...structures and how they work, the mayor will be able to provide better insight on what will work best for his/her city. In order for us to understand the relationships between consumers and businesses, we must clearly understand the different characteristics of each market structure; these market structures include Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly. The first market structure that we will discuss is perfect competition. Perfect competition is a theory that is composed of six assumptions that if a market meets all six assumptions, then the market can be considered as a perfectly competitive environment and no individual or company has power to manipulate the market in their favor or increase the price of the item or service. “Perfect competition, neutralizes these strategic behaviors and conflictual interactions, resulting in the elimination of these distributions conflicts…perfect competition (associated with constant returns) dissolves these conflicts of appropriation since every individual can be paid according to his marginal contribution” (Berta, Julien, Tricou, 2012, Pg. 7). The first assumption in a perfect competition is that there is a large number of sellers/producers that saturate the market resulting in no single seller having the ability to affect the price in the industry. The second is that there is a large number of consumers/buyers allowing the market to be safe...
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...CHAPTER 10 PERFECT COMPETITION Assumptions of Perfect Competition The most competitive market structure is pure or perfect competition, which is as competitive as possible. As previously mentioned, market structures are models that summarize how certain markets are organized and behave. For each market structure we have a set of assumptions or characteristics that tell us what kind of industries the model will explain. Only industries that meet the assumptions will behave in the way the model predicts. The assumptions of perfect competition are: Many buyers and sellers: There are so many buyers and sellers in perfect competition that no one of them has any influence whatsoever on the market. The number of consumers and producers is so great that any one of them is like a cup of water in the ocean – their presence or absence makes no difference at all to the market. Identical or homogenous product: Every producer in the market makes exactly the same product – consumers are not able to distinguish between the output of one firm and the output of another. There are no labels, brands or any other distinguishing features used to make a product look distinct. Excellent information: Both buyers and sellers in this market have good information about the product, especially the fact that there are many other producers all making the same product. Relatively free entry and exit: Firms are able to move resources in and...
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...although our wants are unlimited, the resources available to fulfill those wants are limited. Economists assume that people are rational in the sense that consumers and firms use all available information as they take actions intended to achieve their goals. Rational individuals weigh the benefits and costs of each action and choose an action only if the benefits outweigh the costs. Although people act from a variety of motives, ample evidence indicates that they respond to economic incentives. Economists use the word marginal to mean extra or additional. The optimal decision is to continue any activity up to the point where the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost. 1.2 The Economic Problem That Every Society Must Solve (pages 8–11) Discuss how an economy answers these questions: What goods and services will be produced? How will the goods and services be produced? Who will receive the goods and services produced? Society faces trade-offs: Producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service. The opportunity cost of any activity—such as producing a good or service—is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to engage in that activity. The choices of consumers, firms, and governments determine what goods and services will be produced. Firms choose how to produce the goods and services they sell. In the United...
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...systems of personal computers and took anti-competitive actions to illegally maintain its monopoly; (ii) that it attempted to monopolize the market for Internet browsers because such browsers would create competition for operating systems; (iii) that it bundled its browser (Internet Explorer) with Windows; and that it engaged in a number of other anti-competitive exclusionary arrangements with computer manufacturers, Internet service providers, and content providers attempting to thwart the distribution of Netscape’s browser. The District Court Judge found in most points for the plaintiffs and ordered the breakup of Microsoft into two companies, one with all the operating systems software, and one with all other products of the company. The District Court also imposed a number of severe restrictions on the business conduct of Microsoft. We analyze the economic issues related to liability. We also analyze the applicability and effectiveness of the remedies imposed by the District Court and contrast them with other potential remedies. * Forthcoming in Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade: From Theory to Policy (August 2001). I thank Gwill Allen, Gary Becker, Tim Brennan, Steve Davis, David Evans, Frank Fisher, Rick Flyer, Eleanor Fox, Ron Gilson, Vic Goldberg, Eddie Lazear, Roy Radner, Rick Rule, Dick Schmalensee, and participants at presentations at Canadian Bureau of Competition, Columbia University, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, the Hastings School of Law...
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...Its Application 20 Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 26 Chapter 7 Consumers, Producers, and Efficiency of Market 31 Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation 35 Chapter 9 Application: International Trade 39 Chapter 10 Externalities 42 Chapter 11 Public Goods and Common Resources 45 Chapter 12 The Design of the Tax System 47 Chapter 13 The Costs of Production 49 Chapter 14 Firms in Competitive Markets 53 Chapter 15 Monopoly 57 Chapter 16 Monopolistic Competition 61 Chapter 17 Oligopoly 64 Chapter 18 The Markets for the Factors of Production 68 Chapter 19 Earnings and Discrimination 73 Chapter 20 Income Inequality and Poverty 76 Chapter 21 The Theory of Consumer Choice 79 Chapter 22 Frontiers of Microeconomics 82 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics I. Significance * How people make decisions * How people interact * How the economy as a whole works II. Highlights The word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means "one who manages a household." A household faces many decisions, which means he/or she must allocate its scarce resources among its various members taking into account each member's abilities, efforts, and desires. No matter a household, or an economic, they have much in common. Economy permeates everywhere in our daily lift. Before study economics, there is a very important point; a society's resource is limited. Economics is the study...
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...Case study notes This case has been updated to include the Apple iPad. Principally this is case explores the issue of licensing and how successful firms can become unsuccessful. It is not a case about Apple and why it has become successful. This case study explores the rise of the Apple Corporation. The Apple iPod is one of the most successful new product launches in recent years, transforming the way the public listens to music, with huge ramifications for major record labels. More than 50 million MP3 players are expected to be sold in 2005; over a third more than last year. Mobile phones have long been regarded as the most credible challengers to MP3 players and iPods. The launch of digital download services via mobile phones illustrates the dramatic speed of convergence between the telecom and media industries, which many observers expect to usher in a new era of growth for mobile phones. Users are willing to pay more for additional services and many analysts predict that mobile phone handsets will eventually emerge as the dominant technology of the age, combining personal organisers, digital music players and games consoles in a single device. Indeed, Microsoft founder Bill Gates has predicted that mobile phones will supersede the iPod as the favoured way of listening to digital music. The launch of the Apple ipad in 2010 makes this case even more topical. This should form the basis of supplementary questions at the end of the case: How will the iPhone succeed? What about...
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...Chapter 1 The Evolution of the Modern Firm Chapter Contents 1) Introduction 2) The World in 1840 • Doing Business in 1840 • Conditions of Business in 1840: Life Without a Modern Infrastructure Example 1.1: The Emergence of Chicago 3) The World in 1910 • Doing Business in 1910 Example 1.2: Responding to the Business Environment: The Case of American Whaling • Business Conditions in 1910: A "Modern" Infrastructure Example 1.3: Evolution of the Steel Industry 4) The World Today • Doing Business Today • The Infrastructure Today Example 1.4: Economic Gyrations and Traffic Gridlock in Thailand 5) Three Different Worlds: Consistent Principles, Changing Conditions, and Adaptive Strategies Example 1.5: Infrastructure and Emerging Markets: The Russian Privatization Program Example 1.6: Building National Infrastructure: The Transcontinental Railroad 6) Chapter Summary 7) Questions Chapter Summary This chapter analyses the business environment in three different time periods: 1840, 1910 and the present. It looks at the business infrastructure, market conditions, the size and scope of a firm’s activities and a firm’s response to changes. This historical perspective shows that all successful businesses have used similar principles to adapt to widely varying business conditions in order to succeed. Businesses in the period before 1840 were small and operated in localized markets...
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...Transactions and Strategies Economics for Management This page intentionally left blank Transactions and Strategies Economics for Management ROBERT J. MICHAELS Mihaylo College of Business and Economics California State University, Fullerton Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Transactions and Strategies: Economics for Management Robert J. Michaels Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Publisher: Joe Sabatino Sr. Acquisitions Editor: Steve Scoble Supervising Developmental Editor: Jennifer Thomas Editorial Assistant: Lena Mortis Sr. Marketing Manager: John Carey Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Marketing Specialist: Betty Jung Content Project Manager: Cliff Kallemeyn Media Editor: Deepak Kumar Sr. Art Director: Michelle Kunkler Frontlist Buyer, Manufacturing: Sandee Milewski Internal Designer: Juli Cook/ Plan-It-Publishing, Inc. Cover Designer: Rose Alcorn Cover Image: © Justin Guariglia/Corbis © 2011 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—except as may be permitted by the license terms herein. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support...
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...This page intentionally left blank Managerial Economics Managerial economics, meaning the application of economic methods in the managerial decision-making process, is a fundamental part of any business or management course. This textbook covers all the main aspects of managerial economics: the theory of the firm; demand theory and estimation; production and cost theory and estimation; market structure and pricing; game theory; investment analysis and government policy. It includes numerous and extensive case studies, as well as review questions and problem-solving sections at the end of each chapter. Nick Wilkinson adopts a user-friendly problem-solving approach which takes the reader in gradual steps from simple problems through increasingly difficult material to complex case studies, providing an understanding of how the relevant principles can be applied to real-life situations involving managerial decision-making. This book will be invaluable to business and economics students at both undergraduate and graduate levels who have a basic training in calculus and quantitative methods. N I C K W I L K I N S O N is Associate Professor in Economics at Richmond, The American International University in London. He has taught business and economics in various international institutions in the UK and USA, as well as working in business management in both countries. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge...
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...ECONOMICS Discuss how incentives af fect people’s behavior The word economy comes from the Greek word for “one who manages a household.” At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But, in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide which members of the household do which tasks and what each member gets in return: Who cooks dinner? Who does the laundry? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to choose what TV show to watch? In short, the household must allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into account each member’s abilities, efforts, and desires. Like a household, a society faces many decisions. A society must decide what jobs will be done and who will do them. It needs some people to grow food, other people to make clothing, and still others to design computer software. Once society has allocated people (as well as land, buildings, and machines) to various jobs, 3 Consider why trade among people or nations can be good for everyone Discuss why markets are a good, but not per fect, way to allocate resources Learn what determines some trends in the overall economy 1 TLFeBOOK 2 4 Ten Principles of Economics PA R T O N E INTRODUCTION scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources economics the study of how society manages its scarce resources it must also allocate the output of goods and services that they produce. It must decide who will eat caviar...
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...MIcroeconomics: Markets, Methods & Models Douglas Curtis and Ian Irvine | Version 2014/2015 $ ADAPTED OPEN TEXT FORMATIVE ONLINE ASSESSMENT COURSE SUPPLEMENTS COURSE LOGISTICS & SUPPORT a d v a n c i n g l e a r n i n g www.lyryx.com Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en_GB Douglas Curtis and Ian Irvine Edition 1.11 This edition is differentiated from the first edition solely by minor editorial adjustments. Content has not been altered. Microeconomics: Markets, Methods and Models About the Authors Doug Curtis is a specialist in macroeconomics. He is the author of twenty research papers on fiscal policy, monetary policy, and economic growth and structural change. He has also prepared research reports for Canadian industry and government agencies and authored numerous working papers. He completed his PhD at McGill University, and has held visiting appointments at the University of Cambridge and the University of York in the United Kingdom. His current research interests are monetary and fiscal policy rules, and the relationship between economic growth and structural change. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, and Sessional Adjunct Professor at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario Ian Irvine is a specialist in microeconomics, public economics, economic inequality...
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...Kerin−Hartley−Berkowitz−Rudelius: Marketing, Eighth Edition I. Initiating the Marketing Process 3. Scanning the Marketing Environment © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 Kerin−Hartley−Berkowitz−Rudelius: Marketing, Eighth Edition I. Initiating the Marketing Process 3. Scanning the Marketing Environment © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 CHAPTER 3 SCANNING THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT IT’S SHOW TIME! Don’t blink, because the world of entertainment is changing faster than anyone imagined possible. Online music, high-definition televisions, digital photography, computer-based media centers, and software for making movies are just some of the many products new to the entertainment industry. The revolution began with the combination of Apple’s iPod music player, which can store 10,000 songs in a device smaller than a deck of cards, and its iTunes Music Store, which sells more than 10,000,000 songs each month for just $.99 each. Other new forms of digital entertainment products include digital video recorders (DVRs), which record TV shows on hard drives instead of tape, and home entertainment “hubs,” which utilize wireless networks to link digital devices from around the home. Some experts even predict that there will probably be a version of iPod and iTunes for movies in the near future. Suddenly the music, television, photography, movie, and computer industries are converging. Musicians, recording companies, television networks, camera companies, movie studios...
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...Unit 1 Concepts of Managerial Economics Learning Outcome After going through this unit, you will be able to: • • • • Explain succinctly the meaning and definition of managerial economics Elucidate on the characteristics and scope of managerial economics Describe the techniques of managerial economics Explain the application of managerial economics in various aspects of decision making • Explicate the application of managerial economics in marginal analysis and optimisation Time Required to Complete the unit 1. 2. 1st Reading: It will need 3 Hrs for reading a unit 2nd Reading with understanding: It will need 4 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit 3. 4. 5. Self Assessment: It will need 3 Hrs for reading and understanding a unit Assignment: It will need 2 Hrs for completing an assignment Revision and Further Reading: It is a continuous process Content Map 1.1 1.2 Introduction Concept of Managerial Economics 1.2.1 Meaning of Managerial Economics 1.2.2 Definitions of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics 1 1.2.3 Characteristics of Managerial Economics 1.2.4 Scope of Managerial Economics 1.2.5 Why Managers Need to Know Economics? 1.3 1.4 Techniques of Managerial Economics Managerial Economics - Its application in Marginal Analysis and Optimisation 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.5 1.6 1.7 Application of Managerial Economics Tools of Decision Science and Managerial Economics Summary Self Assessment Test Further Reading 2 Managerial Economics 1.1 Introduction ...
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...output for this multi-plan firm: 24 = q1 + q2 + q3. Now, the price of labour rises to $4. Provide (i) Isoquant/Isocost diagrams, (ii) Total Cost and (iii) Marginal Cost diagrams. Illustrate the substitution effect (point a to b) and output effect (point b to c) on these diagrams. Explain why your firm uses less capital even when the price of labour increases. (September 2010) For the production function q = K2 + L2 (A) Demonstrate that the elasticity of substitution is negative. (B) Provide a labelled diagram showing the q = 100 isoquant (C) Briefly explain what a negative value means for σ 3. 4. A special production function is q = min( 80K, 4L1 + 2L2). Discuss the production process described by this function. Is this production function constant returns to scale? Five-year-old Jack has set up a hot chocolate stand outside his home. His customers like hot chocolate made in only one way, one unit of chocolate and 3 units of milk to go into each unit of hot chocolate. Jack’s mother, Naomi, provides him with heat, cups and cleaning free of charge. However, she charges him $0.25 for each unit of chocolate and $0.50 for each unit of milk. What are the returns to scale for his production function? (September 2008) Please answer both of the following questions. Provide clearly written, concise answers (maximum 100 words each). Provide diagrams as appropriate. (a) How are the ideas of diminishing marginal productivity and returns to scale related? Can a firm that has diminishing marginal...
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...Chapter 1 5 Connecting Economics and Work Learning Objectives Define and describe five major components of our economic system Give examples of the relationship between supply and demand and the price of goods and services List several facts that emphasize the importance of individual workers in our economic system Explain government’s role in maintaining a balance between dollars spent for goods and services and the capacity of business to produce them View the world of work as global rather than local concerned with the way a society uses its productive resources to fulfill the needs (necessities) and wants (luxuries) of each member. The word economics comes from the ancient Greek word oikonomikos, meaning “the management of a household.” E conomics is the name of the social science 337 Enrich Your Vocabulary In reading this chapter and doing the exercises, you will learn the following important terms: comparative advantage competition consumer demand economics economic system Federal Reserve System free enterprise system gross domestic product industrial products limited resources market opportunity cost profit scarcity services supply technology Vocabulary You can use the “Developing Your Vocabulary” worksheet in the Chapter 15 file of the Preparing for Career Success Instructor’s CDROM, Third Edition as a pretest or as a reteaching worksheet. Cooperative Learning Assign a group of students to decorate a bulletin board with the title “Economics...
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