...The Al Gore Effect: An Inconvenient Truth and Voluntary Carbon Offsets∗ [Job Market Paper] Grant Jacobsen University of California-Santa Barbara 2120 North Hall University of California Santa Barbara, 93106-9210 jacobsen@econ.ucsb.edu Phone: (717) 315-5503 Fax: (805) 893-8830 I thank Matthew Kotchen, Robert Deacon, Olivier Deschenes, and Charles Kolstad for helpful comments. I also thank participants at a UCSB seminar, the Western Economics International Association’s Conference, and the University of Colorado Environmental and Resource Economics Workshop. ∗ 1 The Al Gore Effect: An Inconvenient Truth and Voluntary Carbon Offsets Abstract This paper examines the relationship between climate change awareness and household behavior by testing whether Al Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth caused an increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. I find that in the two months following the film’s release, zip codes within a 10-mile radius of a zip code where the film was shown experienced a 50 percent relative increase in the purchase of voluntary carbon offsets. During other times, offset purchasing patterns for zip codes inside the 10-mile radius were similar to the patterns of zip codes outside the 10-mile radius. There is, however, little evidence that individuals who purchased an offset due to the film renewed them again a year later. This research has implications for how information campaigns, which are commonly used by policy-makers to...
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...attractiveness of foreign markets, which leads to expensive mistakes. This essay shall discuss the opportunities and risk associated with distance in international expansion. According to Ghemawat (2001), distance between two countries can manifest itself along four basic dimensions: cultural, administration, geographic and economic. Geographic distance, for instance, affects the costs of transportation and communications and is particularly importance to companies that deal with heavy or bulky products. Cultural distance, by contrast, affects consumer’s product preferences. It is a crucial consideration for any consumer goods or media company but it is much less important for a cement or steel business. Administrative distance involves historical and political associations shared by countries that greatly affect trade between them. Economic distance states that the wealth or income of consumers is the most important economic attribute, which creates distance between countries and has a marked effect on the levels of trade and types of partners a country trades with. The opportunities and risk associated with distance are based on the four dimension stated above where differences in each dimension can either be an opportunity to exploit or a risk to consider when companies decide to globally expand. For example, large economic distances between two countries can be an opportunity for companies to gain competitive advantage from economic arbitrage, which is the exploitation...
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...the greatest advantage. There are five well known theories Least cost theory Maximum profit theory Maximum coverage theory Minimum interference theory General Location Theory 1 04-03-2016 THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS A) Based on the number of facilities 1) Single facility location 2) Multi facility locations ( with or without interaction among themselves) B) Based on how the distance between a pair of facilities is measured 1) Straight line ( Euclidean) 2) Squared Euclidean 3) Rectilinear 4) Any other C) Based on the number of options available for locating the facility (discrete or continuous ) D) Based on where the location is (on a plane or in space) COMMON EXAMPLES Some facilities are located at known places and to be served by a common facility. Where to locate the common facility ? TYPES OFLOCATION PROBLEMS ( Contd.) E) Based on the objective function 1) Mini Sum ( minimise the sum of costs / distance / time etc.,) 2) Maxi Sum ( maximise the sum of sales / profit / market coverage etc.,) 3) Mini Max (minimise the maximum of time/ distance /...
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...Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA ABSTRACT An algorithmic information theoretic method is presented for object-level summarization of meaningful changes in image sequences. Object extraction and tracking data are represented as an attributed tracking graph (ATG), whose connected subgraphs are compared using an adaptive information distance measure, aided by a closed-form multi-dimensional quantization. The summary is the clustering result and feature subset that maximize the gap statistic. The notion of meaningful summarization is captured by using the gap statistic to estimate the randomness deficiency from algorithmic statistics. When applied to movies of cultured neural progenitor cells, it correctly distinguished neurons from progenitors without requiring the use of a fixative stain. When analyzing intra-cellular molecular transport in cultured neurons undergoing axon specification, it automatically confirmed the role of kinesins in axon specification. Finally, it was able to differentiate wild type from genetically modified thymocyte cells. Index Terms: Algorithmic information theory, Algorithmic statistics, Information distance, Gap statistic, Clustering. Various portions of this research were supported by the Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, under the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation (Award Number EEC-9986821), and by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1. INTRODUCTION Given a set of image sequences, we...
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...procedures are difficult to solve for realistic size problems. Therefore, two types of heuristic procedures are considered. Construction Procedure Improvement Procedures 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 4 Evaluation of Facility Designs Which layout is best? Is layout A better than Layout B? Several Common Methods for Block Layouts Distance Based Scoring Requires flow and distance Requires subjective AEIOU relationships Many methods available Weighted factor scoring Adjacency Based Scoring Multi-Objective Scoring 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 5 Distance Based Scoring Volume-Distance product Distance usually measured rectilinearly, between centroids Assumes that the material flow system has already been specified Assumes that the variable flow cost is proportional to distance Distance often depends on the aisle layout and material handling equipment Can also add a cost term ($/dx) to convert to $ 11.07.2010 Dr. Erkan Bayraktar 6 How should you measure distance? Most common is “rectilinear” distance between centroids d(X, P) = |x - a| + |y - b| Absolute difference in x direction PLUS absolute difference in...
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...they need; Location, x-ray,laboratories, management, pharmacy, etc. must have a specific place in the layout and finallyincorporate areas for medical and non-medical personnel. The second question asks about the advantages of the circular pod design over thetraditional linear hallway layout. One of the advantages of the circular pod design is that is mucheasier for nurses to see and reach each room, this means that the travel time for nurses will beminimized, but not only will save time, will give more medical efficiency for doctors and staff ingeneral. In addition, the circular pod system can supply two rooms at the same time and this issomething that the traditional linear hallway is limited. The third question asks for a total distance traveled for a nurse (Thomas Smith) duringthe day. He makes 6 round trips to each of the 12 patient rooms, 20 to medical supply, 5 break...
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...Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the deflation of a soccer ball affects the length that it travels when kicked. Due to our many years of soccer experience, we decided to choose this experiment to prove our theory that the amount of air inside of the ball has an effect on the distance that it travels. This theory of ours spirals from the unwritten rule that there is a “perfect” ball in soccer; not too full of air, but not too flat at the same time. As soccer players, when you kick the ball… there is a certain sweet spot when the ball meets your foot – if it is and it is inflated too much. This experiment will help us to determine which deflation rate yields the most successful distance. Design: For our experiment, we wrote down the names of the girls in first period soccer and put them into a hat, we drew thirty names to achieve our population total, and from the total population, we needed two treatment groups for the experiment. We drew names out of the hat and placed them alternately in group one and group two – until we had a population of thirty people split into two sample groups of fifteen. Drawing names out of a hat ensured that our subjects were randomly chosen and that there wasn’t any bias. We did not select the thirty people to participate before placing names into the hat because that could also have been a source of bias (we could have picked our friends or only girls on varsity). The sample subjects in group one were tested with...
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...1) If 5 times the value of a number is increased by 3, the result is 28. What is the number? * 5x + 3=28 5x = 25 x = 5 2) If 4 times the reciprocal of a number is 3 more than 5/2 times the reciprocal of that number, find the number. * 4 × 1x=52×1x + 3 4 = 52+3x→ 82=52+3x 32=3x ½ = x 3) John had $30,000 to invest. He invested part of this money in bonds paying 12% annual simple interest and the rest of the money in a savings account giving 4% annual interest. At the end of the year, he received $2,400 as extra income. How much money did John place in each investment? .4x + 12(30000 – x) = 2400 8x/8 = 1200 .04x + 12(30000) - .12x = 2400 x = 1500 .04x + 3600 - .12x = 2400 15000-30000=15000 .12x - .04x + 3600 = 2400 Total invested at .12 = $15,000.00 .08x + 3600 = 2400 At .04= $15,000.000 .08x + 3600 – 3600= 2400 – 3600 15000 x .04 = $600.00 8x = 1200 15000 x .12 = $1,800.00 1,800.00 – 600.00 = $2,400.00 4) The length of a football field is 180 feet more than its width. If the perimeter of the field is 1,060 feet, find the length of the field. x = y + 180 2x + 2y = 1060 x = 175 + 180 2(x+180) + 2y =1060 x = 355 2y + 360 + 2y = 1060 y = (1060 -360) / 4 y = 175 5) At a school choir concert, 256 students are standing in rows. If the number of students in...
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...appropriate and inappropriate touching. Space is the core connection of the Expectancy Violation Theory. Space has relevance to Expectation Violation Theory not only because the theory is rooted in proxemics, but also because it has direct application to the distances previously discussed (West & Turner, 2010). Let’s explore how individual “personal space” within conversations varies with cultures, friends, and strangers as it is predicted and or explained by the expectancy violations theory. The texts states according to Burgoon, can be defined as an invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual which defines that individual’s preferred distance from others”.(p130) With that said anthropologist Edward Hall proposed that an individual’s surrounding space is divided into four different ranges of special distances called Proxemics Zones. These zones are as follows: Intimate distance, Personal distance, Social distance, and Public distance. Approriate behavior is associated within each of the proxemics zones. Let’s focus and elaborate on one specific proxemics, the intimate distance. Why? My opinion is that this proxemics set the ultimate level of comfort allowed by individual. The intimate distance ranges from zero to eighteen inches. Behavior associated with this zone are being able to touch a person or being close enough to hear a whisper. Edward Hall noted that he finds is interesting that when U.S Citizen find themselves in intimate settings but...
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...Layout Planning Models, Algorithms and computerized l h d d Layout Planning References 1. Tompikins et al., Facility Planning, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Singapore,2003. i 2003 2. Richard L.Francis et al., Facility Layout and Location: an analytical d diti approch, 2nd edition, P ti H ll of I di Ltd 2002 h Prentice Hall f India Ltd., 2002. 3. Dr-Ing. Daniel Kitaw, Industrial Management and Engineering Economy 4-1 Introduction • The generation of layout alternatives is a critical step in the facilities planning process, since th l i th f iliti l i i the layout t selected will serve to establish the physical relationships between activities. 4-2 CONT’D • Which comes first, the material handling system or the facility layout? Centralized versus decentralized storage of work in i process(WIP), t li (WIP) tooling, and supplies d li Fixed path versus variable path handling The degree of automation used in handling The type of level of inventory control physical control, control, and computer control of materials. 4-3 Layout procedures • A number of different procedures have been developed to id the facilities l t aid th f iliti planner i d i i l in designing layouts. t Construction type Improvement type 4-4 Apples plant layout procedure • • • • • • • • • • Procure th b si d t P the basic data Analyze the basic data Design the productive process Plan the material flow pattern Consider the handling l h dli plan general material •...
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...FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS AIM: The aim of this experiment is to determine the focal length (f) of a convex lens by two methods. YOU WILL NEED: A 10 cm focal length bi-convex lens, lens holder, screen (a wooden block with a white painted side is ideal), ruler, light source (mounted clear bulb), power supply suitable for the lamp. An optical bench is ideal if one is available. WHAT TO DO: (a) Minimum distance method Set up the lamp, lens and screen so that a clear image of the lamp filament is formed on the screen. Measure the object and image distances (u and v). Repeat the experiment for a series of values over the range u+v = 45 cm to 100 cm. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: Plot a graph of u+v against u. The minimum point on the graph is at a point u+v = 4f, u = 2f (b) Two position method Set up the lamp, lens and screen 0.6m apart. Find the TWO positions where a clearly focused image of the lamp may be obtained. (one of these will give a large image and the other a small image). Measure the separation of lamp and screen (d) and the distance between the two positions of the lens (a) Repeat the procedure for other values of d between 0. 5m and 1m ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: The focal length of the lens may be calculated from the formula: f = [d2 – a2]/4d ----------------------- a v2 d u1 2...
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...provides an indication on where to find changes of skyline and how to update the skyline continuously. Based on the analysis, we propose a kinetic-based data structure and an efficient skyline query processing algorithm. We analyze the space and time costs of the proposed method and conduct an extensive experiment to evaluate the proposal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on continuous skyline query processing. shown in Figure 1, there are a set of hotels and for each hotel, we have its distance from the beach (x axis) and its price (y axis). The interesting hotels are all the points not worse than any other point in both distance from the beach and the price. Hotels 2, 4 and 6 are interesting and can be derived by the skyline query, for their distances to the beach and prices are preferable to any other hotels. Note that a point of the minimum value in any dimension is a skyline point – hotels 2 and 6 for example. hotel price sk yline 1 2 3 4 5 6 distance to beach Figure 1: An example of skyline in static...
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...countries because there are some culture and custom differences. It is important to learn how to socialize with foreign visitors. There are six tips for socializing with international people in trade show. The first one is researching on your business and social protocols that you might see at the trade show. You have to research it before the show and be prepared. Second, it is important being polite and sensitive to visitor’s conduct. We have different way of greeting, eye contacting. For example, bow is customary greeting in Japan, however, American people generally are not expected to be familiar with the complex Japanese bowing protocols. You should to be mindful of the visitor’s individual mannerisms. Third, you have to keep proper distance because different cultures have different norms for physical proximity. You have to be careful the personal space when you have a one to one conversation with foreign visitors. Fourth, it is important to build a good relationship with the trade show guests before doing business with them. International business executives usually prefer to establish strong personal relationships prior to doing business. Fifth, it is good to introduce your top ranking executives when the international visitors visit your booth in the trade show. Most of foreign visitor’s expectation is meeting the highest ranking executives first. Also, you have to consider how to exchange business cards with foreign people. For example, in Japan, you have to hold the card...
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...DIVERSE LEARNERS: Higher Order Thinking and Diverse Learners Holly Williams Grand Canyon University: SED-444 March 4th, 2012 Unit Plan Knowledge Statement: Define the distance formula. Comprehension Statement: Explain to me how each is reliant to the other. Application Statement: Develop a word problem requiring the use of the distance formula to present in front of the class. Analysis Statement: In a short one to two paragraph essay discuss why it is important for the distance formula to exist as well as identify careers that require the distance formula to exist. Synthesis Statement: Describe to me in one paragraph or more how you would and will use the distance formula. Give me an example of how it will be used and how you will try to implement it into future endeavors (i.e. trip times). Evaluation Statement: Identify how accurate using the distance formula is in relation to traveling by car or by any other type of transportation. How would you suggest it be tweaked so that it could be more accurate? Higher Order Thinking and Diverse Learners Reflection As teachers we need to do more than just stand in front of a classroom and dictate out of our books how add and subtract numbers or tell the difference between a noun and a verb; we need to insist on our students to look further into why 2+2=4. Higher order thinking is defined as a classification of thinking based on Bloom's Taxonomy of Thinking Skills. This type of thinking goes beyond simple recall...
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...alterations/modification and found that this vehicle (TN 37 BH 3223) has no modification and is similar to the other cars supplied by the manufacturer. 2. Being less than 6 months and hardly run 8,000 Km, initial requirement of calibration was not recommended as the trail has been planned to conduct in the place where distance is already known. 3. The vehicle has been taken to the nearest petrol bunk and toped up to a level (full tank) and market the lower and upper meniscus of the fuel position in the tank. Also marked the position of four wheels. 4. Properly sealed the fuel tank and noted the reading in odometer (7795 km) also reset the trip meter A reading to zero. 5. Driven up and down in NH 47,(Coimbatore – Avinashi Bye Pass road) and back to the bunk again. 6. Positioned the vehicle in same position as earlier and noted done the reading in both odometer and trip meter (7868 km & 73.2 km respectively). We are certain that the readings are correct (if calibration required, can be done later). 7. Top upped the fuel to the same level as set initially. 8. Noted down the amount of fuel top upped(1.58 ) 9. Thus attained the average fuel efficiency by dividing the distance covered (73.2) by(/) fuel top upped (1.58) as(=) 46.32 10. we have checked up for the density test report at the bunk and found...
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