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Dividend Policy at Linear Technology

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CASO PRÁCTICO: DIVIDEND POLICY AT LINEAR TECHNOLOGY

Conceptualización del problema

En el 1981 Linear Technology fue fundada por Rober Sawson en California, esta compañía se dedica a diseñar, fabricar y comercializar circuitos integrados. Por capitalización de mercado Linear ocupa el séptimo lugar dentro de su segmento. En 1986 Linear empezó a cotizar en NASDAQ y desde ahí ha dividido sus acciones cuatro veces. Dentro de los datos financieros del año fiscal se destaca el crecimiento sostenido que presenta Linear entre 1992 y 2001, siendo este ultimo año donde se alcanza un nivel muy alto en ventas logrando así unas cifras imposibles de repetir.

Dentro de su política de dividendos, Linear paga dividendos y hace la recompra de acciones. La primera la utiliza cada trimestre desde el 13 de octubre de 1992 cuando anuncio el pago de $0,05 por acción. Para el año 2002 la gerencia y la junta directiva de Linear determinaron realizar un aumento en los dividendos, cosa que busco señalar al mercado que Linear era una compañía rentable y que además de esto contaba con un flujo de caja positivo. Todo esto a razón de que la ventas para ese año bajaron un poco mas del 50% en comparación con el año inmediatamente anterior.

Reseña del histórico de los dividendos

 Análisis de los requerimientos de recursos y su disponibilidad en la firma
Linear gracias a su estructura de costos variables pudo afontar la caída de ventas que tuvo VER CUADRO
 Costos y beneficios de la retención en exceso de utilidades
La retención es importante tenerla si empre y cuando no afecte el pagar los dividendos de manera trimestral ya que si esto no se hace…
 Análisis de dividendos o recompras desde el punto de vista del problema de agencia y la señalización
El pago de dividendos y la recompra de acciones formaban parte de la política de dividendos de LInear, la primera se empezó a realizar desde el 13 de octubre de 1992 y de esta forma buscaban señalar al mercado que mantenían un flujo de caja positivo y que al anunciar el pago de dividendos de manera trimestral enviaban el mensaje del no riesgo en Linear y el valor inicial escogido tuvo como estrategia el asegurar al menos el porcentaje paragado. Para la recompra también se sustento en el flujo positivo de caja que Linear tenia por lo que a partir de también a partir de 1992 se realizaron de vez en cuando recompras de acciones
 La recomendación final y el soporte de la misma
Como lo mencionamos anteriormente, el mantener el pago de los dividendos es un mensaje muy importante para el mercado por lo tanto deberá mantenerse en lo posible…
 Presentación

1. ¿Cuál fue el dividend payout de LT en los años 2001 y 2002?
2. ¿A qué se debe ese cambio?
3. ¿Qué problema enfrenta la empresa con un dividend payout elevado?
4. Una vez que la empresa eleve su dividend payout, ¿podrá financiar sus oportunidades de crecimiento con facilidad?
5. Desde el punto de vista fiscal, es bueno o malo para los accionistas que la empresa tenga tanto efectivo en caja e inversiones temporales (en 2003 la tasa de impuestos para los ingresos ordinarios ( ) era de 38%, para los dividendos y ganancias de capital ( ) era de 15% y para las ganancias corporativas ( ) era de 35%).
6. ¿Por qué cree usted que la empresa paga dividendos?
7. ¿Qué recomendaría a la junta de Linear Technologies?

Diageo nació en el año 1997 tras la fusión de dos grandes comercializadoras de productos de consumo masivo, Gran Metropolitan y Guinness. Actualmente es la empresa líder de bebidas premium en el mundo y cuenta con marcas bien posicionadas en el mercado como lo son Smirnoff, Zacapa, J&B, Bailey´s, Johnnie Walker, Gordon´s, Tanqueray, José Cuervo y Malibú. La publicidad, comercialización y distribución de sus marcas la tiene categorizadas en 4 zonas geográficas América del Norte, Europa, Zona Internacional (incluye África y América Latina y el Caribe) y Asia-Pacífico, los ingresos de cada una de estas zonas frente a las ventas totales corresponden respectivamente al 33%, 39%, 13% y 14%. En este sentido y con los buenos márgenes operacionales obtenidos, no solo demuestra su capacidad de posicionarse globalmente sino de manejar adecuadamente su relación riesgo/beneficio.

En 1997, tras la fusión, Diageo ocupaba el puesto sexto entre las empresas más importantes de consumo. El proceso que llevó a que ésta se convirtiera en la empresa de producción y comercialización de licores más importante del mundo que es hoy en día implicó un cambio estratégico en el negocio. En el año 2000, luego de la llegada de Paul Walsh como CEOdel grupo, este proceso inició con el enfoque de la empresa hacia aquellas líneas de negocio que mayor valor agregado estaban generando para la compañía, específicamente se direccionaron esfuerzos hacia bebidas y alcohol. Continuando con esta filosofía del negocio, luego se vendería Pillsbury lo cual representó un ingreso en efectivo de 5100 millones de dólares más una participación cercana al 33% de la compañía que la compraría (General Mills), adicional a la venta de la participación total en Burger King mediante una oferta pública de venta; primero por el 20% y después de dos años por el restante 80% para evitar carga tributaria, de esta forma se obtuvieron ingresos considerables que los ayudarían en el crecimiento de las líneas de negocio más rentables y sobre las cuales se querían enfocar. Luego de la escisión, se consideraría entonces la oportunidad para Diageo de continuar creciendo de dos posibles maneras: orgánicamente, es decir sobre las instalaciones ya existentes y ganando mercado con las marcas propias, o, a través de nuevas adquisiciones. En cualquiera de los dos casos se debía considerar si la estructura de capital tradicional se sometería a cambios para la obtención de los recursos necesarios para este nuevo enfoque estratégico.

Las empresas que dieron vida a Diageo, como algunas de sus pares británicas, se habían caracterizado por mantener niveles bajos de endeudamiento frente a sus similares en otros países de la región. Para el año 1997 Grand Metropolitan y Guinness presentaron una razón de deuda sobre activos de 62% y 51% respectivamente, frente a una razón entre el 60% y 78% de otras empresas de la región (antes de la fusión la cobertura de EBIT sobre intereses se ubicaba en niveles de 7 y 12, mientras la razón EBIT sobre la totalidad de la deuda era de 25% y 47% para cada una de las empresas). A partir de estos resultados previos, y buscando mantener su buena calificación de riesgo en A+ para acceder a una mayor disponibilidad de crédito a tasas más bajas, Diageo se fijó objetivos de EBITDA sobre cobertura de intereses entre 5 y 8, y una razón de EBITDA sobre deuda total en un rango entre 30% y 35%. La evolución de la estructura de capital de la compañía se expone a continuación:

Adicionalmente, y como puede verse en el cuadro superior, en la comparación de los indicadores de cobertura de deuda e intereses se puede observar que tanto frente a empresas que atienden a los diferentes segmentos de negocio en los que se enfoca Diageo como frente a conglomerados de consumo masivo como Unilever y Seagram, Diageo pareciera mostrar una estructura de capital que asume mayores niveles de riesgo. Esta situación, junto al mayor nivel de apalancamiento posterior a la fusión ya expuesto, consideramos es consistente con la teoría del trade off. En particular, el mayor tamaño de la compañía al convertirse en uno de los líderes mundiales en productos para el consumo, la estabilidad en las ventas de la compañía que implica una menor volatilidad del flujo de caja (másaun teniendo en cuenta que los importantes márgenes operacionales en los diferentes países suponen el establecimiento de políticas de cobertura cambiaria), la tangibilidad de los activos (en el año 2000, el 61% del total de activos son activos fijos) e incluso el incremento en la rentabilidad soportada en la creación de sinergias y consolidación de marcas (el margen neto que pasa de 7.3% en 1998 a 8.2% en el año 2000), propician un escenario de mayor endeudamiento para este gigante del consumo.

Para determinar la estructura óptima de capital desde la perspectiva de la teoría del trade off, se debe evaluar el punto en donde el valor presente de los ingresos derivados del escudo fiscal compensan el valor presente de los posibles costos de quiebra. Si bien el valor presente del beneficio fiscal es fácil de estimar en 1.858 millones de libras (6.882 millones de libras de deuda total por 27% del tipo impositivo marginal para el año 2000), no ocurre lo mismo con la estimación del valor presente de los costos de quiebra. Si bien el director de Finanzas Corporativas y el responsable de Estudios de Tesoreria de la empresa estiman los costos de quiebra en 20% del valor de la empresa, es decir 5.422 millones de libras (20% de 27.113 millones de libras), no tenemos otra forma de traer a valor presente dicho costo sino mediante la simulación de múltiples escenarios de tasa de descuento, tasa que tendrá un valor para cada nivel de apalancamiento simulado. Los resultados arrojaron una razón de cobertura de EBITDA a intereses de 4.2 como el nivel que maximiza el valor de la empresa, el cual es inferior al piso del rango establecido por la empresa (entre 5 y 8 veces). Por esta razón concluimos que el nivel de endeudamiento contratado por Diageo puede ser sensiblementesuperior al 70%, más aun si tenemos en cuenta la flexibilidad financiera otorgada por la importante disponibilidad de caja de la compañía y los posibles ajustes sobre los presupuestos de la publicidad, así como por la sugerencia de contratar deuda a más largo plazo (disminuir en algún grado la participación de los papeles comerciales para mitigar riesgo de tasa de interés), podría reflejarse en un menor valor esperado de costos de quiebra y traducirseeventualmente en un incremento en el valor de la empresa.

Linear Technology, fundada en el año de 1981 en California EEUU, se ha constituido como la séptima empresa más grande en el negocio del diseño, fabricación y comercialización de circuitos integrados, destacando una evolución favorable de resultados financieros. El año 1997 muestra una leve desaceleración, pero la evolución de los siguientes años permitió a la empresa volver a las razones de crecimiento precedentes e incluso a superarlas. Ejemplo claro de dichos incrementos de consideración se dan en el año 2001 donde los resultados tuvieron un salto nunca antes visto en la compañía. La política de dividendos de Linear se centra en 2 estrategias: Recompra de acciones y pago de dividendos. En este marco, la empresa optó para el año 2002 en realizar un aumento en los dividendos a pesar de la baja en las ganancias de la empresa (en comparación con 2001). Llevo a cabo un incremento del dividendpayout pasando de un 9,63% en 2001 a un 27,3% en 2002. Lo anterior se hizo en pro de enviar un mensaje al mercado que evidenciara un aprovechamiento de los excesos en los flujos de caja: De acuerdo al anexo 1, al calcular la relación de flujo de caja neto versus su utilidad neta desde el año 1992 hasta 2000, encontramos una relación promedio del 93,3% indicando que existía exceso en flujo de caja. En el año 2002 y 2003 este indicador cambia drásticamente (4,6% en promedio) en razón al aumento del pago de los dividendos desde el 2001.

El costo por agencia se ve claramente reducidoya que los gerentes de Linear no tendrán flujos de caja en exceso para “malgastar” en otros proyectos. Adicionalmente verificando la remuneración de las empresas del sector al que pertenece Linear (anexo 6) a sus ejecutivos, encontramos que las políticas aplicadas a la empresa en mención son muy conservadoras: La relación de acciones versus salario es de 1.652 lo cual es moderada respecto al mercado(promedio del mercado:10.384) y la relación de acciones versus salario es la menor (325,3 de Linear versus promedio del mercado:25.276). Esta teoría reduce significativamente el riesgo que los gerentes tomen decisiones en torno a fines personales y genera un aliciente de tranquilidad a los inversionistas mostrando las políticas eficientes a sus empleados.
Un aumento del dividentpayout tiene muy buenas consecuencias al conseguir fuentes de financiamiento: Los accionistas divulgaran los buenos dividendos que Linear entrega, generando mayor interés de los inversionistas e incrementando la posibilidad de financiar crecimiento de nuevos proyectos. Además el 43.28% de las acciones (Anexo 4) se encuentran concentradas en 10 accionistas, lo que significa que se debe adoptar una buena política de dividendos para generar confianza en este reducido grupo de accionistas con alta concentración de acciones.

Al evaluar tributariamente el pago de dividendos, se evidencia que la tasa impositiva de los del inversionista es del 10,9%. Al compararla con la tasa por ganancias corporativas (35%) por impuestos ordinarios (38%) y de dividendos (15%) ma (15%) esta es mucho menor, generando un crecimiento en el capital al inversionista con una tasa menor efectiva. Esta condición nos confirma la teoría que el pago de dividendos optimiza el capital tanto para la empresa como para el inversionista.
Si analizamos el mercado (anexo 12) , las empresas que entregan dividendos tienen un índice de dividentpayout muy volátil, por ejemplo en el 2001 Intel tuvo un índice de 41.7% y Maxim de 1,8%, indicando que el valor de los dividendos de la compañía depende de su flujo de caja en el momento y compromisos que tenga (deuda con bancos, proveedores, etc). Lo que si podemos concluir es que las empresas si tienden a entregar dividendos a sus accionistas, generando confianza en el mercado.
Otro argumento que tiene Linear para tener tranquilidad al entregar dividendos es la deuda a largo plazo. Según anexo 11 su deuda a largo plazo es de cero. En comparación con las empresas que entregan dividendos como Intel, Motorola o Texas Instrument, las cuales tienen todas un nivel de deuda a largo plazo superior a Linear, genera más confianza para poder entregar dividendos y poderlos aumentar en el tiempo.

El reto de asumir niveles importantes de dividendos descansa en el hecho de poder seguir desarrollando un negocio con capacidad y con las herramientas necesarias para seguir creciendo. En este sentido Linear presenta una estrategia favorable en el desarrollo de su negocio, ya que al poseer una estructura de gastos variables que se derivan en gran medida del éxito o fracaso que presente el desarrollo del negocio, no está atada a cargues fijos de consideración que atenten contra los beneficios finales de la operación.
El hecho de asumir política de pago de dividendos suele estar cuestionada por la postura que afirma que resulta mejor el aprovechamiento de los recursos en nuevas adquisiciones como motivador de crecimiento. Sin embargo, el mantener una política sólida y constante de dividendos es muestra ante mercado de un buen manejo empresarial que a su vez mantiene y es fuente de inversionistas, los cuales se convierten también en motores de crecimiento del negocio.

La recomendación a la junta es mantener la política de pago de dividendos a sus accionistas, ya que garantiza confianza en el mercado, aumento del valor de la empresa en el mercado, generación de capital por medio de más interés de inversionistas en colocar su capital en la empresa, la ventaja tributaria que tiene para el inversionista y la empresa en pagar dividendos, la reducción de riesgo de agencia por medio del mantenimiento de las políticas de remuneración. La recompra de acciones serviría como recurso para estabilizar el precio del mercado en caso que se requiera en el tiempo.

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...Executive Summary Entering the 4th quarter of Linear Technology’s fiscal year 2003 the market continues to show signs of improvement. The company has shown steady growth in the last year and revenues are estimated to increase 19% over FY 2002. Based on this estimate, FY 2003 net income will hit $222.7 million ($0.71 earnings per share); a 12.6% growth from the previous year. Operating cash flow; while lower than 2000 and 2001 has shown a modest increase since 2002 and continues to be positive due to the company’s variable cost structure. This is in-part is due to more efficient working capital investments and “other” adjustments to income, awarding the company a 10% increase in net cash flow year-over-year. Linear Technology has increased its cash holdings to excess of $1.5 billion through employing cost savings initiatives, though these holdings have only shown investors modest returns in the neighborhood of 4.25% ($0.10 earnings per share). While modest, investors have come to expect this form of conservativeness and there has been little outcry of agency issues. Looking ahead, based on an analog “fabs” life expectancy of 10 plus years, capital investments, for a new “fab”, will be required in the next one or two years in excess of $200 million; leaving more than sufficient cash holdings while requiring no leveraging. Based on these financials, Linear Technology should look to increase its dividend payout by $0.01 per share. This has become the expected trend over the last...

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Linear Case Solution

...Executive Summary Entering the 4th quarter of Linear Technology’s fiscal year 2003 the market continues to show signs of improvement. The company has shown steady growth in the last year and revenues are estimated to increase 19% over FY 2002. Based on this estimate, FY 2003 net income will hit $222.7 million ($0.71 earnings per share); a 12.6% growth from the previous year. Operating cash flow; while lower than 2000 and 2001 has shown a modest increase since 2002 and continues to be positive due to the company’s variable cost structure. This is in-part is due to more efficient working capital investments and “other” adjustments to income, awarding the company a 10% increase in net cash flow year-over-year. Linear Technology has increased its cash holdings to excess of $1.5 billion through employing cost savings initiatives, though these holdings have only shown investors modest returns in the neighborhood of 4.25% ($0.10 earnings per share). While modest, investors have come to expect this form of conservativeness and there has been little outcry of agency issues. Looking ahead, based on an analog “fabs” life expectancy of 10 plus years, capital investments, for a new “fab”, will be required in the next one or two years in excess of $200 million; leaving more than sufficient cash holdings while requiring no leveraging. Based on these financials, Linear Technology should look to increase its dividend payout by $0.01 per share. This has become the expected trend over the last...

Words: 1555 - Pages: 7

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Company Analysis

...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Estalene Carrington: 20050270 ------------------------------------------------- Assignment 1 ------------------------------------------------- lECTURER – STACEY ESTWICK Due date – 27 February 2012 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Question 1 What is Linear’s current payout policy? Linear Technology went public in 1986 and is the seventh largest company by market capitalization under the SOX Act. It split its stock four times since its Initial Public Offering (IPO). Linear’s first dividend was declared on October 13th, 1992. Coghlan (Linear’s CFO) explained that the company had a positive cash flow since their IPO. He further posits that paying a dividend would signal to investors that buying shares in Linear was not as risky as buying shares in most other technology companies. Furthermore, offering a dividend would give Linear access to a new set of investors with varying...

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Dividend Policy at Linear

...Linear’s payout policy Linear's payout policy is comprised out of two elements: dividend payout and stock repurchase. In general, companies decide to payout dividends after transitioning from a high growth stage to mature and stable stage. Linear started paying dividends in 1992. This decision was based on good expectations regarding the analog circuits market and the fact that Linear had a top position in the industry. Also since the IPO, the company had positive cash flows. Thus paying out dividends would signal a strong position in a risky market and the transition to a more mature state of the company. As observed by some investors the technological companies had been just reaching that stage when paying out dividends was possible. The initial dividend per share was set at US$0.05. This amounted for 15% of the total earnings of the company in the fiscal year of 1994. The relatively low level was based on two principles. The first principle was that dividend payout demands a certain respect from investors so in order to send the right signal into the market and attract new investors, the company had to pay dividends. This in turn would mean a thoughtful payout ratio that the company could sustain over time thus leading to the second principle. This states that a low level for dividends would better suit the company in the event of less than expected earnings. In this case the company would not have to cut down or even stop paying dividends. Since 1992, the payout ratio has...

Words: 619 - Pages: 3