...(ADHD). Predictors of SUD in children with ADHD who are at risk for the development of SUDs remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUDs and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. Method: Subjects were children and adolescents with (n 268; mean age standard deviation 10.9 3.2 years) and without (n 229; mean age 11.9 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a 10-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. Results: Over the 10-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (hazards ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.02; p .01) and cigarette smoking (2.38; 1.61–3.53; p .01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74; 1.66 – 4.52; p .01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21; 1.40 –3.51; p .01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUDs. Similar results were found for cigarette-, alcohol-, and drug-use disorders. There were few meaningful sex interaction effects. No clinically significant associations were found for any social or family environment factors or for cognitive functioning factors (p .05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: These results indicate that ADHD is a significant risk factor for the development of SUDs and...
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...The two most commonly used and abused drugs in the United States, are alcohol and marijuana. Is either drug good or bad for you, there are so many different studies that tell you the good and bad of use of alcohol and marijuana. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations (SAMHSA) alcohol is the number one legal drug used in the United States, which marijuana being the most-illegal drug used. Even though alcohol is legal and marijuana illegal, does not mean that either is good for you. Marijuana is a very controversial topic in the media right now, alongside with alcohol. The effects are very different; marijuana has immediate effect and can last for up to two hours after smoking. With alcohol, users feel slight effects after one drink. They can recover faster-depending how much they drank, how much they weigh, and if they ate before they drunk any alcohol. The immediate effects of alcohol use are slurred speech, poor judgment, and lack of motor skills. While the effects of marijuana are red eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, paranoia, hallucinations, slowed reaction and memory loss. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can lead to coma, and even death, for a person to overdose on marijuana they would have to inhale about 40,000 times the amount of THC that took them to get high. To obtain the amount of THC to overdose a smoker would theoretically have to consume nearly 1,500 pounds of marijuana within about fifteen minutes to induce a lethal response...
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...EFFECTS OF UNDER AGE DRINKING AND DRUG ABUSE TO THE BRAIN Paul Were ENG110 Instructor: Luciano Proposing a Solution 10/06/2012 Under age drinking and drug abuse is a very serious issue. Many of the students in our communities are consuming alcohol in alarmingly high quantities and at equally alarming frequencies. On average, at least a certain percentage of young people report or admit having used drugs once in their lifetime. Tobacco is often the first drug young people use, if they choose to use alcohol and illegal drugs. Teens claim to do this when they are upset, alone or bored. For many, alcohol consumption and drug abuse among young people has gone well beyond the occasional rite-of-passage levels their parents may have experienced. Because it is a neurotoxin chemical, alcohol consumption and drug abuse by students is not only affecting their academic performance but also their social behavior. Manifesting itself well before these students finish high school, drug and chemical dependency is an issue that cuts across all social-economic boundaries and leads to serious ramifications for teens and young adults. There is a need to educate parents and teens to reduce the severity of the problem and give our young people a chance for a productive future life. Drug use in adolescence is a very high risk causing permanent changes to the brain, brain injury, directly or indirectly, as well as chronic changes. Brain damage or acquired brain injury is the destruction...
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...Drug and Alcohol Review, (July 2005), 24, 369 – 385 Family interventions in the treatment of alcohol and drug problems ALEX G. COPELLO1, RICHARD D. B. VELLEMAN2 & LORNA J. TEMPLETON2 1 Birmingham and Solihull Substance Misuse Services and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK and 2Mental Health Research and Development Unit, University of Bath, UK and Avon Witshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust Abstract Alcohol and drug problems affect not only those using these substances but also family members of the substance user. In this review evidence of the negative impacts substance misuse may have upon families are examined, following which family-focused interventions are reviewed. Several family-focused interventions have been developed. They can be broadly grouped into three types: (1) working with family members to promote the entry and engagement of substance misusers into treatment; (2) joint involvement of family members and substance misusing relatives in the treatment of the latter; and (3) interventions responding to the needs of the family members in their own right. The evidence base for each of the three types is reviewed. Despite methodological weaknesses in this area, a number of conclusions can be advanced that support wider use of family focused interventions in routine practice. Future research needs to focus on (1) pragmatic trials that are more representative of routine clinical settings; (2) cost-effectiveness analyses, in terms of...
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...Final Essay Assignment - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Who has the rights? Sheila Bird COR3100 Critical Thinking and Writing (Section 2) John F. Kennedy University Summer 2014 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Who Has The Rights? Who has the rights when an unborn child is involved, mother or child? Can an unborn child be protected from his/her mother? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [FAS] raises these questions that so far, have not been addressed. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is considered to be the most serious consequence of a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy and is considered the #1 cause of mental retardation in the United States, and it is one that is entirely preventable. FAS was first reported in France in 1968 and noticed/discussed in the United States by Jones and Smith in 1973. Jones and Smith would identify distinctive facial features in children who were exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. Some of these facial features are: short eyelid openings, flat midface, thin upper lip and a flat or smooth grove between nose and upper lip. The children can also show growth retardation and significant cognitive and/or behavioral problems/issues. In the United States, FAS/Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder [FASD] occurs in about 10 per 1,000 live births or 40,000 babies per year. FAS is a lifelong condition that is not curable and has serious lifelong consequences. Unfortunately, there is no known limit on the amount of alcohol a mother can safely consume, that will not cause...
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...large amount of alcohol, which places the drinker at increased risk of experiencing alcohol related problems and to places others at risk of second hand effects (Wechsler & Nelson, 2001). Binge drinking is measured as the consumption of five or more drinks, in a row at some stage, within a two-week period for men and four or more drinks in a row for women (Wechsler & Nelson, 2001). Youth binge drinking is perceived to be an issue from a societal perspective due to the dose-related adverse consequences. The inappropriate consumption of alcohol by youths is directly linked to a range of problems to society, including health issues, lower life expectancy, accidents, reduced workplace productivity, drink driving, violence and other forms of crime (Collins & Lapsley, 2008). Hospital records of alcohol related harm to youths show an increased of up to 70% when drinking alcopops (University of Queensland, 2013). The economic costs to society for binge drinking in 2010 was estimated to be in excess of $14 billion (Figure 1) (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013) (Manning & Smith, 2013). Figure 1: Cost to society of alcohol related issues 2010 (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013) Australia has had many policies and plans to reduce alcohol consumption, including the National Health Policy on Alcohol in Australia (1989) and the Implementation of the National Health Policy in Australia. The most recent effort to affect the alcohol consumption rate, is the National Drug Strategic Framework...
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...Jackie Combs, Colin Endo, Henric Razon, Arlene Roche SP151 S. Pastor 3/4/2014 TITLE: Exploring the culture of Rock N’ Roll GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform SPECIFIC PURPOSE: The purpose of this presentation is to inform our audience of classmates about the culture of Rock N’ Roll, and its impact of artists from the 50s, 60s, 70s & 80s era. CENTRAL IDEA: The culture of Rock N’ Roll is an interesting culture to explore because it has so many influential artists of all eras and for many decades it has played a big role in society. INTRODUCTION I. We will we will rock you! The language of rock n’ roll has such an influence on the moods and attitudes on many, young and old alike. II. There are many rock musicians that have made their influential mark in the entertainment world, but today we will introduce to you just a few who we feel has “rocked” the world of music. III. Relevancy* IV. We have done extensive research on our topic and have looked at credible sources from the Internet, reference books, and articles. We hope you will enjoy learning more about the genre of rock music just as we have. V. Today, we will share highlights about the *, *, awards and recognition, and their lifestyle associated alcohol and drugs of abuse. BODY I. 1950s (Henric Razon student one) II. 1960s(Colin Endo student two) III. The 1970s was marked by an emergence of a variety of new rock styles, with...
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...and Peer Pressure Melissa Walters January 31, 2012 Why has underage drinking becoming such a serious issue in America? In middle school kids do not think about things like going to a party, drinking, and using drugs. So, why is it when teens get to high school teens feel obligated to do such things? Some peers put pressure on others to fit in and do things people do not usually think they would ever do. Underage drinking has become a serious issue across America. Since then people have been trying to lower the age of drinking thinking it will help, but lowering the age is just going to cause the drinking and driving percent to go up because teens are not mature enough to responsibly drink and still be in control. That shows that our society is not doing everything they can to stop teens from drinking. Teens believe that drinking is something to just make them look, or seem older and more mature. They do not realize the serious consequences and the health risks they are putting on their selves. Teenage drinking is often a gateway into other often dangerous life choices; however, to fully understand the problems associated with T.A.D, one must look at why teenagers start drinking in the first place. T.A.D is a problem often over looked in our society. Alcohol abuse not only causes teens to misjudge things, but can also cause suicidal thoughts and causes them to choose risky sexual behaviors. (Staff, 2011) “A study showed that teens that reported that their friends were sexually...
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...process. The counseling and intervention sessions are conducted by Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselors, (LCDC) which use cognitive behavioral therapies as a treatment tool. The SMART program is very structured in regard to the structure, its mission, and goals. There are strict eligibility requirements that offenders must meet to attend the 20-week program. The program is not gender specific and is available for male and female offenders. There are three levels of treatment provided at the treatment facility. Therapy is provided in the form of individual and group sessions. The writer visited the site while accompanied by LCDC Ms. Vicki Clark Merriwether; Ms. Merriwether gained her experience working with active duty Soldiers as an Alcohol and Drug counselor at several military locations in the United States and Europe. Ms. Merriwether also holds a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology. The writer was afforded the opportunity to tour the facility and sit in on a group counseling session. The experience was invaluable in regard to the intellectual insight of the realm of Human Service workers. Program population The SMART Program participants consist of offenders that are screened in order to meet eligibility....
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...1 NUR 201 DRUG CARD Student: ________________________ Generic Name: Bupropion hydrobromide________ Trade Name(s): Wellbutrin, Aplenzin, Zyban_ Classification: Antidepressant – atypical (heterocyclic), Aminoketone_____________________________ Administration Routes: PO _√_ SQ ___ IM ___ IV ___ Transdermal ____ Ophth_____ Action: Mechanism of action is not known; the drug does not inhibit MAO, and it only weakly blocks neuronal uptake of epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. However, its action is believed to be mediated by noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic mechanisms. Exerts moderate anticholinergic and sedative effects, but only slight orthostatic hypotension. Indications: (1) Treatment of major depressive disorder (immediate-release and extended-release). (2) Major depressive episodes in those with a history of seasonal affective disorder (Wellbutrin XL only). (3) Aid to stop smoking (Zyban only); may be combined with a nicotine transdermal system. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to bupropion or any ingredients. Seizure disorders; presence or history of bulimia or anorexia nervosa due to the higher incidence of seizures in such clients. Concomitant use of an MAOI. Use in clients undergoing abrupt discontinuation of alcohol and sedatives, including benzodiazepines. Use in clients who have shown an allergic response to bupropion or other components of the various products. Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, and Zyban all contain bupropion; do not use together. Lactation...
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...Elizabeth Hartney argues ‘psychoactive’ is a term that is applied to drugs and substances that a change a personal mental state by affecting the way the brain and nervous system’s work. This can lead to intoxication which is often the main reason people choose to take psychoactive drugs. In some situations, however these drugs can be used to alter a person’s mental state in order to exploit them for example use of date rape drugs. Psychoactive drugs such as anti-depressants and drugs used to treat conditions such as ADHD are also psychoactive. Another author argues, “These are drugs since ancient times which were used for their psychological effects to stimulate or relax, to bring sleep or prevent it, to enhance ordinary perceptions or to produce hallucinations. They also include alcohol, tobacco and coffee.”(Atkinson, Richard & HIlgard, 1983). Another source describes psychoactive drugs as, “The term ‘drug’ refers to any chemical substance, aside from food, that, upon entering the body, alters the physical or chemical characteristics of the body and its functions. A drug that alters sensory perceptions, mood, thought processes, or behavior is known as a psychoactive drug.” Behavior according to psychology refers to any action for example eating, sneezing, gambling, learning a language. DEPRESSANTS In small quantities, it appears to increase people’s energy and make them feel lively and sociable. In reality alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, not a stimulant. The feeling...
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...ARTICLES PUBLISHED ONLINE: 15 DECEMBER 2014 | DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.2131 Copper-catalysed selective hydroamination reactions of alkynes Shi-Liang Shi and Stephen L. Buchwald* The development of selective reactions that utilize easily available and abundant precursors for the efficient synthesis of amines is a long-standing goal of chemical research. Despite the centrality of amines in a number of important research areas, including medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and materials science, a general, selective and step-efficient synthesis of amines is still needed. Here, we describe a set of mild catalytic conditions utilizing a single copper-based catalyst that enables the direct preparation of three distinct and important amine classes (enamines, α-chiral branched alkylamines and linear alkylamines) from readily available alkyne starting materials with high levels of chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. This methodology was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of rivastigmine and the formal synthesis of several other pharmaceutical agents, including duloxetine, atomoxetine, fluoxetine and tolterodine. C omplex organic molecules play a crucial role in the study and treatment of disease. The extent to which they can be utilized in these endeavours depends on the efficient and selective chemical methods for their construction1. Amines are widely represented in biologically active natural products and medicines2 (a small selection of which are shown in Fig. 1a). Consequently, the selective...
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... Due Date: Monday 31st March Alcohol and Energy Drinks Abstract The aim of this study was to examine whether alcohol consumption increased when an individual consumed an energy drink. 172 participants completed a two part survey comprising of questions regarding alcohol consumption and completion of the Risk Taking Questionnaire 18. The hypothesis that alcohol consumption in a single sitting would be higher in the high propensity group in comparison the low propensity group was supported. The hypothesis that alcohol mixed with energy drink consumption in a single sitting would be higher than alcohol only consumption in a single sitting was rejected. It was concluded that an individual with a higher pre-disposition for risk-taking behaviour would consume more alcoholic beverages in a single sitting than an individual without the pre-disposition to risk-taking behaviour. Future research should examine the effects alcohol has on energy drinks in comparison to individual consumption in order to truly understand the effects it has. Energy drinks (ED)’s are a relatively new concept in the overall soft-drink market, but are essentially rebranding and reselling caffeine to a different target market with an entire new sense of appeal. This appeal seen by the younger demographic of consumers is being combatted with the potential health risks of consumption, especially combined with the depressant, alcohol (McCusker, Goldberger & Cone, 2006).These...
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...including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state . What happens to the brain during addiction? The first time an individual takes drugs is usually a voluntary decision. With continued...
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...The Disease of Drug Addiction Joanne Frye HSER 340 Abstract Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive seeking and use of addictive substances despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her. Introduction Dramatic advances in science over the past 20 years have shown that drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease that results from the prolonged effects of drugs on the brain. (Leshner, 1997) It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain structure and how the brain works. (Volkow and Schelbert, 2007) As with many other brain diseases, addiction has embedded behavioral and social-context aspects that are important parts of the disorder itself. Therefore, the most effective treatment approaches will include biological, behavioral, and social-context components. Recognizing addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use can impact society’s overall health and social policy strategies and help diminish the health and social costs associated with drug abuse and addiction (Leshner, 1997). Addiction as a Disease For decades, the orthodox view in neuroscience and psychiatry has been that addiction is a psychiatric disease (Jellinek, 1960). In 1968 it was included in the second revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, positioning it explicitly as a mental illness for the purpose diagnosis and treatment...
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