing questions or obtain new knowledge of an experimental or theoretical nature that has little direct or immediate impact on action, performance, or policy needs. 4. Purpose clearly defined ; Research process detailed ; Research design thoroughly planned ; High ethical standards applied ; Limitations frankly revealed ; Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs ; Findings presented unambiguously ; Conclusions justified ; Researcher’s experience reflected. 5. Activities in debriefing : * Explanation of any deception * Description of the hypothesis, goal, or purpose of the study * Poststudy sharing of results * Poststudy follow-up medical or psychological attention In situations where participants are intentionally or accidentally deceived, they should be debriefed once the research is complete. 6. * Obtaining signed nondisclosure...
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... Date Submitted: Introduction A research design defines the entire plan that one selects so as to incorporate the alternate components regarding a certain study in a logical and reasonable way (Vaus, 2006). Consequently, this paper shall try to assess the ethical consideration of research design basing on my opinion in safeguarding the estimation as well as opinions of the survey participants. A survey is a study concerning the uniqueness of a certain defined population through the gathering of information from a sample of people (Journal of glossary statistical terms, 2015).Thus; it is an unethical to disclose any information as well as opinion that a participant in a certain research discloses. In a research design, every participant is entitled to their views, and one should not be judged for stating what they feel like it’s true according to them. Every participant in a research design wants to be assured of their safety when responding to the design research questions. Therefore, in protecting these participants, it is always good to guarantee them that all the information given out will be kept in privacy. The participants will have to sign as well as commit their information with the relevant subject. Thus, this is because should any of the information be leaked then the participants will not be held accountable. In publishing the study only the information that is of consent from the participants will be circulated....
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...UQ study shows governments need more honest environmental accounting Dr McDonald-Madden University of Queensland research is paving the way for better management of our precious natural environment. In work published in Science today, researchers from UQ�s Ecology Centre and collaborators have found only the �honest� reporting of both the positive and negative outcomes of conservation policy can we hope to properly manage our dwindling environmental resources. Lead author of the study, Dr Eve McDonald-Madden, said without rigorous and transparent accounting it is impossible to manage the environment. �Given the increasing public awareness of conservation issues and the need for ongoing investment in environmental management, it is worrying that little attention has been given to deriving rigorous metrics for reporting on conservation investments,� Dr McDonald-Madden said. �Reporting both gains and losses is a basic requirement of �honest� conservation accounting. The current global standard of reporting gains but not losses is unjustified and potentially misleading.� Professor Hugh Possingham, Director of a federally funded Commonwealth Environmental Research Facility on environmental decision-making and co-author of the study, said the field of biodiversity conservation is hampered by weak performance measurement, �In the corporate world such weak reporting would be considered bad practice,� Professor Possingham said. The researchers...
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...INTRODUCTION Development of human resource in terms of mentality and intellectual capital is one of aimed areas under Ninth Malaysia Plan in Malaysia. To enhance the core competence, Malaysia has to convert from labor-intensive goods production to utilization of human knowledge and skills. Research by Tan (2000) found that only few companies listed in Bursa Malaysia reports intangible assets and a small percent of total assets of these companies disclosed intangibles other than goodwill. Thereby, it is aimed to enhance that Malaysian companies should voluntarily disclose intellectual capital in their financial statements. This research measures to the scope length of intellectual capital disclosure and the connection between intellectual capital and corporate governance variables among Malaysian listed companies after the revision of Malaysian Corporate Code of Governance on 2007.Key amendments emphasized to the Code are based on fortifying board of directors and audit committee functions, qualification criteria for appointment, boards composition, frequency of meetings and necessity for continuos training. The code requirements enables shareholders to assess the annual report more transparently. Intellectual Capital DIsclosure Intellectual capital are intangible assets that provides value to a firm`s core competence and it consists of three components namely, tacit knowledge and innovativeness of employees, infrastructure of human capital and external relationship of the firm...
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...consent from the children’s parents, as well as failure to adhere to the study protocol resulted in brain damage, hearing loss, and death of eleven of the 2,000 children in the study. The suit also claims that Pfizer’s irresponsibility was caused by taking advantage of a meningitis epidemic. Pfizer also failed to give the families the option of seeking an “effective and approved alternative” treatment. The suit requested that Pfizer provide ongoing medical care to evaluate the liver and joint function of the enrolled children (Ready, 2001). The uproar came to a head when stories came out in the Washington Post December of 2000. China, Africa, Coat Rica, and Thailand were all mentioned in the Washington Post about how US researchers were not ensuring that overseas study subjects gave informed consent (Ready, 2001). Pfizer shot back by stating all studies were “designed and conducted in accordance with good medical practice and ethical norms and denies the families were unaware that their children were part of the study” (Ready, 2001). Pfizer fessed up to some “protocol deviations” and “record keeping errors”, but most importantly did not “compromise patient care or the scientific conclusions of the trial” (Ready, 2001). Trovan was approved in 1997, but not for children. In 1998 sales were $160 million, but in 1999 the product was taken off the market in Europe for causing liver problems. The unethical research behavior established is the failure to get participants informed consent...
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...Most of the research findings should be considered in the context of several limitations. First, there are issues with the methodology and the internal validity of the results. The correlational nature of the study design cannot affirm a final interpretation about the cause-and-effect. For example, it is not possible to establish the order of the objectification theory variables that include appearance surveillance, body shame, body anxiety and eating disorders (Slater & Tiggemann 2010). Similarly, according to Holland & Tiggemann, (2016) correlational findings about the relationship between social media usage, body satisfaction, and disordered eating are almost difficult to draw. Also, high social media exposure could influence thin-internalization,...
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...Question 1) Choose two of the seven traditions of communication theory you feel offer the best approach for theorizing and argue for its relevant contribution to the study of human communication. Explain your choice. Defend your answer. Number your arguments. Sociocultural communication theory: Sociocultural theory conceptualizes communication as a symbolic process that produces and reproduces shared meanings, rituals, and social structures. (Sokolowski R 2000 pg.74) 1) This theory allows us to communicate with all types of groups and share same views and listen to others view’s as well. 2) Social cultural approaches to communication theory address the ways our understanding, meaning, norms, and roles. The Phenomenological Tradition: is one that focused on descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experience what they experience. One can employ a general phenomenological perspective to elucidate the importance of using methods that capture people's experience of the world without conducting a phenomenological study that focuses on the essence of shared experience. (Sokolowski R 2000 pg.88) 1) This concept comes from the area of philosophy which makes it great for all kinds of theories because each one has a philosophical aspect to it. 2) This makes it easier to share experiences with other and groups we see what each other as gone through. 2. What is a theory? (how do you know one when you get out of bed and trip over one?) What...
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...Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Learning Objectives 1) Be able to Understand the Concept of Gender and Gender Identity A. Gender- i. The Way in that Biological sex is Experienced and Expressed ii. Psychological, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Femaleness and Maleness B. Gender Identity i. The “knowing” of oneself as male or female ii. Do I think as myself as a boy or girl, main or woman, or something else iii. Sense of being masculine, feminine, or ambivalent iv. Feeling of belonging to a particular gender v. The Data shows the following: 1. Evidence of Gender ID begins to emerge at 1 ½ years and is influenced by the infant’s observed genitalia, proper gender assignment, belief’s regarding gender, and infants experience with his/her body 2. 2-2 ½ years old- Clearly Crystallizing through naturally curiosity about anatomical differences between sexes, genital play and gender categorization. 3. 3- firmly established through process of identification with same gender parent 2) Be able to discuss the current understanding of the development of sexual orientation A. What is sexual orientation: i. This refers to a person’s potential to respond with sexual excitement to persons of the same sex, opposite sex or both ii. This includes erotic or sexual fantasies...
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...Research Methods Web Assignment Name Institution Research Methods Web Assignment Research refers to creative activities that are systematically undertaken to increase intelligence or knowledge with a mission of initiating change. It seeks the knowledge based on society, culture, and human living, among other areas with an aim of disclosing facts, solving problems, reaffirm results, and supporting the theoretical perspectives of other opinion groups. Additionally, organizational research can be conducted for the benefit of its effectiveness, seek market intelligence, and for identifying the best market segments. As such, this presentation illustrates the importance of research and use of research methods within an organization. The presentation highlights the theoretical aspects of research methods, as well as opportunities and challenges associated with the use of research method. Importance of research methods Research methods are foundational constructs that frame the way relevant information is obtained for the benefit of the organization. They help the top management to get effective data that is beneficial when making informed decisions. Researchers are supposed to explore various audiences in order to come up with different results that are helpful in making decisions, appropriately. The use of research methods is important to organizations as it helps to uncover or discover unrecognized principles that are favorable its market environment...
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