...Make sure you have your revision timetable worked out. Use calendar to plan work for different subjects (2) Make sure your folders/booklets/handouts are sorted out for: a. Language Diversity i. Language Change – over time (timelines, key events, language features, theories, standardisation etc) ii. Different varieties of English (American, Caribbean, Indian, theories, Kachru, divergence, creolisation, basilect, prestige forms, etc) b. Child Language Development i. Spoken Language (terms, theories, stages, etc). ii. Written language (terms, theories, stages, phonics, IPA etc). (3) For each area of the course, revise terminology, concepts, issues, theories etc (see overleaf). Booklets provide a very good starting point + VLE and links to helpful resources and sites. (4) Terminology and Method: For all questions you need to be able to use the Language Constituents and relate these to Context. So revision of Language Constituents, word classes, grammar etc is important eg you need to be quick and confident recognising features like imperatives, passive voice, noun phrase structure, different pronouns, modal verbs etc. And of course be able to comment on their effects: TERM – DEFINITION - EXAMPLE – COMMENT ON EFFECT [See the checklist overleaf.] (5) Theories and Issues. Read and makes notes on ‘Language: A Student Handbook’ (you have to give this book back after Easter). Particularly useful for you are Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11. (1,2 and 3 are also useful if...
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...|1. Lexicology as a branch of |3. Etymological survey of the |4. Types of word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number...
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...Dysfunctional. 5th slide: Functional – these are conflicts that support the goals of the group and improve its performance Dysfunctional – these are conflicts that hinder group performance 6th slide Relationship conflict (1) Studies demonstrate that relationship conflicts are almost always dysfunctional. (2) Friction and interpersonal hostilities inherent in relationship conflicts increase personality clashes and decrease mutual understanding. Low levels of process and low-to-moderate levels of task conflict are functional. 10th slide COMMUNICATION A review of the research suggests that differing word connotations, jargon, insufficient exchange of information, and noise in the communication channel are all barriers to communication and potential antecedent conditions to conflict. Evidence demonstrates that semantic difficulties arise as a result of differences in training, selective perception, and inadequate information about others. Research has further demonstrated that the...
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...closed-class words, the spatial prepositions (SP), which are used to illustrate the relation of two objects is limited in number and simple in form. Nevertheless, they have a great many senses. SP is not only applied to describe the spatial relationship, but also applied to organize other grammar structure. Therefore, at the initial stage of learning English, SP is always the vital category of words that English learners have to comprehend. However, these limited and simple words are used (use) in the expression of foundational spatial meaning and abstract meaning. Learners can easily understand the meaning of up in get up but not in time is up. This is because the common and normal way learners used (use) to comprehend English is to find the “semantic equivalent”. A Chinese learner can understand the former one while they find a semantic equivalent “qi” in their mother language, but the latter one’s (one) is empty. According to the “semantic equivalence hypothesis” by Ijaz (1986), learners always intend to copy all grammar and communication function, except for pronunciation and spelling. From the linguistics aspect, learner can hardly find a precise substitute in their mother language. Therefore, how to master the use of SP efficiently becomes a challenge for English learners. In the view of traditional schools of linguists, the mean of words are arbitrary (Saussure,**), that is to say, the various meanings of SP and their various collocations with other classes of words are ruleless...
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...Cultural Divergence or Convergence: What is Better for the Individual, the Group, and the Organisation? Evelyne Glaser Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria The article applies the balance theory to the ideal composition of multicultural teams and concludes that a moderate level of cultural divergence will achieve best results. Cultural diversity enhances creativity and leads to a new form of consciousness provided that the group undergoes a well-monitored team-building process and that authentic communication takes place between the team members. Key words: cultural diversity, multicultural teams, team performance Possible Effects of Workforce Diversity on Organisational and Group Performance The topic of workforce diversity has been widely treated in management literature over the past fifteen to twenty years. The focus has been mainly on the question how organisations can benefit most from it. Researchers such as Cox1, Taylor2, and Richard3 have argued that workforce diversity, when properly handled, can improve firm performance, raise organisational efficiency and effectiveness, add value, and contribute to competitive advantage. Others, like Kilduff et al.4, Abramson et al.5, and Chikudate6 have looked at the extent to which cognitive diversity affects the group and/or the company. Some attempts have been made by Tsui et al.,7 and Mamman,8 to look at diversity from the employees perspective. Yet the issue of diversity reflects a systemic problem: On the one...
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...official language of Wales, Scotland, in Gibraltar and on the island of Malta. Modern linguistics distinguishes territorial variants of a national language and local dialects. Variants of a language are regional varieties of a standard literary language characterized by some minor peculiarities in the sound system, vocabulary and grammar and by their own literary norms. Standard English – the official language of Great Britain taught at schools and universities, used by the press, the radio and the television and spoken by educated people may be defined as that form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Its vocabulary is contrasted to dialect words or dialectisms belonging to various local dialects. Local dialects are varieties of the English language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. Regional varieties possessing a literary form are called variants. Dialects are said to undergo rapid changes under the pressure of Standard English taught at schools and the speech habits cultivated by radio, television and cinema. The differences between the English language as spoken in Britain. The USA, Australia and Canada are immediately noticeable in the field of phonetics. However these distinctions are confined to the articulatory-acoustic characteristics of some phonemes, to some differences in the use of others and to the differences in the rhythm and...
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...RUNNING HEAD: THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE IN KM The concept of knowledge in KM: A dimensional model Forthcoming in the Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 10, No 6, 2006 Bertolt Meyer1 and Kozo Sugiyama2 1 Department of Organizational and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany bmeyer@psychologie.hu-berlin.de 2 School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan sugi@jaist.ac.jp Abstract Purpose: To sharpen the concepts of tacit, implicit and explicit knowledge by linking them to findings from cognitive psychology and memory science and thus finding a possibility for measuring non-explicit knowledge. Methodology/Approach: A review of KM and cognitive science literature leads to a dimensional model of knowledge types that links the concepts from KM to more specific concepts from psychology. One central assumption of the model was empirically tested and put into practice in one small-scale KM project. Findings: The concepts in KM can be linked to concepts from psychology and thus receive theoretical support. The developed model enables psychometric access to a part of non-explicit knowledge through structural assessment techniques. Furthermore, the model has proven to be of value in a practical application in KM. Research limitations: The experiment and the practical application are too small in scope to provide full...
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...information in a deliverable manner to others or his/herself. The term “information management” may be quite unfamiliar to general public. People would think that it might be related to computer science and information technology, which are newly brought out in this century. By the Dr. T.D. Wilson (University of Sheffield), information management refers to how information is acquired, organized, controlled and disseminated (Wilson). Indeed, information management has long been existed and “living” with us. Experts have different comments on Information management models. Some said models are typically wrong in nature but somehow useful (Box & Draper 1987). To summarise the features of IM model, it could be the representation of structure or diagnostic tool (HKU). This essay introduces four information management models and how they are involved in daily life. Each model would be illustrated with certain examples to let readers have a better understanding. In this essay, four information management models are discussed, namely Shannon Weaver Communication Model, 5 Rings Information Model, Kuhlthau’s Research Model and Information Transfer Cycle. A. Shannon Weaver Communication Model Shannon Weaver Communication Model is a cycle with several stages and steps published in 1948, titled “A Mathematical Theory of...
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...Linguistics Introduction the scientific study of language. The word was first used in the middle of the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the study of language that was then developing and the more traditional approach of philology. The differences were and are largely matters of attitude, emphasis, and purpose. The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical development of languages as it is manifest in written texts and in the context of the associated literature and culture. The linguist, though he may be interested in written texts and in the development of languages through time, tends to give priority to spoken languages and to the problems of analyzing them as they operate at a given point in time. The field of linguistics may be divided in terms of three dichotomies: synchronic versus diachronic, theoretical versus applied, microlinguistics versus macrolinguistics. A synchronic description of a language describes the language as it is at a given time; a diachronic description is concerned with the historical development of the language and the structural changes that have taken place in it. The goal of theoretical linguistics is the construction of a general theory of the structure of language or of a general theoretical framework for the description of languages; the aim of applied linguistics is the application of the findings and techniques of the scientific study of language to practical tasks, especially to the elaboration...
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...МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ «ЛЬВІВСЬКА ПОЛІТЕХНІКА» Л.В.Бордюк ЖАНРИ НАУКОВОГО СТИЛЮ МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ до виконання практичних робіт для студентів спеціальностей 8(7).02030303 «Прикладна лінгвістика» Затверджено на засіданні кафедри прикладної лінгвістики Протокол № 7 від 20.02.2013 р. Львів – 2013 Жанри наукового стилю: Методичні вказівки до виконання практичних робіт для студентів спеціальностей 8(7).02030303 «Прикладна лінгвістика». /Укл.Л.В.Бордюк – Львів: Видавництво «Львівська політехніка», 2013. - 40 с. Укладач Бордюк Л.В., канд.філол.наук, доц. Відповідальний за випуск Левченко О.П., д-р філол.наук, проф. Рецензенти Маркелова С.П., канд.філол.наук, доц. Романишин Н.І., канд.філол.наук, доц. Процес здобуття університетської освіти містить навчальну та науково-дослідну складові...
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...writing system along with hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means "Han characters"[2] and is written using the same characters as the Chinese word hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字).[3] Kanji Type Logographic Languages Old Japanese, Japanese Parent systems Oracle Bone Script Seal Script Clerical Script Kaishu Kanji Sister systems Hanja, Zhuyin, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Nom, Khitan script, Jurchen script ISO 15924 Hani, 500 Direction Left-to-right Unicode alias Han This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a list of words relating to kokuji, see the Japanese-coined CJKV characters category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Contents History Orthographic reform and lists of kanji Kyōiku kanji Jōyō kanji Jinmeiyō kanji Hyōgaiji Japanese Industrial Standards for kanji Gaiji Total number of kanji Readings On'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading) Kun'yomi (Japanese reading) Mixed readings Special readings Single character gairaigo Other readings When to use which reading Pronunciation assistance Spelling words Dictionaries Local developments and divergences from Chinese Kokuji Kokkun Types of Kanji: by category Shōkei moji (象形文字) Shiji moji (指事文字) Kaii moji (会意文字) Keisei moji (形声文字) Tenchū moji (転注文字) Kasha moji (仮借文字) Related symbols ...
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...documents as well as between a set of specified keywords using an additional layer of latent variables which are referred to as topics. The R package topicmodels provides basic infrastructure for fitting topic models based on data structures from the text mining package tm. The package includes interfaces to two algorithms for fitting topic models: the variational expectation-maximization algorithm provided by David M. Blei and co-authors and an algorithm using Gibbs sampling by Xuan-Hieu Phan and co-authors. Keywords: Gibbs sampling, R, text analysis, topic model, variational EM. 1. Introduction In machine learning and natural language processing topic models are generative models which provide a probabilistic framework for the term frequency occurrences in documents in a given corpus. Using only the term frequencies assumes that the information in which order the words occur in a document is negligible. This assumption is also referred to as the exchangeability assumption for the words in a document and this assumption leads to bag-of-words models. Topic models extend and build on classical methods in natural language processing such as the unigram model and the mixture of unigram models (Nigam, McCallum, Thrun, and Mitchell 2000) as well as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA; Deerwester, Dumais, Furnas, Landauer, and Harshman 1990). Topic models differ from the unigram or the mixture of unigram models because they are...
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...thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieve the aim. In our research we would like to concentrate our attention on “epithet”, a figure of speech which gives the opportunity to create the most expressive and vivid images. Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural - the lexical stylistic device the epithet as its component have not been fully investigated. This defines the actuality of the work and its theoretical value. The basic purpose of this course-paper is formulated as a research of linguistic nature of epithet, its types from the point of semantic, structural parameters and its informational significance in the text. The given aim predetermines the concrete tasks of the research. The course- paper pursues the following objectives: 1) to read the novel “Jane Eyre” and to find epithets; 2) to reveal the theoretical notion of the epithets and its categories; 3) to observe emotional, evaluative, expressive components of the lexical meaning of epithets; 4) to work out the classification of types of epithet. The novelty of our work is that the epithet is inspected as the necessary component of the functional whole-text; the investigation of metaphorical epithet, from the position of intentional and implicational components of meaning. From the theoretical point of view...
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...[pic] Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка Издательство: М.: Высшая школа, 1977 г. В учебнике рассматриваются общие проблемы стилистики, дается стилистическая квалификация английского словарного состава, описываются фонетические, лексические и лексико-фразеологические выразительные средства, рассматриваются синтаксические выразительные средства и проблемы лингвистической композиции отрезков высказывания, выходящие за пределы предложения. Одна глава посвящена выделению и классификации функциональных стилей. Книга содержит иллюстративный текстовой материал. Предназначается для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков и филологических факультетов университетов. GALPERIN STYLISTICS SECOND EDITION, REVISED Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков |[pic] |MOSCOW | | |"HIGHER SCHOOL" | | |1977 | TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Предисловие к первому изданию……………………………………………………..6 Предисловие к второму изданию……………………………………………………..7 Part I. Introduction 1. General Notes on Style and Stylistics…………………………………………9 2. Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD)………………………...25 3. General Notes on Functional Styles of Language……………………………32 4. Varieties of Language………………………………………………………..35 5. A Brief...
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...This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works...
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