...John Edwards who is working at St. Francis Xavier University as a professor of Psychology in Nova Scotia. Also he is the author of the book called “Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction”. He is interesting in discovering the diversity of Linguistic. The language that you are using gives you an identity. The foundation of language is the same. However, according to Noam Chomsky, the language is associate with philosophy, psychology, and epistemology. This implies that language is different from structure of the word. The life of language is very interesting and dramatic. The sound of language tells who we are. Also the use of language to communicate in our daily life. Although the language is popular, however people did not recognize...
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...This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works...
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...Abstract Language is a tool used to interact with others and express ideas, emotions, knowledge, memories and values. Language is also a vital tool for cultural expression it helps define each culture and identify them selves. Before vernacular language, people used Latin to communicate now each country uses a different language. In many places of the world knowing multiple languages is a virtue. “Language is the light of the mind.” (John Stuart Mill) The Impact of Vernacular Languages Latin was the common language used by different people and cultures to communicate. It was the written language of the courts, commerce and the Christian church. Latin had more than one form which changed over time due to the different people using the language, the educational level of the person speaking or writing it and the social status/class it was used around. The development of Latin literacy was greatly promoted in the late 8th century during the Carolingian Renaissance, which was the period of intellectual art, religion, and cultural revival in Europe. Although literacy had been previously introduced to people of the upper class and clergy during the period of the 8th and 9th century was when it became more widely spread. During the 780’s-790’s Charlemagne also known as Charles the Great or in Latin Carolus Magnus, invited Alcuin of York to become a leading scholar, teacher and his own personal tutor at the Carolingian court school. Alcuin was also asked by Charlemagne to be in...
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...taste, or touch- so teachers should talk about these things with them. Name people, things, and actions for Twos; Talk about what their senses tell them. Talk about the things that are part of their own world so that they will understand what you are talking about. Toddlers use the few words they say in many ways. They will use one word to mean a whole sentence. For example, a child may say “apple” to mean “there is an apple,” or “I want an apple.” One can figure out what Twos mean to say by closely watching what is going on in their world. Listen closely whenever they talk, and figure out what they mean. Then you can help them learn to say more by adding the rest of the words to their sentences. There are numerous theories about language acquisition, and they include 2 main schools of thought: 1. Nature- These...
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...IMPORTANT This electronic version of The Century Vocabulary Builder (1922) has been prepared by Serenson Pty Ltd for www.write-better-english.com. This PDF follows the pagination of the original (hard copy) book and includes hypertext links that we have inserted, which look like this. Please do not remove links. Reformatting the original text into this PDF has been no easy task; it is possible that the process has introduced errors or caused omissions. As a result, we make no guarantee about the accuracy or completeness of this version of the Vocabulary Builder. If you find an error or omission in this PDF, please check the original book and contact us so that we can fix the error or omission. Please check your local copyright laws before accessing this PDF. If you are serious about building your vocabulary, we highly recommend you try the popular vocabularybuilding program called Ultimate Vocabulary Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx THE CENTURY VOCABULARY BUILDER BY GARLAND GREEVER AND JOSEPH M. BACHELOR NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx PREFACE You should know at the outset what this book does not attempt to do. It does not, save to the extent that its own special purpose requires, concern itself with the many and intricate problems of grammar, rhetoric, spelling, punctuation, and the like; or clarify...
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...INDIVIDUAL PROJECT #2 THE ORIGINS OF VERNACUALR LANGUAGES Florie Buerki HUMA215-1301D-01 Professor Laurie Sprankle April 14th 2013 American InterContinental University Abstract The following paper presents a brief history of the Latin language origin, providing a synopsis of the creation of the very first writing method that went through changes and how it spread out the world. In addition and where appropriate, it is indicated how Charlemagne had an influence on the continuity of Latin. Even thought Latin is defined as a dead language and has no real future it has a long history. Latin was commonly used until the twelfth century by educated people, in literature and also in Christian churches in the Roman Empire. Its use went through many changes and took different forms depending on the people using it as a written or spoken purpose and also due to the influences of other surrounding oral communication. (Sayre, 2010) However, Latin was not the first language created by the human being and learning the birth of a written form help to understand where Latin comes from. The very first language was introduced back in 3,000 BC by the very first ancient civilization, the Sumerians. The Sumerians lived in Mesopotamia – modern Southern Iraq – and were an active economical population. Because of a need to record their production and trade was becoming a problem of memory they invented a form of recording using soft clay tablets with the slanted edge...
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...learning a new language to contact with people from another country, learning a new language discovering a new vision of the world. There are different factors that can condition this learning process; one of them is the mother tongue of everyone. We can notice the difference in time for learning depends on the native language spoken in each country, what is called linguistic distance. The Longman Dictionary...
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...Tiara Morgan Professor Stav General Psychology 9 October 2012 Chapter 7 Questions 1. The purpose of Intelligence test is to pick individuals who can form concepts, solve problems, acquire information, reason, and perform other intellectual operations. It also gives schools a guide to a student's potential weaknesses and strengths and to identify students or peers that either have learning disability or “gifted.” In my opinion, I believe Intelligence test is an achievement test that gives predications of school performance than any other measure that psychologists or educators now possess. Even though the predications are not precise, they are very helpful in different cases such as if a child made an IQ of 110 they are more likely to perform better in school than a child with an IQ of 75. But psychologists or educators can’t predict if a child with an IQ of 95 will do better than a child with an IQ of 85 so it is still helpful. So basically it is design to compare a student’s performance to another student’s performance. 2. The pros of an Intelligence test are that can provide a lot of information about a person’s personality characteristics and how they can adjust to stress and anxiety. Also, this test can identify students and peers who have mental retardation that may need extra assistance therefore leading them to a better quality of life. The results of the Intelligence test are very reliable and validated therefore it will leave you feeling like the results...
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...Different types of cultures also have different ways of how they communicate with one another. There are two different types of communication, verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication focuses on how you use words and language. People who work together in groups communicate by using language. If they did not use language they would not be able to discuss what is happening and how they plan on getting their work done. Nonverbal communication uses messages other than words that generate meaning. Eye contact and the tone of your voice are just two examples of nonverbal communication. If someone talked to you in a tone of voice that did not change it would be hard to interpret the meaning of what they are saying to you. You can tell what kind of mood a person is in by the tone of their voice. There are differences in the way a man and a woman communicate. Women speak to people more tentatively. They tend to use qualifiers and tag questions when they talk. A qualifier is words such as maybe or perhaps. When they use these words it makes them seem like they are uncertain about what they are saying. Tag questions are questions that are connected to a statement. Women use a more corporative when speaking this helps people to respond easier. When men speak they use a language that is more assertive. They are less likely to express themselves like women do. Their speech is more forceful and direct. Men have a tendency to only listen to what they want to hear. When I listen to people I like...
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...any field of biological sciences, but preference is given to the general areas in which Francis Crick himself worked—uh, genetics, molecular biology, and neurobiology. And you’ll see that this, ah, evening’s speaker is imminently well-suited to talk to us. So, the Francis Crick lecturer, ah, for this year is Dr. Simon Fisher. Dr. Fisher is, ah, a Royal Society, ah, research fellow, um, so he’s, ah, a fellow of one of our flagship, ah, schemes for young scientists in the society, and he’s also reader in molecular and neuroscience in Oxford at the Welcomme Trust Centre for Human Genetics. Ah, he’s head there of the molecular neuroscience group. His laboratory carries out research into molecular mechanisms that underlie human speech and language. Simon is also, ah, the Isobel Laing Fellow at Oriel College in Oxford, where he teaches biochemistry and, ah, genetics to undergraduates, ah, studying medicine. So, lucky undergraduates to be getting it straight from the horse’s mouth. The Francis Crick Lecture was...
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...processing of the structure and the meaning of larger syntactic untis, i.e. phrases or sentences. The top-down reading skills were considered to be additive or compensatory after the bottom-up processing is achieved. Moreover, second-language learners are required to have a fluent recognition of words before acquiring text-processing skills. Together with word recognition fluency, morphophonemic structure of words and phrases, bottom-up processing has shifted the teaching method of reading to young and adult second-language learners. For young school-age and older leaners, teachers are required to begin with teaching visual appreance of words, sound letter relationships and development of word recognition fluency before developing top-down skills. However, the second-launguage learners must be familiar with the reading fundamentals before benefiting from the top-down instruction method. Reading and Vocabulary In the 1970s and 1980s, the teaching of vocabulary was secondary to the teaching of reading. At present, it is widely agreed that vocabulary knowledge is key importance to the teaching of reading. According to Hu and Nation (2010), a second-language learners needs to understand approximately 98% of words of the texts. A second-language learners are required to be familiar with about 5,000 word families which is defined as a base word with several related words and their inflected forms). In addition, the vocabulary range in university textbook are overlapping with general...
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...Please choose one of the following formats for your informative speech: • Present an activity, routine, or practice in a “how-to” instructional teaching lesson • Pick an everyday item and teach your audience “how-to” use it for a purpose it was not intended for Your informative speech should focus on the following: • Constructing creative ways to share information and communicate your credibility as a knowledgable speaker • Employing narrative (stories) and sensorial or image-rich language (metaphors etc.) • Presenting with enthusiasm and sharing your interest in this topic/process with us Your informative speech will be graded on the following criteria: • Practiced and improved delivery • Creative use of stories, vocals, images, gestures, body movement, props, and/or space • Turned in and typed speech outline (must be turned in on the day you speak) • Your ability to manage your time When planning your speech: • Tell a personal story, use humor, choose engaging language/imagery, statistics, quotes, or facts to motivate and create desire to listen • Visual aids are strongly encouraged; however, no Powerpoints will be allowed • Please practice your presentation so that you can make sure you are within the time limit allowed (not too long, not too short) Speech Tips: • Be organized—have a clear and...
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...In Other Words This book addresses the need for a systematic approach to the training of translators and provides an explicit syllabus which reflects some of the main intricacies involved in rendering a text from one language into another. It explores the relevance of some of the key areas of modern linguistic theory and illustrates how an understanding of these key areas can guide and inform at least some of the decisions that translators have to make. It draws on insights from current research in such areas as lexical studies, text linguistics and pragmatics to maintain a constant link between language, translation, and the social and cultural environment in which both language and translation operate. In Other Words examines various areas of language, ranging from the meaning of single words and expressions to grammatical categories and cultural contexts. Firmly grounded in modern linguistic theory, the book starts at a simple level and grows in complexity by widening its focus gradually. The author explains with clarity and precision the concepts and theoretical positions explored within each chapter and relates these to authentic examples of translated texts in a variety of languages, although a knowledge of English is all that is required to understand the examples presented. Each chapter ends with a series of practical exercises which provide the translator with an opportunity to test the relevance of the issues discussed. This combination of theoretical discussion and...
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...Chapter 3: Language and Communication er symbol 2. Words have Multiple Meanings---in two ways we can distinguish A. Denotative---a Literal meaning of a word that can be found in the dictionary. B Connotative---Subjective meaning of a word based on our attitudes and experiences. 3.Thought Informs Language---how does it do this? By a theory called cognitive language A specific system of symbols that we use to describe people, things abd situations in our mind. It is related to your thoughts, attitudes, co-culture and the society in which you live. 4. Language is Ruled by Grammar--- 2 Types of Rules: SYNTACTIC---These are rules that govern where words come in a sentence. Example----subject---verb---noun SEMANTIC---These are rules that govern the meaning of words and guidelines on how to interpret them. • If we didn’t agree on the meaning of words---communication would be impossible. Examples: Pin—pen are our Dear—deer Where---wear fly---insect fly (a plane) Right---write Back---back Pale---pale 5. Language is Bound by Context---These are the words that govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom. Example----would you jump up laughing or screaming while a church service is in progress? Would you tell someone you want to see others or take a break from the relationship on an amusement park ride? 5 FUNCTIONS...
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...My aim here is to present three of the recommendations made in The Languages Review Final Report , presented in 2008. In doing so I acknowledge that many of the recommendations may have in fact already been actioned, however I will be presenting the report's recommendations as if they are still contemporary and relevant. 1) The first recommendation I would like to advance is from section 3.10 on Transition Coordination. The the proposal of the Training and Development Agency to develop an ages 9-14 training course I suggest would be greatly beneficial in facilitating the transition from Key stage 2 to key stage 3. The important need to do so is of course to harness the evident success of the introduction of MFLs at primary level in order to arrest their decline in uptake for GCSEs. Such a training course is essential to promote the smooth transition from Junior to secondary level by enabling teachers to coordinate activities between feeder schools and the secondary school. Questions about which languages are taught at the schools and be posed and how these can be accommodated. It will be possible to look at whether teaching staff and materials can be shared. And ideas can be discussed such as the possible introduction of a language passport for each student, so that each teacher can easily identify the current linguistic skill levels and of a student, which languages are have been learnt or are already spoken and the be better able to tailor lessons to individual needs. As stated...
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