...DNA Replication A cell's DNA sequence contains all of the information it needs to make the molecules of life. Amino Acids help DNA to produce a cell. There are several proteins and enzymes that are involved with DNA replication, they help assemble liquids and carbohydrates. DNA replication begins with one DNA double helix and ends with two DNA double helices. At a certain point, the double helix slows down, due to the shortage in the RNA strand. That's why proteins are existing to hold the loose DNA strands in their positions. Each strand of DNA will then serve as a model to it's opposite strand of DNA. The original cell must be duplicated so after the cells have divided, so that each cell will have the exact amount of DNA. DNA replication is vital for the continuation of a species as it allows n organism to reproduce its genetic code and pass it along to the next generation. Without DNA replication, there would be no reproduction, so after all the current life dies out, there would be no more. DNA polymerase plays the central role in the activity of life. All living organisms have DNA polymerases. One enzyme does all the work. DNA polymerase carries the load of responsibility reproducing our genetic information. Every time a cell divides, DNA polymearse reproduces all of it's DNA and passes it to another cell. DNA polymerase loosens our DNA and builds a matching mate or reproduce to each strand. DNA polymerase corrects the common defects that occur in the DNA. DNA...
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...DNA in Forensic Science DNA is the carrier of genetic information in humans and other living organisms. It has become a very useful tool in forensic science since it was discovered. In forensic science, DNA testing is used to compare the genetic structure of two individuals to establish whether there is a genetic relationship between them. One example of the use of DNA in forensic science that is important in biology today is comparing a suspect’s DNA profile to DNA that was discovered at a crime scene. This can be done by DNA fingerprinting or by collection of body fluids, such as saliva, semen, urine, blood, skin and hair, found at the scene. Secondly, DNA testing can rule out possible suspects as well. DNA testing can be used to free individuals...
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...WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Every contact leaves a trace." - Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966) Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define 'Forensic Science'; 2. Explain the limits of Forensic Science; 3. Identify the types of forensic work; 4. Describe Locard's Exchange Principle; 5. Differentiate Reconstruction & Re-enactment. Synopsis To illustrate the scope and diversity of Forensic Science, place it in its legal context, and describe the various types of forensic work. There will also be a discussion of Comparison leading to Association, Reconstruction versus Re-enactment, Locard's Exchange Principle, and the limits of Forensic Science. Various case studies will also be analysed throughout the lecture. Case Studies Felicia Lee; Walter Dinivan; Madam Jetkor Miang Singh; Roberto Calvi; Buck Ruxton & the Jigsaw Murders; Acid Bath Haigh; 2005 London Bombings; "Brides in the Bath"; Gareth Williams; The Woodchipper Murder WEEK 2- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Quote "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" The act is not culpable unless the mind is also guilty. Learning Objective(s) At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 2A. Atomic Structure & Spectroscopy 1. Explain the structure of the atom and Bohr's model; 2. Differentiate between emission and absorption spectroscopy; 3. Explain the chemistry behind EDX and SEM-EDX; 4. Explain the chemistry in NAA; 2B. Molecular...
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...Forensic Science in the 21st Century Gertrude West Forensic Science and Psychological Profiling /CJA590 May 30, 2011 Edward Baker Forensic Science in the 21st Century Forensic science has various influences on crime, investigation and the people that are involved. Forensic science has a connection with the courts to ensure crimes are getting solved and justice is being served to those that commit crimes. With the help of forensic science, crimes are being solved from a human and technological aspect. This paper highlights numerous discussions on how forensic science plays a role in criminal justices system, security, media and the law. Forensic science is a separate entity from the police; although a large portion of the work is obtains through law enforcement. Forensic science is a recognizable component of policing during criminal investigation. The successful resolution from a crime scene involves preventing the site from being contaminated. This helps assures a great deal of gathering and interpreting evidence that could lead to an accurate interpretation of the event. The advances in technology are being applied to forensic science; a field in which technical is achieved by many factors such as including training, experience, continued education, and scientific methodology (NYSP, 2007). Forensic Science continues to develop in the 21st Century. It blends science and technology that has been useful for law enforcement to solve crimes and prosecute...
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...Forensics History Theresia L. Coates Criminal Justice 1010 Forensics History What does Forensics mean? How old is forensic science? When it was first applied to the law? How has the Forensic science changed the arrest and prosecution success of criminals? The term "forensic" comes from the Latin and means, simply, having to do with the law. How has Forensics evolved from the beginning until today? Let us delve into the history of forensics and its blossoming partnership with the law. Surprisingly, Forensic Science has been around and used in criminal investigations in some manner since before the Roman Empire making it centuries old. It has only been within the last century that law enforcement agencies and the court systems have come to rely so heavily on the use of scientific practices in crime scene investigations.1 The first application of forensic science was by the Roman physician Antistius in the year 44 B.C., whom examined the body of Julius Caesar. He determined even though the dictator was stabbed 23 times, only one wound through his chest caused his actual death. This autopsy is thought to be the first one recorded and the start of using forensic science. Here in the Greek and Roman society extensive knowledge was developed regarding the production, use and symptoms of various poisons, making it possible to identify their use in previously undetected murders. Thanks to these western civilizations advances in the medical field as well as pharmacology were...
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...DNA Role in Forensics Science At a crime scene there may be a lot DNA evidence left behind or none. DNA can identify victims and suspects. It can help solve cold case and give new leads to other cases. DNA is also use to determine kinship in a missing person case. It can also help exonerate someone from a crime that they were convicted of. When handling DNA such as blood at a crime scene it is important that it is properly documented, photographed, collected and stored. Besides blood, DNA can include: body fluid, hair and skin. Such DNA can be matched to an individual. DNA is the acronym for Deoxyribonucleic acid. According to Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, “The word nucleic is referring to “DNA location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cell.” (Page49). “DNA is genetic material that humans and other organisms inherit from their parents which consists of gain molecules” (Page 48). The shape of DNA is a double helix. Some would say it looks like a twisted ladder. “The double helix has four bases; (A) Adenine, (C) Cytosine, (G) Guanine and (T) Tyhmine. The bases have to be properly linked to their pair or else there will be a mutation in the gene. The following are the base pairs that bind:”Adenine with Tyhmine and Cystosine with Guanine” (Page 49). DNA testing began in the mid 1980’s. In the online article, DNA Factors states: Ever since the start of DNA testing in 1985, biological material has been a reliable physical evidence to help solve crimes (Williams)...
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...First, science is about observing and doing experiments. Watson in DNA: The Secret of Life talks about the steps that scientists do: from making observations and hypotheses to constructing experiments and drawing conclusion, he quoted the example of Mendel and Walter Sutton, where they observed the special phenomenon of the colors of peas from parent to offspring, and could found out that different alleles can be passed on to the next generation after experiments. In Watson’s own experiment of investigating the DNA structure, Watson also told us that science is about trial and error. Pauling initially proposed the three-chain model of DNA, but then Watson realized that DNA is actually a two-chain model after finding how the bases components of DNA and the backbone of the molecules form a helix. After trials and errors, Watson can finally find the real explanation of DNA. Furthermore, science is not only the work of singles, but rather the work of groups of scientists. After one theory is proposed, other scientists could criticize the modal. In the text, after the discovery of the structure of DNA, some scientists accepted the idea right away while the others were unconvinced, so more experiments were carried out. The cooperation of scientists could bring up new ideas, which could improve the modal in an efficient way. Yet, on the other hand, this also brings out the downside, after the non-finalized modal is brought forward, scientists may compete for finishing the experiments...
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...Science as a whole in my opinion has become something of a marvel and something that can be scary if in the wrong hands. I think that DNA is extremely important and that it has tons of viable applications, but have potential to do harm just as much as it can do good. Life has shown me that for the most part we do not actually have certainty of most of the science we conduct daily which can be scary if you think about changing things at an atomic a molecular level. In the grand scheme of things if we do not make leaps of faith we shall never truly test the boundaries set in place. DNA holds a critical function in research and has solved tons of problems. It outlines the foundation for a lot of science like medical, forensic, and agricultural...
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...1)Introduction; Crime today is at an extreme high. However, forensic science has been there to help solve every crime committed Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past. The word forensic comes from the Latin forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum. The word forensic basically means the key to solve a crime.This is the technology used to help forensic teams to analyze and solve crimes.- This is especially important in law enforcement where forensics is done in relation to criminal or civil law,[1] but forensics are also carried out in other fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and geology to investigate ancient times. Forensic Science is used to Identify Criminals Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. . In modern forensic science, the crime laboratories include photography section, Evidence storage section, identification section, chemistry section, General examination section, Fire arms section, instrument section and crime scene search section. 2)Origins of forensic science: In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs.[9][10] Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation...
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...Copyright © 2014 Delhi Academy of Medical Sciences, All Rights Reserved. 1/17 Test Information Test Name CT-BIOCHEMISTRY-II(MD/MS) Total Questions 60 Test Type Examination Difficulty Level Difficult Total Marks 240 Duration 60minutes Test Question Language:- ENGLISH (1). The bond connecting the intiation nucleotide of the mRNA with the 5me-G cap structure is a a. 3’-5’ phosphodiester bridge b. 5’-5’ triphosphate bridge c. 3’-3’ triphosphate bridge d. 3’-5’ triphosphate bridge Solution. 1) Ans is b: 5’-5’ triphosphate bridge Eukaryotic mRNA has capping of 7 methyl guanosine triphosphate at 5’end , hic hi linked to an 2’O-methyl ribonucleoside at it’s 5’hydroxyl through 3 phosphate [Harper- 30th ed-page 365] Correct Answer. b (2). If the tRNA has the sequence 5’-CAU-3’, what codon would it recognize (ignore wobble base pairing) a. 3’-UAC-5’ b. 3’-AUG-5’ c. 5’-AU-3’ d. 5’-AUG-3’ Solution. 1) Ans is b: 3’-AUG-5’ Codon on the mRNA are read in 3’-5’ direction and tRNA anticodon is matched in antiparallel sequence Correct Answer. b (3). The large eukaryotic rRNA genes,such as 18 S and 28S RNA encoding genes, are transcribed by which of the following RNA polymerase a. RNA polymerase III b. RNA polymerase I c. RNA polymerase II d. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase Solution. 1) Ans is b: RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase I : rRNA RNA polymerase II: mRNA. mi RNA RNA polymerase III: tRNA, 5S rRAN , Sn RNA Correct...
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...DNA Worksheet Crystal Noel SCI/230 25 April 2014 Frederick Carlisle, MS DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: 1. Describe the structure of DNA. * The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the biological instructions of making each creature their own unique species. DNA is made up of chemical blocks called nucleotides. These blocks are made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of four types of bases (Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)) which is the biological instructions are contained in a strand of DNA (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2012). Each DNA contains instructions to produce protein known as a gene, which size may vary ranging from about 1,000 bases to 1 million bases in bases. DNA is formed in a two-step process in which the enzymes that read the information in a DNA molecules and translated into a messager ribonucleic acid (mRNA). 2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? * An organism’s genotype determines its phenotype by the specific alleles which are alternative forms of the same gene that occupies the same location on a chromosome. There are two alleles (one on each chromosome in the pair) resulting one allele from your mother and one allele from your father. These alleles may be the same or may be different. From the different alleles of a gene serves as the same function but produces phenotypes depending on which set of...
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... telling about DNA that was found in the leg bone of a 400,000 year-old fossil. This is a huge development since scientists have not been able to find DNA in fossils older than 60,000 years (Rincon, 2013). The bone described in this article was found in Spain in an area referred to as the ‘Pit of Bones’(Rincon, 2013). This is a cave where the remains of 28 people were found. The ‘Pit of Bones’ is located near Burgos in Northern Spain (Rincon, 2013). The bones were found to be of ancient people who lived in the Middle Pleistocene Age. For scientists, accessing these bones was not an easy task as the cave is hidden and is only accessible through ropes and tunnels. One of the most important renowned characteristics of DNA is that it breaks down as time passes. It is therefore fairly difficult to access DNA as old as 400,000 years (Rincon, 2013). However, as reported in this article, technology has helped scientists to make such discoveries as the one described herein. The scientists who made this discovery were also able to come up with a sequence of mitochondrial DNA from the femur, although it was incomplete. This sequence showed a relationship with 40,000 year-old fossils found in Siberia (Rincon, 2013). The cause of this relationship is said to be interbreeding across ancient populations from different regions. The scientists also related the DNA acquired to the Homo antecessor, an ancient human species. The next step from this discovery is to find nuclear DNA that is more helpful...
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...How has our knowledge of DNA improved the study of criminal forensics? Introduction Through genetics, the study of DNA, we are able to figure out what and how genes are responsible for many things like our hair color or why do some people look a lot like their parents and others don’t. It also allows us to understand better how species evolve and how are they related to each other. It is important to understand how DNA mutates, changes and replicates in order to get information about what mechanisms cause DNA to change. In the 1970s scientists developed a DNA sequencing technique and other methods to manipulate and analyze DNA. This gave them the basic tools to start exploring the DNA blueprint which provided the techniques for a vast international project called The Human Genome Project (MRC). The Human Genome Project which was a major international project with the goal of decoding all our genetic information by 2003. A rough draft was done in June 2003 and it was a huge milestone that helped us understand how our genes can determine who we are (Genome Project). Many of today’s advances in DNA and biotechnology allow scientists and medical doctors to potentially cure genetic disorders through gene therapy by inserting, deleting or manipulating genes (Tillery, page 686). Another use of DNA technology is the creation of mutation by transferring DNA from one organism to another through techniques like cloning and introducing new DNA sequence into an organism to alter...
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... 12/14/15 Using DNA to Prove the Innocence of Death Row Inmates How has DNA evidence helped to identify innocent people on death row? DNA is a key factor in validating or invalidating the prosecutor or defendants case against the accused. This topic raises the question of how many people on death row are really meant to be there and how many are actually innocent. Before DNA evidence became more advanced most people were identified by eye witness accounts. With out further looking into cases of people on death row who had been accused during this less advanced stage in forensics some of them may be innocent people being put to death for a crime they did not commit. According to C. Ronald...
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...Research on DNA Forensics 1. Is DNA evidence perfect? 2. Should every prisoner have the right to reopen his or her case for DNA testing? Follow-Up Questions • Who should decide who does and does not have the right to reopen a case? • Who should pay for the testing? • How is the credibility of our legal system affected by the fact that numerous people have been convicted and then exonerated of a crime? 3. Would you vote to convict a person of a crime based solely on DNA evidence? Follow-Up Questions • Would you be more or less comfortable with convicting a person of a crime based solely on DNA evidence than with convicting a person based on eyewitness testimony? • Other than scientific evidence, what else might influence the decision of a jury? • If the case were heard by a technology-savvy jury, would the verdict have been different? • If the memories of an eyewitness are open to contamination, how can we trust what honest people see? • Should eyewitnesses that wrongly implicate a person for a crime be held accountable for damages? • Should a wrongly convicted person seek damages and restitution? What would be the implications for our legal system? • How does the questionable nature of eyewitness testimony affect the use of DNA forensics? Internet Research links Killer’s Trial (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/) From WGBH Boston, this is a collection of on-line resources that accompany a NOVA special investigating the Sam Sheppard murder...
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