...Addison’s Disease Extra Credit 04-13-2011 Addison’s Disease affects the Endocrine system. With this disease your body can’t produce enough of certain hormones. In Addison’s Disease your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and sometimes small levels of aldosterone. Some of the symptoms of Addison’s Disease are as follows; one is if a person is feeling a lot of muscle weakness and disease. Another symptom is weight loss and loss of appetite also occurs. Some people also experience darkening of the skin, low blood pressure, and low blood pressure. Nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting could also be a sign of Addison’s Disease. These symptoms usually develop slowly over several months. Addison’s Disease is usually caused by a problem with the adrenal glands themselves. A lot of the time the body’s self-defense mechanism, the immune system, mistakenly attacks the adrenal glands. When these attacks happen it destroys the outer layer of the glands. Long-lasting infections such as HIV or tuberculosis can also harm the glands. Addison’s disease can also be brought on by body spreading cancer cells. All treatment associated for Addison’s Disease is in the form of hormone replacement therapy. One drug you could use would be oral corticosteroids. A doctor would prescribe these pills to you to help replace aldosterone. Other medicines such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, or cortisone acetate may be used to replace cortisol. Another form of treatment would be corticosteroid injections...
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...Addison’s Disease Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands. In Addison's disease, your adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. Also called adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease occurs in all age groups and affects both sexes. Addison's disease can be life-threatening. Treatment for Addison's disease involves taking hormones to replace the insufficient amounts being made by your adrenal glands, in order to mimic the beneficial effects produced by your naturally made hormones. Symptoms Addison's disease symptoms usually develop slowly, often over several months, and may include: * Muscle weakness and fatigue * Weight loss and decreased appetite * Darkening of your skin (hyperpigmentation) * Low blood pressure, even fainting * Salt craving * Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) * Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting * Muscle or joint pains * Irritability * Depression * Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women Acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis) Sometimes, however, the signs and symptoms of Addison's disease may appear suddenly. In acute adrenal failure (addisonian crisis), the signs and symptoms may also include: * Pain in your lower back, abdomen or legs * Severe vomiting and diarrhea, leading to dehydration * Low blood pressure * Loss of consciousness ...
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...stool is normal, slowly reintroduce his normal diet by mixing half a serving with the bland diet above. Over the Counter Diarrheal Aids Dogs may be given household diarrheal medicine for humans in some situations. Before giving your pet any medication, check with your veterinarian to make sure it is safe and get the proper dosage information based on the size of your dog. Types of over the counter diarrhea aids to consider (after checking with your veterinarian): • Pepto Bismol • Immodium • Kaopectate Quick Response Your quick response is the best dog diarrhea cure there is. Take a look at the dog's environment to see if he has eaten a foreign object or been exposed to the feces of an infected animal who has a disease. Take your dog to the veterinarian if necessary, or change his diet if you suspect a minor illness to be the cause of the diarrhea. Dog Stomach Problems 5 [pic]"Dog Stomach Problems can have multiple causes. The most common symptom is vomiting. If your dog has just eaten, was outside and may have eaten garbage or grass or is on a new medication than this is likely the cause. Note that if your dog licked antifreeze in the street, this is a poison and requires immediate treatment. If your dog is suffering...
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...system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. Each gland of the endocrine system releases specific hormones into your bloodstream. These hormones travel through your blood to other cells and help control or coordinate many body processes. Even the slightest hiccup with the function of one or more of these glands can throw off the delicate balance of hormones in your body and lead to an endocrine disorder, or disease. Adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol and sometimes, aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration, and skin changes. Addison's disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency. All treatment for Addison's disease involves hormone replacement therapy to correct the levels of steroid hormones your body isn't producing. Some options for treatment include Oral corticosteroids, Corticosteroid injections, and Androgen replacement therapy. Doctors may prescribe fludrocortisones to replace aldosterone. Hydrocortisone (Cortef), prednisone or cortisone acetate may be used to replace cortisol. Cushing's disease, Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an overactive adrenal gland. A similar condition called Cushing's syndrome may occur in people, particularly children, who take...
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...Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B5 for Acne Virtually everyone remembers the frustrating experience of acne with small inflamed dots called pimples or blackheads. For the young woman concerned about self-image, skin complexion is important. One or two strategically placed pimples can be intolerable. For some, acne can progress, leading to scarring and disfigurement, with pitting and nodularity called Acne Vulgaris. While some are spared this chronic ordeal, others endure many years of ineffective treatments by a succession of dermatologists. Although some treatments such as Accutane™ may offer success, there is a price in terms of serious adverse side effects. What Causes Acne? Acne is caused by excess oil called sebum which originates in the sebaceous glands at the root of the hair follicles. This oily build may occlude the duct in the skin causing blockage and infection. "Popping the pimple” is a home remedy which forces the occluding plug to pop out of the pore, providing drainage and temporary relief. Common Causes of Acne Acne is a common adverse side effect of synthetic birth control pills which mimic testosterone. Elevated testosterone levels in males and females are associated with increased oil production in the skin resulting in acne. A common genetic mutation called atypical CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) causes increased testosterone in females resulting in acne. PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) syndrome is associated with increased testosterone...
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...Sometimes dog diarrhea can be from a combination of these causes. Intestinal infections can also cause the intestine to over secrete. They also tend to change the motility of the intestine. Symptoms and Types of Dog Diarrhea * More water in feces than normal * May have an increased volume of feces * Fecal accidents * Vomiting * Blood or mucus in the feces * Straining to defecate * Possible listlessness * Possible anorexia * Depression * Abdominal pain * Fever * Weakness Causes of Dog Diarrhea * Systemic illness * Eating garbage, nonfood material or spoiled food * Changes in diet * Hypersensitive digestive tract * Addison’s disease - less active than normal adrenal glands * Liver disease * Kidney disease * Pancreatic disease *...
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...Questions 1. Seborrheic dermatitis 2. It's called the lunula, and it's the only visible part of the nail matrix. It's primary role is to define the structure of the free edge of the nail and can also be used to determine the general health of your body 3. Granulosum 4. Arrector pili 5. Addison's 6. Terminal 7. Second-degree 8. Melanocytes 9. Lucidum 10. Papillary 11. • Autoimmune disorders • Diseases • Nutritional deficiencies • Poisons • Prescription drugs • Chemotherapy drugs • Radiation exposure • Stress • Physical trauma to the scalp • Hair loss following childbirth • Psychological • Hair styling techniques • Hair styling products 12. Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also able to convert topical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug. 13. First degree burns - Only the epidermis is damaged. Second degree burns - Injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Third degree burns - Involves the entire thickness of the skin. 14. Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair." 15. It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism. 16. Due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin. 17. Allows excessive fluid loss and infection. 18. 1. Protection against...
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...insufficient food intake (Wikipedia, 2011). Diagnosing Eating Disorders The disorder that I have chosen to write about is Eating Disorders. There are many disorders within this category that include anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. According to eating disorders the symptoms for diagnosing eating disorders are obsessed with food, body image and weight loss (Healthline, 2011). They may have severely limited food choices, bizarre eating rituals, excessively drink fluids and chew gum, avoid eating with other people, loss of interest in sex, low blood pressure, depressed body temperature, unexplained vomiting, and hair growth of the body or face (Healthline, 2011). Treating Eating Disorders There are numerous treatment options that are used for treating this disorder. Through research, it was found that the best ways to treat eating disorders are through therapy and counseling. Therapy is crucial to treating anorexia and bulimia. A therapist can address any feelings of shame and isolation caused by the eating disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most common therapy for eating disorders because it educated about nutrition, healthy weight management, and relaxation techniques (Help Guide, 2011). Nutritional counseling is important to help the person incorporate healthy eating behaviors into their everyday life. Unhealthy eating habits cannot change overnight, but a person can learn a healthier relationship with food overtime through nutritional counseling (Help Guide...
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...inches in diameter. (Sagmiller, 2) The principle role of the thyroid gland is to manufacture, store, and secrete the thyroid hormones, 1-thyroxine (T4) and triidothyroxine (T3). The thyroid is also responsible for storing much of the body’s supply of iodine, which is used to form T4 and T3. The hypothalamus detects a need for more thyroid hormone and signals the pituitary gland to make thyrotropin (TSH). The thyroid then adjusts its production of hormones based on the amount of TSH it receives. When the thyroid does not make enough hormones, hypothyroidism occurs. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill) Simply put, hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid. Because the thyroid controls metabolism, regulates body temperature, affects body weight, muscle strength, energy level, and fertility (Sagmill, 206), an underactive thyroid can have significant effects on individuals who are diagnosed with hypothyroidism. There are an estimated 27 million people living with hypothyroidism, the majority being female. Women are nine times more likely to develop this disease, most cases occurring during the childbearing years. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill, 1491) While not as common; men and children are still susceptible to the disease. After the age of 65, the number of men and women with hypothyroidism evens out. (Blanchard and Abrams-Brill, 2669) Due to the role iodine plays in conjunction with hypothyroidism, individuals living in iodine deficient areas are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop...
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...hormones that either are produced in the adrenal cortex or are synthetic analogues. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, fat metabolism, retention of sodium in the kidneys, immune response and regulation of inflammation, bone development, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Corticosteroid Therapy Facts The long‐term administration of corticosteroids in therapeutic doses can often leads to serious complications and side effects. Therapy is reserved for diseases in which there is a risk of death or permanent loss of function, and conditions in which short‐ term therapy is likely to produce remission or recovery. Corticosteroid Therapy Facts There are many ways steroids can be delivered, and these include orally, topically, injections or via nasal or bronchial inhalation. Different types of steroids can be used, and delivery and type may change common side effects. Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy Anti‐inflammatory action As a result, manifestations of inflammation, including redness, tenderness, heat, swelling, and local edema are suppressed. Immunosuppression Cause atrophy of lymphoid tissue, suppress the cell‐mediated immune responses, and decrease the production of antibodies. Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy Maintenance of normal BP Retention of sodium and subsequently water increases blood volume and helps maintain BP...
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...Medication/Dose/RouteClassificationGeneric/Trade Name | Action | ContraindicationAdverse Effects | Nursing Considerations | Acetaminophen/500mg/ By MouthAntipyretic& Analgesic (nonopioid)Acetaminophen/TylenolCarvedilol/6.25mg/By MouthAlpha- and beta-adrenergic blocker & AntihypertensiveCarvedilol/CoregDocusate Sodium/100mg/By MouthLaxative stool softenersDocusate Sodium/ColaceFurosemide/40mg/By MouthLoop diureticsFurosemide/Lasix | Reduces fever by acting directly on the hypothalamic heat-regulating center to cause vasodilation and sweating, which helps dissipate heat.Carvedilol causes vasodilation by blocking the activity of α-blockers, mainly at alpha-1 receptors. It exerts antihypertensive effect partly by reducing total peripheral resistance and vasodilation. It is used in patients with renal impairment, NIDDM or IDDM.Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass, may also promote electrolyte and water secretion into the colon. It increases the amount of water and fat absorbed by the feces, softening the stool and making it easier to pass.Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. | Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophen. Use cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Adverse effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5–8 g/day are ingested daily for several...
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...Darren & Jenny’s Nursing Study Guide Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide Nursing Formulas and Conversions Drugs and Dosage Formulas and Conversions Volume 60 minims = 1 dram = 5cc = 1tsp 4 drams = 0.5 ounces = 1tbsp 8 drams = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1pt. 32 ounces = 1qt. Weight 60 grains = 1dram 8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 lb. (apothecaries') Household 1tsp = 1tsp = 3tsp = 1tbsp = Household 1tsp=5cc 3tsp=1tbsp 1tbsp=0.5oz or 15cc 2tbsp=1oz or 30cc 1pt.=16oz or 480cc 1qt=32oz or 960cc 1/60 grain=1mg 15 grains=1g 2.2 lbs.=1kg Apothecary 1 dram 60 gtts (drops) 0.5 ounce 0.5 ounce Metric 5cc=1tsp 15cc=1tbsp 30cc=2tbsp(1oz) 1cc=16minims Apothecary 1fl.dram=4cc 4drams=0.5oz 8drams=2tbsp(1oz) 16minims=1cc 500cc=0.5L or 1pt. 1000cc=1L or 1qt. Temp. Conversion C= F-32/1.8 F= 1.8*C-32 2 Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR Arterial Ulcer – Pale, deep base, surrounded by tissue that is cool with trophic changes such as dry, soluble skin and loss of hair. Cause by ischemia from inadequate arterial blood supply of oxygen and nutrients . Venous stasis Ulcer – Dark, red base, surrounded by skin that is brown in color with edema. Caused by the accumulation of waste products of metabolism that are not cleared due to venous congestion. Stage I Ulcer – Reddened area with intact skin surface. Management of DVT – Bed rest, limb elevation , relief of discomfort with warm, moist, heat and analgesics (Tylenol, not narcotics) prn. Ambulation is contraindicated...
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...Darren & Jenny’s Nursing Study Guide Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide Nursing Formulas and Conversions Drugs and Dosage Formulas and Conversions Volume 60 minims = 1 dram = 5cc = 1tsp 4 drams = 0.5 ounces = 1tbsp 8 drams = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1pt. 32 ounces = 1qt. Weight 60 grains = 1dram 8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 lb. (apothecaries') Household 1tsp = 1tsp = 3tsp = 1tbsp = Household 1tsp=5cc 3tsp=1tbsp 1tbsp=0.5oz or 15cc 2tbsp=1oz or 30cc 1pt.=16oz or 480cc 1qt=32oz or 960cc 1/60 grain=1mg 15 grains=1g 2.2 lbs.=1kg Apothecary 1 dram 60 gtts (drops) 0.5 ounce 0.5 ounce Metric 5cc=1tsp 15cc=1tbsp 30cc=2tbsp(1oz) 1cc=16minims Apothecary 1fl.dram=4cc 4drams=0.5oz 8drams=2tbsp(1oz) 16minims=1cc 500cc=0.5L or 1pt. 1000cc=1L or 1qt. Temp. Conversion C= F-32/1.8 F= 1.8*C-32 2 Darren & Jenny Nursing Study Guide NOTES CARDIOVASCULAR Arterial Ulcer – Pale, deep base, surrounded by tissue that is cool with trophic changes such as dry, soluble skin and loss of hair. Cause by ischemia from inadequate arterial blood supply of oxygen and nutrients . Venous stasis Ulcer – Dark, red base, surrounded by skin that is brown in color with edema. Caused by the accumulation of waste products of metabolism that are not cleared due to venous congestion. Stage I Ulcer – Reddened area with intact skin surface. Management of DVT – Bed rest, limb elevation , relief of discomfort with warm, moist, heat and analgesics (Tylenol, not narcotics) prn. Ambulation is contraindicated...
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...ACID-BASE DISORDERS MADE SO EASY EVEN A CAVEMAN CAN DO IT Lorraine R Franzi, MS/HSM, RD, LDN, CNSD Nutrition Support Specialist University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES The clinician after participating in the roundtable will be able to: 1) Indicate whether the pH level indicates acidosis or alkalosis. 2) State whether the cause of the pH imbalance is respiratory or metabolic. 3) Identify if there is any compensation for the acid-base imbalance. II. INTRODUCTION Acid-Base balance is an intricate concept which requires an intimate and detailed knowledge of the body’s metabolic pathways used to eliminate the H+ ion. Clinicians may find it daunting to understand when first introduced to the subject. This roundtable session will demonstrate how to analyze blood gas levels in a very elementary manner so as to diagnose any acid-base disorder in a matter of minutes. The body is in a constant state of flux delicately stabilizing the pH so as to maintain its normalcy. In order to prevent untoward effects of alkalosis or acidosis the body has three major buffering systems that it uses to adjust the pH. They are: 1) Plasma protein (Prot-) 2) Plasma hemoglobin (Hb-) 3) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) The Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid system is the most dominate buffering system and controls the majority of the hydrogen ion (H+) equilibrium. Maintaining homeostasis when these acid-base shifts occur is vital to survival. Metabolic and respiratory...
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...MedDRA® TERM SELECTION: POINTS TO CONSIDER Release 3.13 Based on MedDRA Version 12.1 ICH-Endorsed Guide for MedDRA Users Application to Adverse Drug Reactions /Adverse Events & Medical and Social History & Indications 1 October 2009 © Copyright ICH Secretariat (c/o IFPMA) Copying is permitted, with reference to source, but material in this publication may not be used in any documentation or electronic media which is offered for sale, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. IFPMA Chemin Louis-Dunant, 15 P.O. Box 195 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Tel: +41 (22) 338 32 00 Fax: +41 (22) 338 32 99 2 Table of Contents 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 4.0 4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 OBJECTIVE OF THIS DOCUMENT ................................................................................................. 4 PURPOSES OF USING MEDDRA ................................................................................................. 5 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 5 SCOPE OF THE POINTS TO CONSIDER ......................................................................................... 6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES...
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