...dit NMIMS | The World .com fall - IT Bubble burst | | Poleswar Rao V | | INTRODUCTION The dot-com industry began in the early 1990s as a collection of startup companies using the Internet as their primary means to conduct business. These companies typically used the “.com” suffix in their company names, such as Amazon.com, and proliferated in the late 90’s with the massive investments in Internet-related stocks and enterprises. But with the failure and consolidation of many of these companies their numbers have since dwindled. The catastrophic collapse of the dot-coms that shook the U.S. economy started in May 2000. More than 210 dotcom companies failed in 2000 and a total of 762 dot-coms closed for the period January 2000 to December 2001. Since many of these dot-coms began to lay off their staff, the unemployment rate also increased from 3.9% to 6% by 2002. The dot-com bubble burst because the boom was based on the false premise that new technology would eliminate the need for brick-and-mortar stores as this new business model would supplant the old one, thereby converting the “Old Economy,” which is based on the production of physical goods into a “New Economy,” which is based on heavy use of information and communication technology. Although a great deal can be learned from examining the dot-com successes, it is equally important to study reasons for the failures. Examining the mistakes made by the dot-coms can provide insight into the evolution of e-commerce...
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...The dot-com bubble that occured in the 1990's through the early 2000's was said to have left some major negative impressions on the world of the internet and our economy, but that is not necessarily true. Because of the dot-com bubble, there have been many great outcomes that often goes unnoticed before looking past all of the businesses and internet companies that went under when this bubble finally burst in the early 2000's. In fact, many say that the dot-com bubble and burst was actually a needed cause and effect that has shaped the internet into what it now is today. Many people believe that a lot of the websites that existed during the dot-com bubble would have had some sort of success if it wasn't for the network infrastructure at the time. The thing is, not many people didn't have access to broadband and the websites weren't getting the exposure and full potential that it could have received. This is especially true for some websites, such as Broadcast.com (Altucher Confidential, 2011). This very same thought occurred during the dot-com bubble and computer scientists and engineers realized that there was a very much needed improvement to the infrastructure of the internet. In order to correct this, many businesses in the tech industry began using tax money to lay high-speed fiber optic cables so that the internet would be more accessible in certain cities and states. This is probably one of the most beneficial things that came about from the dot-com bubble because...
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...Dot-Com Bubble Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Causes ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Effects ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Lessons learnt.......................................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 8 Reference List ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Abstract This report presents an analysis of a stock market bubble, well known as “dot-com bubble”, which developed roughly during a period from 1995 to 2000, and ended up in 2001. The report discusses...
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...incentive fee equal to 20% of profits. Moreover company policy requires investors to keep their money invested for a minimum of two years. Recent meetings with prominent analysts, Henry Blodgett of Merrill Lynch and Mary Meeker of Morgan Stanley have indicated the Internet Sector to hold promising investment opportunities, therefore Creative Computers and its subsidiary Ubid present potential prospects for investment. Analysis: Internet Sector: Dot-com Bubble The dot-com bubble has enabled the Internet sector and its related fields to yield earnings at an above-average rate relative to the market. Hence the expected return on these growth stocks is great (see figure below). However these investments involve an inherent risk that must not be ignored. Because this sector is categorized by strong competition the need for innovative and skillful business strategies is a must. ** (Note: since our case is set in 1998 it is important to note how the graph assumed a positive trend and ignore the instance of the tech bubble burst) Creative Computers and Ubid: Creative Computers is a catalog distributor of computers and computer peripherals. Its recent business activity included the replacement of its existing distribution network with an e-commerce approach. This led to the...
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...The Dot-Com Crash of 2000 Case Study 1. What is the intended role of each of the institutions and intermediaries discussed in the case for the effective functioning of capital markets? The intended role of each of the institutions and intermediaries are shown in Exhibit 10, with the idea that the overall structure and individual roles are working as a whole to facilitate the capital flow from the investors to the companies. 2. Are their incentives aligned properly with their intended role? Whose incentives are most misaligned? No. As indicated in Exhibit 10, the overall structure and individual roles are working as a whole to facilitate the capital flow from the investors to the companies. If we need to have this market operation in a "clean" way, the incentives of the intermediaries should not be directly related to the short term gains from this capital flow. However, in real life, that is not the case. The one intermediary whose incentives are most misaligned can be the money managers. Though it is true sometimes they are under pressure from "greedy" investors, it can be true that, in most of the cases, they are the one who build up the bubble (willingly or unwillingly), due to the fact that, the incentives they received are directly from their short term (e.g. quarter or annual) performance, against the market benchmark or other money managers. 3. Who, if anyone, was primarily responsible for the Internet stock bubble? My view is that, economic bubbles are part of...
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...deal is reminisced less for its dimension and much more for being the poorest amalgamation in history. Ultimately these two corporations split in 2009. In the end, AOL and Time Warner’s worth as a unified company withered down from $300 billion when they initially merged all the way down to what they declared to just about $40 billion when they parted ways. What they envisioned wasn’t a bad decision because we're seeing movies, TV, and music scattered all online by way of Apple, Google, Amazon and others. However, in the collaboration, there were many culture clashes, leadership blunders and effectively buff out all the kinks and twists with delivering media online which has been proven to be problematic. In the end, AOL’s bursting dot com bubble provided a proportion of its aforementioned value. Reference The Biggest Business Blunders in History (November 7, 2013). Retrieved May 27, 2014 from,...
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...router market. Established in 1984 by a Stanford University couple, IT administrators Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner. Ina short period after founding, it became one of the most successful companies in high technology industry. In Cisco, manufacturing of its switches and router was outsourced, the company focused on core competencies: product design and development. Indirect sales and distribution through resellers became the major sales channel in the end of 1990’s; its “Value-Added Reseller” (VAR) was the most successful indirect sales channel strategy at that time. In later 1990s, Cisco had ever been the world’s most valuable company, its market capitalization exceeded $500 billion in 2000, and sales reached $18 billion. With the telecom and dot-com crash in 2001, Cisco’s business was hugely affected; $1 billion loss was reported in 2001. The shrunken market made Cisco’s management completely review and revamp its go-to market strategy. Market and Products: Cisco’s major products are switches and routers. A switch is used to connect workstations within a local-area network (LAN). The switch directs data only to the destination for which it is intended, and increases the efficiency of networks by reducing traffic and the number of “collisions” of data headed in opposite directions. Routers are the devices that connect networks to other networks in a wide-area network (WAN). Switches and routers are classified along a layer 1 to layer 7 continuums in technical point of view. Cisco competes...
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...incentive fee equal to 20% of profits. Moreover company policy requires investors to keep their money invested for a minimum of two years. Recent meetings with prominent analysts, Henry Blodgett of Merrill Lynch and Mary Meeker of Morgan Stanley have indicated the Internet Sector to hold promising investment opportunities, therefore Creative Computers and its subsidiary Ubid present potential prospects for investment. Analysis: Internet Sector: Dot-com Bubble The dot-com bubble has enabled the Internet sector and its related fields to yield earnings at an above-average rate relative to the market. Hence the expected return on these growth stocks is great (see figure below). However these investments involve an inherent risk that must not be ignored. Because this sector is categorized by strong competition the need for innovative and skillful business strategies is a must. ** (Note: since our case is set in 1998 it is important to note how the graph assumed a positive trend and ignore the instance of the tech bubble burst) Creative Computers and Ubid: Creative Computers is a catalog distributor of computers and computer peripherals. Its recent business activity included the replacement of its existing distribution network with an e-commerce approach. This led to the...
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...10 Years in Review (2000 - 2009) Market Capitalization +33% [pic] All three time zones have grown during the decade. Even though the Americas time zone is still the largest region (although much less than before), the Asia-Pacific time zone share has grown significantly, while the EAME (Europe – Africa – Middle East) area has almost remained stable. |[pic] |[pic] | Total Value of share trading +61% [pic] As compared to the market capitalization evolution, it is interesting to note that the Americas remain very dominant, while the Asia-Pacific share has more than doubled compared to the EAME time zone[1]. |[pic] |[pic] | Total number of trades in equity shares +700% [pic] The explosion of the number of trades has to be compared to the average size of trades[2]. This average has dropped 85% over the last ten years[3]. [pic] When looking at the average size of trades in each time zone, it is interesting to note a clear convergence towards a comparable figure. It is also interesting to note that the downward trend started in 2000[4], and has accelerated for the last two years. The significant larger figure from the EAME time zone is consistent with its absolute value of share trading...
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...The Dot com boom/bust An economic bubble exists whenever the price of an asset that may be freely exchanged in a well-established market first soars to levels that cannot be justified (Ironman, 2010). ‘Investors’ push the price of the asset up by irrationally purchasing it. Eventually, the market realizes that the asset price is unjustified and the bubble bursts. More often than not, the bust happens in an all-of-a-sudden manner resulting in people losing huge sums of money. At the same time, these boom/ bust cycle has its beneficiaries, institutions and individuals who make huge amounts of money by ‘surfing’ the bubble or by fuelling it. In the case of the dot com boom, the culprits were the investment banks and some venture capital firms. Events leading up to failure One of the issues that I believe to be partly responsible for the dot com boom happened when the Taxpayer Relief act of 1997 lowered the maximum tax rate on capital gains for individual investors from 28 percent to 20 percent for assets held for more than 18 months. This perspective, proposed by Zhonglan Dai, Douglas A. Shackelford and Harold H. Zhang. In “Capital Gains Taxes and Stock Return Volatility: Evidence from the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997“highlighted the fact that non- and lower dividend paying stocks experienced a larger volatility than high dividend-paying stocks. Stock volatility was substantially higher after 1997 and this may have contributed to the inflation of the bubble. It was not the main cause...
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...Hidden flaws in strategy Charles Roxburgh The McKinsey Quarterly, 2003 Number 2 After nearly 40 years, the theory of business strategy is well developed and widely disseminated. Pioneering work by academics such as Michael E. Porter and Henry Mintzberg has established a rich literature on good strategy. Most senior executives have been trained in its principles, and large corporations have their own skilled strategy departments. Yet the business world remains littered with examples of bad strategies. Why? What makes chief executives back them when so much know-how is available? Flawed analysis, excessive ambition, greed, and other corporate vices are possible causes, but this article doesn't attempt to explore all of them. Rather, it looks at one contributing factor that affects every strategist: the human brain. The brain is a wondrous organ. As scientists uncover more of its inner workings through brain-mapping techniques,1 our understanding of its astonishing abilities increases. But the brain isn't the rational calculating machine we sometimes imagine. Over the millennia of its evolution, it has developed shortcuts, simplifications, biases, and basic bad habits. Some of them may have helped early humans survive on the savannas of Africa ("if it looks like a wildebeest and everyone else is chasing it, it must be lunch"), but they create problems for us today. Equally, some of the brain's flaws may result from education and socialization rather than nature. But whatever...
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...World Wide Web History Bubble History of the WWW ECOM 210 World Wide Web History Introduction Founded in 1989 the World Wide Web went from an impossible idea to a worldwide phenomenon that has fused itself into the needs of the people. I remember years ago when computers were just those gross green screened monitors that only allowed you to type a report. Now with the help of the internet our use of computer technology has reached amazing heights. We can reach people around the world with just a click of a mouse. “The web has changed the world. It has arguably become the most powerful communication medium the world has ever known” (webfoundation.org). Reading the webs history helps me to really see how the development of this great tool has geared us to an era of becoming completely technically inclined. The web is available everywhere you go from restaurants to coffee shops also with it being a feature on your mobile device it never leaves the side of the consumer. Internet access has become just as much of a need as toilet paper. In most cases jobs, schools and so on has built there curriculum and foundation around it. Without the web we would not have achieved the ability to have direct access to our bank accounts via applications or to send an email picture of friends and family to others around the globe. Although I grew up in the early 80’s at the peak of technology before the internet even existed I now cannot imagine a world without it. “The Internet is...
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...The PESTEL framework provides a broad analysis of six major organizational factors; Political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal. The origin of the PESTEL diagnostic model is fairly ambiguous, as it has only recently become a staple in corporate human resource environments within the last ten to fifteen years. The model itself is a broad snapshot of an organization’s big picture. In other words, the PESTEL diagnostic model can be used to help identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. According to Evans and Richardson, “organizations will need to examine competitors (current and potential), in order to determine their capabilities and strategies before evaluating their likely actions or responses” (Evans and Richardson 2007). This suggests further analysis is required after the production of a PESTEL analysis. The PESTEL framework was chosen for a few reasons. First, the analysis creates a general map of the external environments of each organization. Second, a fairly significant portion of mergers and acquisitions occur because of external forces. The PESTEL analysis determines the external forces at play for each organization. Third, the PASTEL analysis external forces only qualify if they are defined as a change in the environment. In regards to the America Online and Time Warner merger, a PESTEL diagnostic analysis can be applied to both organizations. First is an overview of the political external environment. Due to the...
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...ACCT 311 Dot-Com Crash 2000 Ting Hu Bradley Bromelow Austin Person 1.What is the intended role of each institutions and intermediaries discussed in the case for the effective functioning of capital markets? There is an information gap between investors and companies. Investors usually do not have enough information or expertise to determine the good investments from the bad ones. And companies do not usually have the infrastructure and know-how to directly receive capital from investors. Intermediaries include accountants, lawyers, regulators, investment banks, venture capitalists, and money management firms. Venture Capitalists provide capital for companies in their early stages of development. They sought to provide a very high rate of return for their investors for the associated risk. This was accomplished by selling their stake in their portfolio companies either to the public through an IPO, or to another company in a trade sale. Entrepreneurs in the actual process of doing an initial public offering rely upon investment banks. Investment banks provided advisory financial services, helped companies price their offerings, underwrite the shares, and introduce them to investors. Sell-side analysts’ main function was to public research on public companies. Their job involved forming relationships with and talking to the managements of the companies, following trends in the industry, and ultimately making buy or sell recommendations on the stocks. The recommendations...
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...that is committed by a company by maintaining false information about the sales and income in the company books, With an intention to inflate the worth of company's assets or profits, When a company is actually operating at a loss. The major reason behind the occurrence of accounting fraud at WorldCom Telecommunication company, The CEO of the company Ebbers focused largely on being the No.1 stock on Wall Street rather than capture market share or being global. This has led to creation of a pressure among the top management to meet the most important performance indicator Expense-to-Revenue(E/R) ratio, even when the entire telecommunication industry is facing adverse conditions at the onset of economic recession and the aftermath of the dot-com bubble collapse. This pressure on top management provided the necessary motivation to commit to fraudulent accounting practices. Adding to the motivation, the culture within the organization is very diluted with no proper corporate code of conduct and WorldCom has completely failed to integrate the people, cultures and incompatible legacy accounting systems of 60 different organizations it has acquired. Also, WorldCom encouraged an attitude conveyed from top down that employees should not question their superiors, but simply do what they were told. This type of loose culture and conduct has provided an opportunity for the top management to easily commit and conceal the...
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