...Freud believed that dreams represented wishes in our unconscious mind, and if you were to analyze your dreams you could uncover your hidden desires. Freud split dreams into two parts the first being manifest content “the dream’s surface content, which contains dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning.”(King 161) Latent content is the true meaning of the dream. Freud stated that “manifest consent expressed a wish in a disguised form. To get to the latent true meaning of a dream a person would have to analyze the dream images.”(King 161) Dr. David Maurice developed a concept called the activation hypothesis it states that the reason why humans experience REM sleep is to supply oxygen cornea of the eye. Maurice stated that without REM “our corneas would starve and suffocate while we are asleep with our eyes closed.”(Maurice) Maurice’s views on REM sleep contrast sharply with psychoanalytic view of the dreaming process sense “neuropsychiatrists tend to think of dreaming sleep as "physiologically determined" and shaped by the activation of brain neurons.”(Hobson)...
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...Why do we Dream? --http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/p/dream-theories.htm Many different theories have emerged to help explain the mystery of why we dream. "Dreams are the touchstones of our characters." - Henry David Thoreau Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and concentrated scientific study. Chances are that you’ve often found yourself puzzling over the mysterious content of a dream, or perhaps you’ve wondered why you dream at all. First, let’s start by answering a basic question – What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Ads Do You Have Sleep Apnea? sleepapnea.com It's a very common sleep disorder. Are you at risk? Answer 9 questions "Shocking" 2014 Horoscope astrologyanswers.com/Zodiac Enter Your Zodiac Sign to Find Out Your Future. So accurate it’s Scary! Silva Mind Control www.silvalifesystem.com Learn How To Control Your Mind Get The Famous Silva Guide... Free * Psychology Psychotherapy * Sleep Disorders * Sleep Apnea Sleep Study * Sleep Center * Study Psychology So why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Considering the...
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...Dreams: What are dreams and what do they mean? Shanice Monteith The University of West Florida Abstract Dreams that take place while we sleep are one of the most fascinating aspects of human consciousness and are common among all of us. We all ask the same question, what is a dream? A researcher by the name of Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams gives us a good insight about dreams. His theory is one of the best-known models of dream interpretation. There are also other types of theories that suggest to us what a dream is. Some say that dreams are simply random firing of memory neurons. Others say differently. I will try to show both sides of this controversy. This paper will examine what a dream is and what people interpret a dream to mean. It should also give you a broader perspective of dreams, go into detail of different theories regarding dreams and give you more insight of such a fascinating but complicated topic. There is also the case of nightmares which will be discussed briefly and why they occur when we dream. What are dreams and what do they mean There have numerous studies on what is a dream. A lot of controversy has happened because of this. Some people say it could be just simply random firing of memory neurons as stated earlier but not everyone thinks the same way. Others say there is a lot of detail that could go into finding out more about this topic so they begin to do more research to come up with different ideas about such a debating issue...
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...Dreaming is a fascinating and mysterious study field that has been invigorated by the advancement in brain science in the recent few decades. As the leading psychiatrist who thrives in developing the new dream theory on extensive base of brain science, Allan J. Hobson comes to public attention with his Activation-Synthesis hypothesis. He claims to take up what Sigmund Freud, historically the best known dream investigator, has left off in the brain side of dreaming and, further, to revise this far-reaching dream speculation of Freud’s into a more scientifically valid way. However, as the psychological approach to dreams has been preoccupied with Freud’s dream theory in such an extent that the marching on neurophysiological hypothesis has inevitably brought up an uncomfortable disturbance among psychoanalysts. Dating back to twentieth century, Freud reached to the field of mental functioning based on his clinical observations of dream cases. As his censorship-disguise notion becomes outmoded along with the advancement in brain science, the contemporary Freudian psychologist, Mark Solms comes to the rescue. He tries to validate the theoretical inference that Freud has sketched with the newly released experimental data, drawing mainly from brain imaging and lesion study. In spite of the ongoing attempt to bring psychoanalysis back to its prominent role in dream study, Hobson stresses the fact that no amount of tinkering is going to improve the erroneous Freudian psychoanalysis. Formative...
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...Thesis Statement: Understanding how dreams occur, how they affect our lives and what they mean help us grasp what dreams actually are. Intro: I. (Attention Getter) Have you ever dreamt that you were walking along the side of a road or along a cliff and suddenly you trip? You’re falling for what seems like forever, but before hitting the ground, you wake up? This is considered to be a falling dream, and ironically, falling dreams occur when you are falling asleep. They are usually accompanied by muscle spasms and twitches of the entire body. Although these dreams occur while we are falling asleep, they interpret a completely different meaning. Falling can mean you are insecure, you are losing grip, or you simply have fears that need to be faced. Patricia Garfield, the author of Creative Dreaming states: “there is some problem that is making you feel helpless like you have no support, so next time when you wake up startled from a falling dream, ask yourself what upcoming events do I fear I will fail?” II. (Introduce Topic) Since the beginning of time, people have been trying to understand the different functions of the human body, how we move, talk, and even act. Many of these physiological behaviors have been explained to some extent. However, one area of the human body that has baffled researchers, is that of the mind. Many things that go on inside the mind that don’t make sense, and serves no real explanation as to why or how things happen. One of the most fascinating...
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...“Dreams are the touchstones of our characters”. -Henry David Thoreau Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years. You have often found yourself puzzling over mysterious content of a dream. Firstly let’s start by answering a basic question- What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be filled with joyful emotions or frightening imagery, focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? While many theories have been proposed, no single consensus has emerged. Ernest Hoffman, suggests that, a possible (though certainly not proven) function of a dream to be weaving new material into the memory system in a way that both reduces emotional arousal and is adaptive in helping us cope with further trauma or stressful events. Psychoanalytic theory of dreams: Sigmund Freud’s theory of dreams suggested that dreams were representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. Dreams allows us to be what we cannot be, and say what we cannot say in our daily life. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic view of personality, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed. He suggests that they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ Freud wrote that dreams are disguised...
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...Inform about Dreaming Introduction You are trapped in a dark hole screaming for your life, not knowing where or how you got here. Everything around you is fogy that it all starts to fade away and then you wake up with sweat dripping down your back and your heart racing a mile a minute. Five minutes after this dream about half of its content is forgotten and in 10 minutes 90% of it is gone. According to the New York time study done on October 20, 2013 by Gary Matter you spend about 6 years of your life dreaming. That’s more then 2100 days spent in a different realm. So today, lets look at how dreams really do occur, the part of your sleep cycle that dreams occur in and lastly different types of dreams. Transition: So where do dreams really start? Body I. REM Sleep A. Rapid eye movement sleep, the part of your sleep cycle charactized by rapid and random eye movement B. Occurs in the cycle for about 90-120 minutes throughout the night 1. REM sleep dominates the latter half of the sleep cycle 2. Five minutes after you wake up half of your dream is forgotten and 10 minutes 90% of it is gone. C. The eye movements may relate to internal visual images of the dreams that occurs during this stage of sleep 3. Associated with the brain wave spikes in the regions of the brain that is involved with vision 4. Studies have shown that your brain waves are more active when you are dreaming than when we...
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... incubation) 4. Define circadian rhythm and circumstances that might disrupt it. 5. Know the different stages of sleeping and when dreaming occurs. 6. Know and identify sleeping disorders (i.e. sleep apnea, sleep walking, narcolepsy, night terrors) 7. Know about dream interpretation. a. Psychodynamic (Freud) – latent and manifest dream content. b. Cognitive interpretation of dreams c. Activation-synthesis interpretation of dreams 8. Know definition of drug addiction and tolerance Example questions: It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left. She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem. Cindy is demonstrating: A. metacognition. B. awareness. C. controlled processing. D. incubation. Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive theory of dreaming? A. The theory rests on the idea that dreams are essentially conscious noncognitive processing. B. According to the theory, there is an essential search for the hidden, symbolic content of dreams. C. According to the theory, dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams. D. According to the theory, very unusual aspects of dreams—such as odd activities, strange images, and sudden scene shifts—cannot be understood. Chapter 6 – Learning 1. Know the definition of...
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...Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.[1] The content and purpose of dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest, throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.[2] Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.[3] The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20–30 minutes.[3] People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, but some may have up to seven dreams in one night.[4] The dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, most dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM.[5] In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious mind. They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams can have varying natures, such as frightening, exciting, magical, melancholic, adventurous, or sexual. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the...
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...Consciousness and Psychology 5.3 Dreams Theories of Dreams Dreams as a Reflection of Unconscious Wishes 5.2 Sleep Biological Rhythms and Stages of Sleep Sleep Theories Effects of Sleep Deprivation Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Parasomnias CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity Dream Contents CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.3 Theories of Dreams 5 Learning Objectives States of Consciousness 5.1 5.2 Define consciousness. Describe how consciousness relates to psychology. Describe the changes in brain wave activity that occur during the different stages of sleep. Understand why sleep deprivation is harmful. Understand why deep sleep is important. Understand why REM sleep is important. Describe some common sleep disorders. 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Describe the two main theories of dreams. Explain the two theories of hypnosis. Discuss the effects and benefits of meditation. List and describe the four categories of psychoactive drugs. Describe the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. 5.4 Hypnosis Critical Thinking About Hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis Altered State of Consciousness Role Playing Divided Consciousness 5.6 Drug Use Mechanism of Action of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Narcotics/Opiates Summary of Multiple Influences on Consciousness CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.6 Effects of Psychoactive Drugs CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.4 Theories of Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine...
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...DREAM ANALYSIS This reflective essay illustrates Freud’s theory of dream analysis. It will begin with a brief overview of Freudian dream theory and will go on to describe the various components of personality structure and the unconscious from a psychodynamic perspective. This essay will analyse one of my personal dreams using Freud’s dream analysis theory and conclude with a critical reflection on the application of his theory as it relates to my dream. When Freud famously referred to dreams as being the ‘royal road to the unconscious’, he meant that dreams were a way in which to access the unconscious mind. Dream analysis in psychoanalysis is the process used to explore the role dreams play in the unconscious (Corey, 2005). The purpose of Freud’s theory of dream analysis is to gain better access to the unconscious in order to bring it into the conscious (Day, 2008). Freud believed that the mind represses painful events that the conscious does not want to remember due to the pain and anxiety they cause (Scharf, 2008). These repressed desires and motivations are freed through dreams which are a direct connection to the unconscious. Freud saw the unconscious as sexual and instinctual in nature and the dream as a disguised unfulfilled wish (Welsh, 1994). To better understand the dynamics between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind, Freud (1994) developed the structural model of the psyche which he called “the psychic apparatus”. Freud proposed that the part...
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...utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from it. But now, our understanding of the brain is beginning to reach a level of sophistication that may allow this. Tentative links between brain processes and cognitive theories are beginning to emerge in our quest to understand memory. 1 This essay is about some of these tentative links between brain and mind, and how they are may set the stage for some...
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...Chapter 01 Pre Test | 1. | Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people? | | | a. | Participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason. | b. | Deception is never justified. | c. | Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | d. | Participants must understand that confidentiality is not guaranteed. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | c.Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Ethics of Psychological Research, p. 34 | | 2. | A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | | | a. | psychoanalyst | b. | psychiatrist | c. | psychologist | d. | psychiatric social worker | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.psychiatrist | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, p. 18 | | 3. | Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: | | | a. | controlled observation. | b. | participation observation. | c. | the observer effect. | d. | observer bias. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | d.observer bias. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 23 | | 4. | Researchers...
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...PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION ESSAY QUESTIONS GROUP 1 What issues give rise to the bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder issued from lack of chemical and electrical elements in brain to function properly. It also occur in the presence of corresponding genes in patients DNA as a results of genes transmission from older generations. Bipolar disorder has 2 common poles known as Mania and Depression. How does this 2 poles differ from each other and how does this 2 poles correlate to each other? Mood Changes | -A long period of feeling "high," or an overly happy or outgoing mood -Extreme irritability | Behavioral Changes | -Talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another, having racing thoughts -Being easily distracted -Increasing activities, such as taking on new projects -Being overly restless -Sleeping little or not being tired -Having an unrealistic belief in one's abilities -Behaving impulsively and engaging in pleasurable, high-risk behaviours | | Depression | Mood Changes | -An overly long period of feeling sad or hopeless -Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex. | Behavioral Changes | -Feeling tired or "slowed down" -Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions -Being restless or irritable -Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits -Thinking of death or suicide, or attempting suicide. | How does they correlate? Both involves disturbance in length of sleep. Both involves...
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...• Question 1 2 out of 2 points Figuring out where the vending machine is broken internally is an example of ______. Selected Answer: d. reasoning with a mental model Answers: a. deductive reasoning b. reasoning with a mental model c. syllogistic reasoning d. inductive reasoning Response Feedback: Page: 291 Reason: A mental model is a visual, spatial, or content-based representation of a problem or situation. Topic: 8.4 Reasoning 0 out of 2 points • Question 2 Considering whether to invite the president to speak at your college graduation ceremony is an example of a ______. Selected Answer: b. mental set Answers: a. decision b. problem c. mental set d. judgment Response Feedback: Page: 286 Reason: Decisions involve thinking that requires a choice among alternatives. Topic: 8.3 Decision Making 0 out of 2 points • Question 3 A bias in problem solving is ______. Selected Answer: a. irrelevant information Answers: a. irrelevant information b. unnecessary constraints c. mental set d. All of the above. Response Feedback: Page: 284 Topic: 8.2 Problem Solving 0 out of 2 points • Question 4 Deciding that, “if all dogs are pets, and all pets are owned, then all dogs must be owned” illustrates ______. Selected Answer: d. deductive reasoning Answers: a. syllogistic reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. reasoning with a mental model Response...
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