...Gender-Based Analyses of Stress Among Professional Managers: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Yoshi Iwasaki, Kelly J. MacKay, and Janice Ristock University of Manitoba The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of stress among both female and male managers, using a series of single-sex and mixed focus groups. In addition to substantial similarities between female and male participants’ descriptions about their experiences of stress (e.g., negative and positive aspects of stress, different levels of stress, lack of sleep, pressure, financial stressors, being a manager), a number of important gender differences emerged from their descriptions. These differences can be explained by the way in which gender continues to be socially constructed in society; specifically, there are differing gender role expectations and responsibilities for women and men. Female managers experienced “emotional stress,” primarily because of the pressure to meet expectations of being responsible and caring for people both inside and outside of their home. In contrast, male managers tended to focus on themselves and regard other things as beyond their control or responsibility. KEY WORDS: gender; stress; managers; profession Many people in contemporary society feel stressed in their lives. People experience stress in almost every domain of their lives: work, family, community, and even leisure, where “juggling” diverse demands and multitasks in these domains can be stressful (Aneshensel...
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...Assess the views that the family allows men to control and oppress women?(20 marks) Feminism is what culture is like for women just because they are women compared to what life is like for men. In society women get treated differently to men as men are seen as more superior, however this only happens in some cultures and these cultures are prejudice towards women. There are 4 key theories that I will talk about in this essay, they all argue different beliefs about feminism and how the family allows men to control and oppress women. Firstly, Radical feminism, they believe that a patriarchal society is the cause of conflict. They also promote lesbianism and separatism. Theorists like Rich, Brownmiller and Firestone all believe differently about Radical feminism. Rich believes in heterosexual relationships however he also thinks that they don’t satisfy the women. Brownmiller believes that women are secluded by society as they fear violence and rape. Lastly Firestone believes that women are unequal due to the factor of child birth. This shows that men are the decision makers and are the ones who have the power within the family. Patriarchy seems to divide rights, privileges and power by gender. Resulting in oppressing women and privileging men. The limitations of this theory are that it assumes all women are the same and men are evil, however this may not be the case as some women may have a more dominant role. Lesbianism is not a good family type to raise children, nuclear is...
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...Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Team B BSHS/325 04/13/2015 Instructor: Maria Perrotta Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Middle adulthood is a time of young adulthood and late adulthood. It accompanies many changes that some people may not be prepared for or welcome with open arms. The changes that usually deal with the mind and the body gradually develop as time continues to pass. Some of the most drastic changes are the physical changes that can have a profound effect on the way a person at this stage of life view themselves. Common health problems that evolve during this age The physical modification people in this stage of life may experience varies depending on many factors that contribute to one's health. Smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy eating habits and stress can all negatively affect a person's health and increase the chance of acquiring the common health issues middle-aged adult face. Common health issues include Cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, High Cholesterol and Weight gain, all of which have a direct connection to one another. Hypertension In middle adulthood, the body starts to change and evolve in more ways than one. The metabolism starts to slow down, and health problems are more common to arise at this point. There are various common health problems that we see at this age, and a more common one is Hypertension also known as high blood pressure. The higher one's blood pressure becomes, the harder their...
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...March 8th “What would men be without women? Scarce, sir... mighty scarce.” (Mark Twain) A woman has an awesome strength which empowers her to handle any problem that comes her way. She holds happiness, love and opinions. She smiles when she feels like screaming. If a woman’s persuasion can build a nation then ‘we run the world’. According to wiki.answers, two third of the world’s work is done by women. In most cases, it is the women who run the household and who care for the children. Additionally, many women contribute to the household income at the same time. Women are often the first to get up and the last to go to bed. Women need to do twice as much as men to prove she is half as good - this is often taken for granted. Hardly anyone thinks that women should be thanked for the hard work that they accomplish every single day - until the day that she are not around and her husband needs to take over… Let’s face it: a woman’s life is beautiful but also exhausting and stressful. Significantly more women than men are found to suffer from stress, especially when they are mothers. While stress is a risk factor for a variety of health problems, it also affects her and her family’s daily life: * Changes in affection: Stress results in poorer relationships and less affection. On the other hand, affection reduces stress hormones and contributes to a lower stress level. * Reduced Sex Drive: Stress may lower libido because elevated levels of stress hormones cortisol suppress...
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...The role of gender in workplace stress: A critical literature review Kristina 1 Gyllensten and Stephen 2 Palmer Abstract Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate research relating to the role of gender in the level of workplace stress. A further aim was to review literature relating to stressors of particular relevance to working women. These stressors included, multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping. Design Systematic review. Method Major databases were searched in order to identify studies investigating gender and workplace stress. A range of research designs included and no restrictions were made on the basis of the occupations of the participants. Results Much of the research indicated that women reported higher levels of stress compared to men. However, several studies reported no difference between the genders. Furthermore, the evidence for the adverse effects of multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and were stereotyping was inconsistent. Conclusion The current review concluded that the evidence regarding the role of gender in workplace stress and stressors was inconsistent. Limitations of the research were highlighted and implications for practice were discussed. Key words: workplace stress, gender, stressors Introduction Workplace stress Stress in the workplace is a major problem for both organisations and employees, and it has been estimated that approximately 13.4...
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...Abstract In the present situation, both men and women are working in order to build up the career. This end up in the work family conflict which is in simple term refer to the situation which occurs due to the imbalance in the working area and family where an individual cannot fulfill the role in the both areas. The main purpose of this paper is to unfold what the work family conflict and dual professionalism is. Furthermore, this paper reviews the article that pinpoint the factors that is responsible for work family conflict. The main aim of this paper is to figure out how the factors like gender, culture, job satisfaction and stress end up in work family conflict. Likewise, this paper also reviews the ways to control the work family conflict to some extent. Keywords: Work family conflict, Gender, Culture, Job Satisfaction, Stress Introduction Work-family conflict has been the important issue in the present scenario. Today both the couples are working in a particular field in order to pursue their goals. In the past decades, mainly women were responsible to balance the work and family. As the time changes, men have been also responsible to balance family and work. Female were only supposed to stay in home in the past era. These days the idea is completely changing. Both the couples work and pursue their dream. These days it is clear to us that both the couples work and share the responsibility of the family and care giving. (Greenhaus et. al, 2000). Both the couples are...
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...Post-traumatic stress disorder has been around for a long time. In fact, it was first recorded as Da Costa's syndrome during the American Civil War. Usually associated with military service, PTSD is also called "shell shock" and "battle fatigue." But it doesn't only affect war veterans - it can also affect civilian men, women, and children who have experienced particularly traumatic events. PTSD occurs after a distressing event, like war, terrorism, torture, natural disasters, accidents, chidhood sexual abuse, domestic violence, or rape. Usually the disorder begins within three months of this experience, although the disorder can take years to appear in some cases. Common PTSD effects include extreme fear, depression, and anxiety. Generally, post-traumatic stress lasts only for a short period (6 months) but in some cases the disorder can become chronic and last for years. Post-traumatic stress affects both men and women, and can affect children as well. Women are much more likely to suffer from the disorder though - of those women exposed to a traumatic event, 20% will exhibit symptoms of PTSD, and 30% of those women will develop chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. What Causes PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is caused by a traumatic event. However, there may be other causes of PTSD. In some cases, the sufferer may have been predisposed to development of the disorder before this event occurred. Men and women with a history of drug or alcohol abuse, experiences of childhood...
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...AND STRESS LEVEL OF THIRD YEAR NURSING STUDENTS IN FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY IN THE YEAR 2008 In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement for Nursing Research By: Agre, John Marco C. Angcao, Marice C. Angeles, Jessica Christy P. Arambulo, Allan Carlo L. Bandillo, Jemilyn V. Bañaga, Charlene May Y. Bañaga, Valerie Jane Y. Barbon, Lorraine Angelica Barquin, Jasmine C. Bartolome, Dexter C. Bautista, Erica Frances A. Burdeos, Adison C. Submitted to: Ms. Melanie Tapnio, Nursing Research Adviser BSN 905 2007-2008 Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Stress has been experienced by people almost everyday. Stress can be associated with major life events, daily hassles and change in life. It has physical and emotional effects on us and can create positive or negative feelings. Stress can make a person anxious and depressed. It is the enemy of clear thinking and if allowed to get out of control, it can compromise a person’s health as well. Sometimes stress can keep people awake at night and make them feel irritable and edgy. Yet, their reactions to stressful events differ widely. Some people faced with a stressful event develop psychological or physical problems, whereas other people faced with the same stressful event develop no problems and may even find the event challenging and interesting. Nursing school is very stressful. Students experience increased...
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...Working a consistent full time schedule can cause an individual a high level of stress due to their daily interaction at work (Boren, 2014). Stress is the reaction to a situation that can cause harm to one’s physical well-being, mental health, performance, and the process of making decisions (Hildebrandt, Yehuda, & Olff, 2012). In Britain, an estimation of over 13 millions work days are lost due to stress, depression and anxiety (Gyllensten & Palmer, 2005). Women and men experience the same levels of stress in workplace, however the stressors are different between the genders. Women stressors are due to lack of career progress, discrimination, and stereotyping (Gyllensten & Palmer, 2005). There is a lack of adequate research concerning the coping skills and social support women use to manage workplace stress. The study will focus on the stressors women face at work, and the affect of coping skills and social support has on them managing these stressors. A survey method of research will provide experiences from women aged between 25-50 years old, various races, and ethnical backgrounds in stressful workplace situations and how their management of stress is affected by coping skills and social support. Purpose Statement The purpose of this study is to examine the extent and affect of coping skills and social support has on management of stress for women in the workplace. Many women are placed in positions of support and have fewer opportunities for advancement...
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...ATTITUDE AND INFERTILITY Infertility can have a serious impact on both the psychological well-being and the social status of women in the developing world. As a result of their infertile status, they suffer physical and mental abuse, neglect, abandonment, economic deprivation and social ostracism as well as exclusion from certain social activities and traditional ceremonies. This becomes particularly traumatic with previous pregnancies that end in abortions, stillbirths and neonatal/infant deaths or in live births of daughters only. A survey conducted in Southern Ghana revealed that the majority (64%) of women felt stigmatized, and that higher levels of perceived stigma were associated with increased infertility-related stress as well as lower levels of education, (Donkor and Sandall J., 2007). Insufficient family income, poor quality of life, life stress, and discontentment with daily routines as well as ‘bad’ relationships with family members (husband, mother- and father-in-law) are significant correlates of female infertility. Infertile women are more likely to underestimate the importance of sexual intimacy, and have a negative attitude towards sex, (Schmidt, 2010). Female infertility is associated with various social correlates leading to higher remarriage rates and to further complicating the problem of infertility. Thus, a correction of women’s basic attitudes and their relationships to their surrounding social habitat should be an essential component of any program...
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...GENDER STRATIFICATION I. Sex and Gender Sex - the biological differences between men and women Sex Role - behaviors, attitudes and motivations a culture considers appropriate for men and women Sexual Orientation - attraction to members of the opposite, same or both sexes Gender is a set of social and cultural practices that both reflect and reinforce assumptions about differences between men and women Major sociological emphasis - 3 Points 1. Gender is a social institution. Like family and religion it affects the roles men and women play in society 2. Gender influences differences in “Power” – “Power to” (get jobs, earn, get education) – “Power over” (assert will against others) 3. Gender is a cultural construct, expectations for men and women vary widely II. Sex Role Expectations A. Men -Independent -Aggressive -Sex Initiators -Career Focus -Suppress Emotions -Success = Achievements B. Women -Nurturing/Friendly --Self-Conscious about Appearance -Social Poise -Passive -Submissive -Focus on Marriage and Children -Success = Relationships Athletic ability: • Men have greater upper body strength but, athletic ability, strength and endurance are largely of function of physical activity, training, genes and hormones Intelligence: • Recent studies contradict stereotypes. Differences in math, verbal and mechanical test scores are very small • Many studies show greater variation within sexes than between Stereotyping • Studies tend to emphasize...
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...debated the role of women in combat since 1779.That's when the Continental Congress first awarded a military disability pension to Margaret Corbin ( who nickname was " Molly Pitcher", but many women who served in the Revolutionary War had that same nickname. They couldn't let each woman have their own nickname.) after she manned a cannon at the battle of Fort Washington in northern Manhattan. Corbin got only half the pension male soldiers received, but she asked for the full and the respect which she received almost a year later. On the other hand, Women have played an important part in the military since on the battlefields of the 19th century, Crimea to the impairment of airplanes in WWII. Today, the percentage of female active and inactive served in the military continues to grow every year. In the United State Armed Force alone 15% of their troops are women of many colors. But as we honor fallen service members both men and women this Memorial Day, but let's also remember that living veterans, especially women, are still struggling. You will never know the struggle women go through every day in the military, but you will get an outlook of some of the challenges women go through while trying to get in or being enlisted, the rate of...
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...Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Unit 5: Energy, Exercise and Coordination June 2010 Scientific Article for use with Question 7 Do not return the Insert with the question paper. Paper Reference 6BI05/01 Turn over N37096A ©2010 Edexcel Limited. 1/1/1/1/1/ *N37096A* Scientific Article for use with Question 7 It’s All in the Mind The link between the brain as a physical organ and what we feel in our conscious mind has long been the subject of research, particularly where we appear to be unable to control aspects of mood or behaviour and where normal life is affected. Stress, pain and depression can be explained in terms of nerve impulses and brain chemistry, and the causes of Parkinson’s disease are well understood, but finding reliable ways of correcting problems has proved elusive. Understanding more about how the brain works may well lead to new methods for treating such problems. Dancing Worms and Deep Depression In a laboratory in Germany, a tiny worm dances to flashes of light. A flash of yellow and it darts forward. A flash of blue and it jerks back. Yellow, forward, blue, back – right on cue every time. The worm is not a toy or a robot but a living creature. It has been engineered so that its nerves and muscles can be controlled with light. With each flash of blue its neurons fire electric pulses, causing the muscles they control to clench. A flash of yellow stops the nerves firing, relaxing the worm’s muscles and lengthening its body once again. The worm is in the vanguard...
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...the military. These authors pinpoint some of the difficult obstructions these children have to face while these men are MIA (missing in action). They talk about the adjustment and the adapting to the prolonged and seemingly indefinite absence of a father, and how a relationship between a father and child changes over the long period of time until the veteran returns. Moreover, they collected data from 42 families of returned prisoners of the Vietnam War and attempted to identify a combination of factors that could explain the variability in the quality of the father-child relationship subsequent to the returning from the War. This information from this book will help convey emotional lives that these children have to endure. This book will strengthen my research by pointing out how children are affected when there is a nonattendance of one of the parents for a long period of time. Bowen, L. Gary, Dennis K. Orthner. The Organization Family: WORK AND FAMILY LINKAGES IN THE U.S... New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1989. Print. This book depicts how marital relationships get torn apart because of soldiers that come back from the war with post traumatic stress and have the need to have an aggressive and physical attitude towards their wife. The aggression these women have to face forces them to determine if they will stick by these veterans or get a divorce because these men don’t know how to control this disorder. Bowen...
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...People are having larger families after a 20-year decline in family size. D. Education and job opportunities for women continue to expand. 2. Developed nations such as the United States, Canada, or in Western Europe tend to have __________fertility rates and __________ mortality rates. A. high; low B. low; low C. steady; high D. low; steadyhigh; high. 3. Every time you and your spouse go to see your Grandma, she starts up again with “When are you two going to have children? What are you waiting for? Don’t you know how great it is to be parents?” This is an example of: A. fecundity. B. the medicalization of children. C. pronatalism. D. the parental movement 4. The USDA estimates that it cost __________ in 2009 to raise one child to age 18. A. $121,000 B. $158,000 C. $197,000 D. $286,000 5. With respect to couples who are voluntarily childfree: A. childfree couples usually experience their decision as a process that is revisited several times. B. men are more likely to have firm opinions about not having children than are women. C. older childfree couples have higher rates of depression than do couples with children. D. older childfree couples have more extensive relationships with their friends and extended family than do couples with children. 6. People today find the transition to parenthood: A. surprisingly difficult. B. ...
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