...Radiation is part of life and is comes in different forms. Radiation from the sun provides warmth and light but other forms of radiation can cause harm to the human body. Scientists have also found ways to cure the body with radiation. The different types of radiation highlighted in this paper are Alpha, Bata, and Gamma. Radiation particles with an electrical charge are alpha particles. Alpha particles have the lowest penetrating power of the primary forms of radiation. These particles cannot travel more than inches and cannot penetrate the outermost layer of human skin. Even a piece of paper will block alpha particles. Although alpha particle cannot penetrate the skin, if the radioactive material makes it’s way into the body, by inhalation or ingestion, the concentrated radiation can destroy tissue and organs. Beta particles are more powerful than alpha particles. Beta particles are capable of traveling faster and can penetrate deeper into the skin than alpha particles. Beta particles can travel about ten yards depending on the isotope and can penetrate tissue several millimeters. Beta radiation causes a slight risk to skin and will generally burn skin with prolonged exposure. The danger comes with contact to the mouth or eyes. Very similar to alpha particles, the greatest threat of radioactive beta particle is when the particles entry the body. Beta particles are capable of immense internal damage to tissue and organ in much the same way alpha particles affects...
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...Area of the cell | Function of the cell | Cell-Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They provide structure for the body, and also take in nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions. | In the human cell, firstly we have the red blood cells; these carry oxygen around the body from our lungs, to the rest of our body. The nerve cells carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body which carry electrical signals around the body. The female reproductive system function (in the cell) is to join with the male cell and providing food for the new cell’s that has been formed. | Organelle-Organelles are tiny structures that perform very specific functions within the calls. The term is a reference to organs, and the way these structures operate in cells, to the way organs function in the body. Each has its own task, such as producing energy. | Organisms are composed of cells, and these cells have specific structures within in them and this allows them to carry out their functions. The fine detail of the cell (which could be revealed by an electron microscope) this is called the cell’s ultrastructure. Organelles perform different functions within a cell, and this is called the division of labour. | Nucleus- The nucleus is the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group forming the basis for its activity and growth. It help’s controls eating, movement and reproduction. The nucleus is a...
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...You have asked me “how do I sustain a healthier lifestyle?”. To achieve homeostasis (to maintain a life supporting environment), you must understand the related biological concepts. We will start with the organic compounds, which all include carbon; without carbon you can not survive. Organic compounds also contains other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur. The foods you eat provide the organic compounds that your cells are made up of and that they use to function. Organic compounds give the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (“CHO”) that are needed to make biological macromolecules. Biological macromolecules, are large molecules (also known as polymers). A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Monomers are small molecules that may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers. Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily). Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules. Macromolecules, that are necessary for life, include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates...
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...This increased role places greater importance on the ability of victim service providers to understand the potential significance of DNA evidence in their clients’ cases. What Is DNA? DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the building block for the human body; virtually every cell contains DNA. The DNA in people’s blood is the same as the DNA in their saliva, skin tissue, hair, and bone. Importantly, DNA does not change throughout a person’s life. The Value of DNA Evidence DNA is a powerful investigative tool because, with the exception of identical twins, no two people have the same DNA. Therefore, DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can be linked to a suspect or can eliminate a suspect from suspicion. During a sexual assault, for example, biological evidence such as hair, skin cells, semen, or blood can be left on the victim’s body or other parts of the crime scene. Properly collected DNA can be compared with known samples to place a suspect at the scene of the crime. In addition, if no suspect exists, a DNA profile from crime scene evidence can be entered into the FBI’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) to identify a suspect anywhere in the United States or to link serial crimes to each other. The effective use of DNA as evidence may also require the collection and analysis of elimination samples to determine the exact source of the DNA. Elimination samples may be taken from anyone who had lawful access to the crime scene and may have left biological material. When investigating...
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...Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: Describe the structure of DNA. "DNA is a polymer consisting of continuing subunits termed nucleotides." (Simon, Reece, & Dickey 2010) DNA is a double-stranded construction that is described as a double helix. A double helix is similar to a spiral staircase in which every step symbolizes the base pairs and the railings, and sides illustrate the bonding between the phosophate and deoxyribose molecules. Essentially DNA is one of the main building blocks of an organisms life. It has a chemical signature made up of four different chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). Furthermore, "human DNA consists of more than 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people." (www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov) How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? The genotype is the mixture of alleles. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that occupy the same location on a chromosome. "At any given locus (the specific site of a particular gene) there are two alleles (one on each chromosome in the pair) a human gets one allele from each parent." (www.sciencelearn.org) In relation to the nature of the genes and the kinds of alleles, a particular trait will be shown (phenotype). "Gene expression can be established by simple dominance, co-dominance, partial dominance or polygenic inheritance. Every instance will show particular...
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...Chemistry of DNA The chemistry of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is not as mysterious as some make it out to be. DNA is simply the hereditary material in all of living organisms; the biological instructions that make each species unique (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2012). Every part of our bodies contains tiny cells of DNA and within the nucleus of these cells is the information of hereditary. Nucleic acids are the building blocks of information storage; DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid). According to Simon & Reece (2010), “There are four kinds of DNA bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C. These base-pairing rules enable DNA to act as the molecule of inheritance” (p. 52). “Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix” (Genetics Home Reference, 2013, para. 3). Conversely, all four of these molecules are involved in all of the structures and processes of cells and organisms. Each molecule; proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids have specific functions, but each type of molecule usually has more than one function (University of Idaho, 2008). As an example proteins can act as enzymes but also transport other molecules around, act as structural support and even act as protection for the cell. “Of the literally...
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...value of biological information that is hidden in the large amount of data come up a clear picture of the basic biology of organisms. There are several fields that have been revolutionized by the technology used in bioinformatics (Ouzounis & Christos, 2012). These fields include human health, the environment, agriculture, energy and biotechnology. This science of bioinformatics is also called computational biology and has found a lot of use in increasing the quality of life. Bioinformatics developed due to the great need to internalize the DNA which is the code of life. Growth in the field of bioinformatics has been facilitated by development of many DNA sequencing projects. The basic biology of life is controlled by the basic molecule of life called DNA. The DNA acts as the blue print for genes which code for proteins. The proteins coded for by these genes determine the biological composition of all the living organisms. The variation and errors that occur in the replication, transcription and translation of genomic DNA determines whether one develops a certain disease or resistance to the same disease (Vivian, Lópe, Luis, María ,Moreno, & Corchado, 2012). Bioinformatics is currently in use and more uses are expected in future...
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...head: SIGNIFICANCE OF DNA Significance of DNA Significance of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, but it was not until the 1950s while studying viral replication did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine DNA was Genetic material. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA was a double helix (a double helix looks like a twisted ladder). The discovery of Watson and Crick opened the door helping describe the significance and importance of DNA as the molecule of inheritance while addressing the structure of the DNA molecule, and why is a molecule of DNA so perfect for the job it performs. I will look at what exactly does DNA code for, how is that translated into actual traits, what are mitosis and meiosis, what are the similarities and differences, and what do mitosis and meiosis allow for. I will show how traits are passed from parents to offspring and lastly describe how knowledge of DNA and genetics can help in my life. The Significance and Importance of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as the Molecule of Inheritance The significance and importance of DNA “is the body’s instruction manual for making you who you are. It is present in any living being. It carries all the instructions and materials the body needs to function”(Leving, 2008). The DNA in cells is all the same for individuals, which create a specific identity for each individual. Discuss Briefly the structure of the DNA Molecule and Why is...
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...SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Surigao City GRADUATE SCHOOL COURSE SYLLABUS IN MA.Ed GS 222 ENVIONMENTALSCIENCE Reporter: HERSHIEL C. MANAIT Topic: BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Instructor: HAYDE D. FABROA BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES * The Earth is a closed system for matter, except for small amounts of cosmic debris that enter the Earth’s atmosphere. * The building blocks of life, continually cycle through Earth’s systems, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, on time scales that range from a few days to millions of years. These cycles are called biogeochemical cycles, because they include a variety of biological, geological, and chemical processes. * There are a few types of atoms that can be a part of a plant one day, an animal the next day, and then travel downstream as a part of a river’s water the following day. These atoms can be a part of both living things like plants and animals, as well as non-living things like water, air, and even rocks. The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. * Each of the chemical, biological, and geological processes varies in their rates of cycling. Some molecules may cycle very quickly depending on the pathway * Biogeochemical cycles are subject to disturbance by human activities. Humans accelerate natural biogeochemical cycles when elements are extracted from their...
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...Chapter 3 the Molecules of Life 1. Describe the causes and consequences of lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose the main sugar found in milk. For people with lactose intolerance, the problem starts when lactose enters the small intestine. To absorb this sugar, digestive cells must produce a molecule called lactase. Lactase is an enzyme, a protein that helps drive chemical reactions. People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts or a defective version of the enzyme. Lactose that is not broken down in the small intestine passes into the large intestine, where bacteria feed on it and belch out gaseous by-products, producing uncomfortable symptoms. 2. Explain why lactose intolerance has evolved differently in humans spread throughout the world. The enzyme lactase, like all proteins, is encoded by a DNA gene. Lactose-intolerant people have a defect in their lactase gene. A small change in a DNA nucleotide sequence can have a major effect on the production of a protein and the well-being of an organism. 3. Define macromolecules and list the three categories of macromolecules discussed in this chapter. Macromolecules are any very large complex molecule Three categories of macromolecules: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Nucleric acids 4. Compare a dehydration reaction to hydrolysis. Dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water. Cells link monomers together...
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...contents of the cell, and alsoto control the movement of particles e.g. ions or molecules, into and out of the cellCell - is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the "building blocks of life" | Electron microscopehttp://www.ivyroses.com/Biology/Techniques/What-is-an-Electron-Microscope.php | An electron microscope is a microscope (i.e. an imaging device used to view very small items or areas) that uses beams of electrons instead of rays of visible light to form larger than "real life" images of tiny areas, materials or biological specimens. | Photomicrographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph | A photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an item. This is opposed to a macrographic image, which is at a scale that is visible to the naked eye. | Organellehttp://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_main.html | Organelles are groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive. | Nucleushttp://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Cells/Cell_Structure.php | The nucleus is the "Control Center" of the cell, which contains DNA (genetic information) in the form of genes, and also information for the formation...
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...Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) Barrier of the nucleus Consists...
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...serum is a fountain of youth that found within the body of a teenager, this breakthrough will help the old ones to be immune from certain diseases. After using this serum the old ones can do more things than they wanted to do and it is both beneficial for both teenagers and elders. I am happy that teenagers like me will help our old man to do some adventures with us. Cell that might cure diabetes This is an incredibly exciting time in diabetes research. In past, we only had one promising approach to find a cure for patients with type 1 diabetes. Now we have several possibilities related to a cure and even preventions, both for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We are now focusing on ways to understand this immune attack to find safe ways to block it. There are several ongoing studies using our knowledge of immunology to try to prevent type 1 diabetes. This research might contain a lead to cure not...
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...Sudden changes in heredity can be pushed on to the off springs. Environmental changes can have an impact on what mutations will help survival. Thus, slow changes produce new species. Natural Selection was discovered by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Explain the Watchmaker Hypothesis as an argument against natural selection. How does Sagan address it? “Our ancestors looked at the intricacy and the beauty of life and saw evidence for a great designer. The simplest organism is a far more complex machine than the finest pocket watch. And yet, pocket watches don’t spontaneously self-assemble or evolve in slow stages on their own from say, grandfather clocks”. (Sagan, C) It’s impossible to just look at something and understand as a whole. Sagan comments that all life on this planet shares a number of characteristics, including one three-letter answer to the question of what is the master molecule? DNA What IS the master molecule? Do you think it is significant that all life on the planet shares the use of this code? Why or why not? DNA is made of nucleotides which have four chemical parts, “adenine,...
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...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types...
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