What are the elements in PVC?
Answer:
Carbon, hydrogen, chlorine. If it's flexible, there's probably some oxygen in there as well.

Rigid PVC is poly(vinyl chloride), where vinyl chloride is ethene with one of the hydrogens replaced by a chlorine atom.

Flexible PVC ... sometimes called simply "vinyl" ... has additives like octyl phthalate (which contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) that keep the polymer swollen and flexible.

What elements are electrical wiring made out of?
Answer:
Almost all electrical wiring is made of copper. For larger sizes to keep the cost of the installation down the wire used is aluminum.

Sometimes the copper wire is tinned with solder, and sometimes there is some silver in it.
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For over 100 years utility companies have been using aluminum wire in their power grids. It has advantages over copper wire in that it is lighter, more flexible, and less expensive. Aluminium wire in power grid applications was very successful and is still used today.

Wiring in homes and buildings is another matter. In the '60s when the price of copper skyrocketed, aluminum wire was manufactured in sizes small enough to be used in homes. Aluminium wire requires a larger wire gauge than copper to carry the same current. For example, a standard 15 A branch circuit wired with No. 14 gauge copper requires No. 12 gauge aluminum.

When first used in branch circuit wiring, aluminum wire was not installed any differently than copper, and many of these connections failed due to bad connection techniques and dissimilar metals. These connection failures generated heat under electrical load and resulted in overheated connections.

Most metals oxidize when exposed to air. Aluminium oxide is an electrical insulator. The aluminum in a slightly loose conenction oxidizes and over time will fail.

In the late 1960s, the CU/AL specification was created that specified standards for devices intended for use with aluminum wire. Larger screw terminals were designed to hold the wire more suitably. Unfortunately, CU/AL switches and receptacles failed to work well with aluminum, and a new specification called CO/ALR (copper-aluminum, revised) was created. These devices employ screw terminals designed to act as a similar metal to aluminum and to expand at a similar rate. CO/ALR applies only to standard light switches and receptacles; CU/AL is the standard marking for circuit breakers and larger equipment.

Aluminium wires have been implicated in house fires in which people have been killed. There were several reasons why these connections failed. The main reasons were improper installation, the differences in coefficient of expansion between aluminum wire and the terminations used in the 1960s.

Aluminium's coefficient of expansion varies significantly from the metals common in devices, outlets, switches, and screws that were used before the mid-1970s. Since aluminum and steel both expand and contract at different rates under thermal load, loose connections began to grow progressively looser over time.
Materials science
Benjamin Thompson noted at the start of the 18th century that kitchen utensils were commonly made of copper, with various efforts made to prevent the copper from reacting with food (particularly its acidic contents) at the temperatures used for cooking, including tinning, enamelling, and varnishing. He observed that iron had been used as a substitute, and that some utensils were made of earthenware. By the turn of the 20th century, Maria Parloa noted that kitchen utensils were made of (tinned or enamelled) iron and steel, copper, nickel, silver, tin, clay, earthenware, and aluminium. The latter, aluminium, became a popular material for kitchen utensils in the 20th century.
Copper
Copper has good thermal conductivity and copper utensils are both durable and attractive in appearance. However, they are also comparatively heavier than utensils made of other materials, require scrupulous cleaning to remove poisonous tarnish compounds, and are not suitable for acidic foods.
Iron
Iron is more prone to rusting than (tinned) copper. Cast iron kitchen utensils, in particular, are however less prone to rust if, instead of being scoured to a shine after use, they were simply washed with detergent and water and wiped clean with a cloth, allowing the utensil to form a coat of (already corroded iron and other) material that then acts to prevent further corrosion (a process known as seasoning). Furthermore, if an iron utensil is solely used for frying or cooking with fat or oil, corrosion can be reduced by never heating water with them, never using them to cook with water, and when washing them with water to dry them immediately afterwards, removing all water. Since oil and water are imiscible, since oils and fats are more covalent compounds, and since it is ionic compounds such as water that promote corrosion, eliminating as much contact with water reduces corrosion. For some iron kitchen utensils, water is a particular problem, since it is very difficult to dry them fully. In particular, iron egg-beaters or ice cream freezers are tricky to dry, and the consequent rust if left wet will roughen them and possibly clog them completely. When storing iron utensils for long periods, van Rensselaer recommended coating them in non-salted (since salt is also an ionic compound) fat or paraffin.
Iron utensils have little problem with high cooking temperatures, are simple to clean as they become smooth with long use, are durable and comparatively strong (i.e. not as prone to breaking as, say, earthenware), and hold heat well. However, as noted, they rust comparatively easily.
Earthenware and enamelware
Earthenware utensils suffer from brittleness when subjected to rapid large changes in temperature, as commonly occur in cooking, and the glazing of earthenware often contains lead, which is poisonous. Thompson noted that as a consequence of this the use of such glazed earthenware was prohibited by law in some countries from use in cooking, or even from use for storing acidic foods. van Rensselaer proposed in 1919 that one test for lead content in earthenware was to let a beaten egg stand in the utensil for a few minutes and watch to see whether it became discoloured, which is a sign that lead might be present.
In addition to their problems with thermal shock, enamelware utensils require careful handling, as careful as for glassware, because they are prone to chipping. But enamel utensils are not affected by acidic foods, are durable, and are easily cleaned. However, they cannot be used with strong alkalis.
Earthenware, porcelain, and pottery utensils can be used for both cooking and serving food, and so thereby save on washing-up of two separate sets of utensils. They are durable, and (van Rensselaer notes) "excellent for slow, even cooking in even heat, such as slow baking". However, they are comparatively unsuitable for cooking using a direct heat, such as a cooking over a flame.
Aluminium
James Frank Breazeale in 1918 opined that aluminium "is without doubt the best material for kitchen utensils", noting that it is "as far superior to enamelled ware as enamelled ware is to the old-time iron or tin". He qualified his recommendation for replacing worn out tin or enamelled utensils with aluminium ones by noting that "old-fashioned black iron frying pans and muffin rings, polished on the inside or worn smooth by long usage, are, however, superior to aluminium ones".
Aluminium's advantages over other materials for kitchen utensils is its good thermal conductivity (which is approximately an order of magnitude greater than that of steel), the fact that it is largely non-reactive with foodstuffs at low and high temperatures, its low toxicity, and the fact that its corrosion products are white and so (unlike the dark corrosion products of, say, iron) do not discolour food that they happen to be mixed into during cooking. However, its disadvantages are that it is easily discoloured, can be dissolved by acidic foods (to a comparatively small extent), and reacts to alkaline soaps if they are used for cleaning a utensil.
In the European Union, the construction of kitchen utensils made of aluminium is determined by two European standards: EN 601 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Castings — Chemical composition of castings for use in contact with foodstuffs) and EN 602 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Wrought products — Chemical composition of semi-finished products used for the fabrication of articles for use in contact with foodstuffs). These define maxima for the percentages (by mass) of impurities or added elements present, other than aluminium, in such products, as follows:
Unalloyed aluminium iron and silicon: less than 1% chromium, manganese, nickel, zinc, titanium, tin: less than 0.1% each copper: less than 0.1% (or less than 0.2% if the proportions of chromium and manganese both do not exceed 0.05%) other elements: less than 0.05%
Alloyed aluminium[12] * silicon: less than 13.5% * iron: less than 2% * copper: less than 0.6% * manganese: less than 4% * magnesium: less than 11% (less than 5% in pressure cooking utensils) * chromium:less than 0.35% * nickel: less than 3% * zinc: less than 0.25% * antimony: less than 0.2% * tin: less than 0.1% * strontium: less than 0.3% * zirconium: less than 0.3% * titanium: less than 0.3% * other elements: less than 0.05% each, and less than 0.15% in total
What element is used in tooth fillings?
I need to find which element is in an alloy to make tooth fillings.
Gold or silver. Any more though it's an epoxy type material.
Bottom of Form silver and mercury
There are two types of Dental restorations. They are
a) Direct restoration
b) Indirect restoration

Direct restorations : are fillings placed immediately into a prepared cavity in a single visit. They include dental amalgam, glass ionomers, resin ionomers and some resin composite fillings.

Indirect restorations: generally require two or more visits. They include inlays, onlays, veneers, crowns and bridges fabricated with gold, base metal alloys, ceramics or composites.

I think you are going for direct one.

AMALGAM FILLINGS:
Dental amalgam is a stable alloy made by combining elemental mercury, silver, tin, copper and possibly other metallic elements.

COMPOSITE FILLINGS:
Composite fillings are a mixture of glass or quartz filler in a resin medium that produces a tooth-colored filling.

IONOMERS:
Glass ionomers are translucent, tooth-colored materials made of a mixture of acrylic acids and fine glass powders that are used to fill cavities, particularly those on the root surfaces of teeth.
Resin ionomers also are made from glass filler with acrylic acids and acrylic resin.

Hope I helped you :)
What are the elements in iodized salt?
Elements Used in Coins
By Kent Ninomiya, eHow Contributor
Throughout most of the history of money, coins were made of precious and semi-precious metals. This gave the coins value for their content as well as for being legal tender. The elements used in the coins were primarily gold, silver, nickel and copper. As the price of these metals rose, many mints switched to cheaper alloys for coins. As a consequence, coins still have value for being legal tender but are no longer worth much for their content. 1. History
Cent coins were made out of pure copper when they were first minted in 1793. In 1837, the U.S. Mint switched to bronze which is an alloy containing 95% copper and 5% tin and zinc. Between 1857 and 1864 the alloy was changed to 88% copper and 12% nickel before returning to bronze again. The cent stayed that way until 1943 when copper was desperately needed to help fight World War II. That year the cent was made out of steel coated with a thin layer of zinc. After that, bronze was used again until 1962. All the zinc was removed leaving cents made of 95% copper and 5% zinc. In 1982, the rising price of copper prompted the U.S. Mint to change the composition of the cent to 97.5% zinc and just 2.5% copper.
Features
Before a nickel was called a nickel, there was a coin called a half dime that was worth five cents. They were minted between 1794 and 1873, and were made from silver. For seven years, the U.S. Mint produced two kinds of five-cent coin. In 1866 they introduced the "nickel." It was called that even though it is just 25% nickel. The rest of it is made out of copper. The elements in a five-cent coin remained constant ever since, except for three and a half years during World War II. From mid 1942 until 1945, five-cent coins were made from 56% copper, 35% silver and 9% manganese.
Types
The dime, quarter and half dollar coins were originally made from silver. This explains why a dime is smaller than a nickel or cent. Silver is a more valuable metal so a smaller amount of it is worth more than the metals in a nickel or cent. Silver prices skyrocketed in the mid 1960's. Since 1965, dimes and quarters have been made from an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel surrounding a pure copper core. This is called a "clad" coin. Silver content of the half dollar was reduced to 40% that year. By 1971, all the silver was removed from half dollars and they also became clad coins.
Potential
The U.S. Mint made dollar coins on and off between 1804 and 1935. These were composed of one ounce of silver. Between 1971 and 1978, a similar sized dollar coin with Dwight Eisenhower's portrait was produced in a clad composition. Between 1979 and 1981 then again in 1999, a smaller clad dollar coin was made with Susan B. Anthony's portrait. In 2000, a new golden dollar coin was introduced. It was also a clad coin but contains 88.5% copper, 6% zinc, 3.5% manganese and 2% nickel. It features portraits of Sacagawea and U.S. Presidents.
Identification
The U.S. Mint produced legal tender gold coins from 1795 to 1933. These were in denominations of $1, $2.50, $3, $5, $10 and $20. They contain 90% gold and 10% silver. This mixture makes the gold coins hard enough to handle and hold their shape. The U.S. Mint currently makes bullion and collectible coins in gold, silver and platinum. These are not legal tender coins and have value based on their precious metal content.
What elements are in aluminum foil?
Ingredients in Toothpaste
Feb 6, 2010 | By Chris Sherwood
Brushing your teeth is an important part of both your oral hygiene as well as your overall health. Obviously one of the major elements involved is toothpaste. Toothpaste combines a series of active ingredients that work together to whiten and remove buildup from your teeth, as well as kill harmful bacteria in the mouth.
Abrasives
Abrasives such as hyrdated silica and baking soda are commonly used in toothpastes. Abrasives are needed to help loosen plaque and other unwanted substances on the teeth and remove the bacterial film that can build up over time on the surface of the teeth.
Fluoride
Fluorides, such as sodium fluoride, are also a commonly used ingredient in toothpastes. Fluorides are used to harden the teeth. This helps teeth become more resistant to the bacteria and tooth decay that can lead to cavities.
Lauryl Sulfates
Lauryl sulfates, such as sodium or ammonia lauryl sulfate, are also commonly found in toothpaste. Lauryl sulfates act as foaming agents that help break down plaque and bacteria on the teeth, which are then trapped in the foam and rinsed away.
Humectants
Humectants, such as propylene, glycol, sorbitol and glycerol, may also be used in toothpastes. Humectants aren't for the teeth, but draw moisture from the air and help retain moisture in the toothpaste to prevent it from drying out.
Flavoring
Flavoring is also an important ingredient in toothpastes. Flavorings mask the taste of the active ingredients and may include components such as saccharin, mint or cinnamon. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), flavorings do not contribute to tooth decay; to ensure this, no toothpaste with sugar as an ingredient is approved by the ADA.
Thickeners
Thickeners, such as synthetic cellulose or natural gum, provide the right consistency for easy application of the product to the toothbrush and mouth.
Antiseptics
Antiseptics such as triclosan or xylitol may also be found in toothpastes. Antiseptic ingredients help kill bacteria and prevent plaque formation on the surface of teeth
Lead - the Element
All of us have heard of the metal called lead. It is a kind of wonder element because its uses range from health to construction processes, to batteries and bullets. What is it that makes it so multi-purpose? Scrolling down will let you know more about it.
Lead is categorized as one of the heavy metals, having atomic number 82 and symbol Pb. It is a malleable and soft metal and when it melts into liquid, it gets a shiny chrome-silver luster. However, when it is just cut, it has a bluish-white color. When exposed to air, it changes into a dull, gray color.

History
It is interesting that the Latin word Plumbum is the full form of Pb, the symbol of lead. Plumbum in Latin was used to refer to 'soft metals'. History of this metal dates back to thousands of years. Lead is easily extracted and found in lots of places. It was used with antimony and arsenic in the early Bronze Age. Furthermore, in molten form it was used by the Romans to strengthen iron pins, that were used to hold the limestone blocks in monumental buildings.

Characteristics
It is a dense and ductile metal, and is a poor electrical conductor. It has an atomic weight of 207.2 amu. The melting point is 327.46 degrees centigrade and the boiling point is 1749 degrees centigrade. A great property of this metal, which probably makes it the best bet for industrial and chemical purposes, is its corrosion-resistant nature. It is extensively used to store corrosive chemicals, like sulfuric acid. It is also heavily used in the construction industry because of its malleability. It is frequently used for external coverings of roof joints. But, this metal and its compounds are poisonous, which can prove dangerous for human health.

Mining and Occurrence
In its metallic form, it is rarely found naturally. It is usually extracted from zinc, silver and mostly from copper ore. Galena (PbS) is the main mineral, containing 86.6% of lead. Its common varieties are cerussite ( PbCO3) and anglesite (PbS04).

The process of obtaining pure lead after the main mineral is extracted, is quite complicated. A coke-fired blast-furnace is used to reduce lead oxide from the roasting process. Lead is mostly converted into metallic form through this process. This form still has considerable contaminants of bismuth, zinc, copper, arsenic, gold, silver and antimony. All contaminants, except silver, gold and bismuth are oxidized after a treatment in the reverberatory furnace (using air, steam and sulfur). Then, the oxidized contaminants are skimmed off, after they float to the top. Pure metal can be obtained by processing smelted lead electrolytically through the Betts process.

The countries where this metal is produced (as of 2008) are Australia, China, the USA, Peru, Canada, Mexico, Sweden, Morocco, South Africa and North Korea. Out of these, Australia, China and the United States are produce more than half of the primary production.

Uses
Lead is used in a variety of fields, ranging from industry to marine engineering, to sports equipment. It is also the main element for the lead-acid battery, which is extensively used as a car battery. If added to brass, it helps lessen machine tool wear. In X-ray rooms, it is used as a shield against radiation. It is frequently used in sculptures and statues. The metal is also used in the making of the ballast keel of sailboats, because of its high density and corrosion-resistant properties. Due to the aforementioned qualities, it is also widely used in scuba-diving weight belts. In liquid form, it is also used as a coolant. It is a component of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic, which is used to coat electrical wires.

Effects on Human Body
Lead, due to its poisonous properties can cause damage to the nervous connections, blood and brain disorders in children. In the event of long term exposure to the metal or its salts, nephropathy and colic-like abdominal pain can occur. The main target of toxicity, is the nervous system. Kidneys and brain can undergo serious damage, in case of continuous exposure to high-level of the metal and it can also be fatal. If pregnant women are highly exposed to it, it could result in a miscarriage. In short, lead has or can have an effect on almost every organ system of the body. Low level exposure to this element can decrease the cognitive capacity of children.

There are many more dimensions to this wonder metal. Discretionary use of this element can help reap the best of outcomes.
Chemical & Physical Properties

Chemical symbol for gold = Au
Atomic number = 79 (79 protons and electrons; 118 neutrons)
Number of naturally occurring isotopes = 1 (stable) (70 total possible)
Atomic radius = 0.1442 nm
Atomic mass = 196.96657 amu
Density = 19.3 g/cubic cm
Specific gravity = 19.32 (Gold is one of the densest of all the chemical elements, compare to 7.87 for steel, 14.0 for mercury and 11.4 for lead.)
Melting point = 1064.43 ºC degrees
Boiling point (liquid to gaseous state) = 2807 °C
Crystal structure: FCC (cubic)
Thermal conductivity = 310 W m-1 K-1
Electrical resistivity = 0.022 micro-ohm m at 20°C
Youngs modulus = 79 GPa
Hardness = 2.5 (Mohs), 25 Hv (Vickers)
Tensile stress = 124 MPa
Gold is extremely malleable (the extent to which a material can undergo deformation in compression before failure). In the annealed state it can be hammered cold into a translucent wafer 0.000013 cm thick. One ounce of gold can be beaten into a sheet covering over 9 square metres and 0.000018 cm thick.
Gold is extraordinarily ductile (degree of extension which takes place before failure of a material in tension). One ounce can be drawn into 80 km (50 miles) of thin gold wire (5 microns diameter) to make electrical contacts.
The ability of gold to efficiently transfer heat and electricity is bettered only by copper and silver, making it indispensable in electronics for semi-conductors and connectors in computer technology -- especially because gold is at the top of the series indicating its high corrosion resistance. In practise, gold dissolves only in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) and in sodium- or potassium- cyanide. The latter solvent is the basis for the cyanide process that is used to recover gold from low-grade ore. In everyday use gold does not tarnish.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Water
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter and may take many different forms on Earth: water vapour and clouds in the sky; seawater and icebergs in the polar oceans; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the liquid in aquifers in the ground.
At high temperatures and pressures, such as in the interior of giant planets, it is argued that water exists as ionic water in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and at even higher pressures as superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice.
The major chemical and physical properties of water are: water is a tasteless, odourless liquid at standard temperature and pressure. The colour of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very slight blue hue, although water appears colourless in small quantities. Ice also appears colourless, and water vapour is essentially invisible as a gas. water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants can live within the water because sunlight can reach them. Only strong UV light is slightly absorbed.
Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, it carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. As a result, water is a polar molecule with an electrical dipole moment. Water also can form an unusually large number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds (four) for a molecule of its size. These factors lead to strong attractive forces between molecules of water, giving rise to water's high surface tension and capillary forces. The capillary action refers to the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the force of gravity. This property is relied upon by all vascular plants, such as trees.
Water is a good solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. Substances that dissolve in water, e.g., salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases – especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation) are known as hydrophilic (water-loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g., fats and oils), are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances.
All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases significantly with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride.
The boiling point of water (and all other liquids) is dependent on the barometric pressure. For example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boils at 68 degrees Celsius, compared to 100 degrees Celsius at sea level. Conversely, water deep in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach temperatures of hundreds of degrees and remain liquid. water has the second highest molar specific heat capacity of any known substance, after ammonia, as well as a high heat of vaporisation (40.65 kJ·mol-1), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature.
The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 degrees Celsius. It has the anomalous property of becoming less dense, not more, when it is cooled down to its solid form, ice. It expands to occupy 9 percent greater volume in this solid state, which accounts for the fact of ice floating on liquid water.
The Physical & Chemical Properties of Copper Wire
By Shoaib Khan, eHow Contributor
Copper's physical and chemical properties make it suitable for use in electrical wires.
Copper is used in the automotive, building and telecommunications industries. Historically, the Americas have been the largest producers of copper in the world, but it is also mined in other regions, such as Australia and parts of Africa. Copper is most extensively used in establishing electrical current through copper wires; many of the metal's physical and chemical properties render it ideal for such an application. Properties of electrical wires are derived from their core component, which is copper. 1. Physical Properties
Copper is a metal with a distinct reddish or orange tint, with a metallic luster. The cubic crystalline structure is face-centered, and reflects only red and orange colored light from the visible spectrum, giving it the familiar reddish hue. Compared to adjacent metals in the periodic table, copper is harder than zinc but softer than iron. The metal is malleable, meaning that it can be elongated with pressure and molded into different shapes. Copper is also ductile, which enables it to change form and be stretched into long thin structures without breaking. These properties, along with its ability to conduct electricity extremely well, make copper suitable for use in electrical cable manufacturing, where these physical attributes are particularly desirable.
Chemical Properties
The atomic number of copper used in wires is 29, meaning it has 29 protons. Copper's symbol is "Cu," and its atomic weight is 63.54. Copper is placed in column 1B in the periodic table, along with silver and gold, whose symbols are "Ag" and "Au," respectively. Copper has a Moh's hardness (a system of measurement to evaluate the hardness of metals) of between 2.5 and 3. Copper used in manufacturing wires has a very high specific gravity of 8.2, which is much higher than other substances of industrial interest, such as water (1.0), carbon (2.2) and sulfur (2.1). The specific densities of silver and gold are both higher than copper, at 10.5 and 19, respectively. Copper wires have low chemical reactivity; in reaction with other elements, laboratory copper has a charge of +1, known as cuprous or +2, known as cupric.
Corrosion
Copper in electrical wires is resistant to corrosion. When exposed to damp air, the substance changes color from reddish orange to reddish brown. In time, a fine greenish film, known as patina, coats the surface of the metal, protecting it from degradation through corrosion.
Industrial Copper
Copper in electrical wires has a melting point of 1083 degrees Centigrade (1981 degrees Fahrenheit). Its density, measured in pound per cubic inches, is 0.323, and its tensile strength is 35. Copper's thermal conductivity (measured at 68 degrees Fahrenheit) is 224, and its electrical conductivity is 10.37. Copper's linear coefficient of expansion is 9.4.
Physical and chemical properties of gasoline?
I need 3 physical properties and 1 chemical of gasoline and i cant find anything on google :(
Best Answer - Chosen by Voters
The chemical and physical properties of gasoline are highly variable depending on the specific product. As well, the hazards of gasoline are affected by the proportion of individual components. For example, gasoline containing a significant proportion of n-hexane may have toxic effects attributable to n-hexane. For information on specific components in gasoline consult the manufacturer or the appropriate chemical profile record(s) where possible.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE
Boiling point: 20-200°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.70 - 0.80
Solubility in water, g/100 ml: none
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 3 - 4
Flash point: <-21°C
Auto-ignition temperature: about 250°C
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 1.3-7.1
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 2-7

Chemical properties of gasoline:
The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is as follows: 4-8% alkanes; 2-5% alkenes; 25-40% isoalkanes; 3-7% cycloalkanes; l-4% cycloalkenes; and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene)
Biogenic and toxic elements in feathers, eggs, and excreta of Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) in the Antarctic.
Source
Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1, Bd.Tzar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abstract
Feathers, eggs, and excreta of Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii), adults, from Livingston Island (South Shetlands), chosen as bioindicators, were used to test the quality of the Antarctic environment. Sex was not examined. The bioaccumulations of toxic trace elements (Cd, Pb, Al, and As), essential trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, V, Ni, and Sr), and major essential elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, and S) were established. For the first time data about the element contents in Gentoo eggs is provided. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) there are differences in the metal levels among eggs and feathers; and (2) the element concentrations are highest in the excreta. The hypotheses were confirmed at 0.01-0.05 confidence levels. The concentrations of almost all trace elements were significantly higher in the feathers compared to those in the eggs. The following values of the concentrations ratio Fe/Zn were obtained: in the embryo, Fe/Zn = 1.5, and in the feathers, Fe/Zn = 0.5. The concentration of Pb in the embryo and excreta was below 0.4 μg/g, and Cd and As in eggs were below 0.05 and 0.3 μg/g, respectively. This indicates that there is no toxic risk for penguin offspring. Arsenic could be considered as a potential pollutant for Antarctic soil due to its relative high concentration in excreta, 5.13 μg/g. The present data (year 2007) were compared to the data for years 2002 and 2003. No trend of toxic element contamination was established. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As in representatives from the top of the food chain in the Antarctic (the present study) and Arctic (literature data) were compared. The data supports the hypothesis that there is an abnormality in cadmium levels in polar marine areas. Regarding Pb, the South Shetlands displayed 3-fold lower level compared to the Aleutians.