...8.0 Experimental Results Basis: 1kg= 1L 8.1 DRY RUN Steam pressure(psig) | 42 | Steam condensate(kg/s) | 0.00083 | Table (8.1):Experimental data obtained from dry run Table(): shows the mass of steam condensed per second at 42 psig obtained during the dry run (no recirculating liquor) these data along with the latent heat of vaporisation were used to calculate the rate of heat loss from the calandria. Heat loss calculation Time taken to fill 250ml for 5minutes=300seconds Sd=0.25/300=0.00083L/s = 0.00083Kg/s 42psig=3.89bar Calculation 42psig=(42/14.5)+1=3.89bar Latent heat of vaporisation at 3.89bar =2141.79kj/kg Qlost=0.00083*2141.79= 1.785KJ/s Subsequent runs with recirculating liquor Parameter measured | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Run 4 | W(L/s) | 0.89 | 0.89 | 1.25 | 0.89 | S (L/s) | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.0097 | R(L/min) | 100.5 | 65.5 | 55.5 | 55.5 | V(L/s) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00894 | 0.0076 | Pressure (psig) | 42 | 42 | 42 | 30 | T1 0C | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | T2 0C | 19.4 | 18.7 | 15.2 | 15.5 | T3 0C | 100.2 | 100.3 | 90.7 | 99.4 | T5 0C | 100.1 | 98.3 | 90.3 | 96.9 | T6 0C | 101.7 | 101.6 | 93.7 | 100.5 | T7 0C | 19 | 19.3 | 17.2 | 17.9 | Table (8.2):Experimental data obtained from runs with recirculating liquor. Symbol | Parameters represented | T1 | Cooling water inlet | T2 | Cooling water outlet | T3 | Vapour | T5 | Weak liquor inlet | T6 | Liquor Calandria inlet | T7 | Liquor Calandria outlet | W | Cooling water | S | Steam condensate |...
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...PROCESS SAFETY AND LOSS PREVENTION ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION TO HAZARD ANALYSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT (CPE6001 Part 1) September 2011 1. Discuss the form in which risk predictions may be presented, including numerical values, and indicate the way in which these may be used by chemical plant managers and safety authorities to judge the acceptability of a particular chemical plant activity. Explain the philosophy underlying acceptability criteria, justifying any numerical values used, and discuss the issues which you would consider in applying acceptability criteria in developing and developed countries. (30 marks) 2. Figure 1 shows a schematic layout of the safety cooling system for the AP1000 pressurised water nuclear reactor. Figure 1. The reactor system is contained within a 'passive cooling' containment vessel (Figure 2) which is intended to provide natural and permanent cooling in the event of a loss of cooling event in the reactor loop. Figure 2 Containment vessel for AP1000 cooling A comprehensive description of the overall system is provided by Schulz (1) and is available on the University Mole system for CPE6001. A brief description of the safety cooling system would comprise the following : The safety system incorporates four sources of passive water management following a loss of coolant accident : - two accumulator vessels (ACC) provide high flow for several minutes - two core make-up tanks (CMT)provide moderately high flow for a longer period - an in-containment...
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...‡§√◊ËÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“» ç·§‡√’¬√åé 07TD Series Water Cooled Condensing Unit Nominal Cooling Range 1-5 Tons World's No.1 Air Conditioning Expert www.carrier.co.th 07TD Series 07TD water cooled condensing unit is small, compact and use a minimum of water. Each unit may be installed single or in multiples, on the floor, suspended from a ceiling or positioned in a closet. Six sizes, when matched or mix-matched with evaporator sections provide a wide range of capacities. Features Compatible fittings permit either mechanical (quick) or sweat connection without the use of adapters, and liquid & suction service valve. Lasting beauty and protection of Weather Armor casing is positive shields against rust and corrosion. Cabinet is made from galvanized steel, bonderized, and painted with baked enamel. Low operating sound permits flexibility of unit location. Cabinet is internally insulated to absorb operating sound. Vibration isolators are fitted under both compressor and condenser. Time Guard circuit prevents compressor shot cycling on safety device, thermostat or power interruption by preventing compressor from restarting for 3 minutes. (Option for all models) Highly efficient plate heat exchanger minimizes condenser water flow requirement. Unit efficiency is substantially higher than for comparable air-cooled condensing units. Long unit life: Phase compressor protected from current and temperature overloads. For 07TD036BSC 060SC protective devices include high and low pressure...
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...Schenectady Summer Youth Program In Schenectady a small upstate New York town, it’s the last day of school and all of the students are staring at the clock waiting for the bell, the bell of freedom. Seconds feel like hours now and then it’s finally 2:10 and the bell of freedom is ringing filling the school. The students rush out of the classrooms and the hallways are now filled with the chatter of summer vacation plans. Talks about going to the lake visiting the cape or some simple plans of playing video games all break. However, there are a select few students who have different plans from their classmates. Their plans do not consist of sleeping in late, sun bathing on the beach, but something completely opposite of their peers. They plan on working during their summer break. The youth are enrolled into a special program called the Schenectady County Youth Program. The program is offered to youth ages 14-20, those youth are then given an incredible opportunity to gain on-the job training for 20 hours per week during the summer months. Schenectady Country Summer Youth Employment Program promoted the partnership of economic development, education, and training resources. The youth involved will not only have the opportunity to earn a few dollars during the summer, but will be given important skills that they will need to be successful in the future. Schenectady is rich in history and was once known as “ The city that lights and hauls the world”. Like every other city there...
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...“ It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.” –Henry Ford Some may consider those to be strong words, words that many believe to be true. This quote is found in the book that I will be introducing written by author Robert Kiyosaki titled “ Increase Your Financial IQ” the quote sets the pace for what this book stands for: Financial Education. Robert Kiyosaki’s objective through out the book is to illustrate for the reader the major differences between how wealthy people think about and deal with money vs. how the middle class and poor deal with money. He outlines his thoughts in what he calls, the Five Financial IQs. According to Kiyosaki it is not money but knowledge that makes one rich (pg 200). Robert Kiyosaki was born April 8, 1947 to a middle class family. Kiyosaki is an investor, businessman, self-help author and motivational speaker. Along with being a successful author, he is also the creator of the Rich Dad brand, as well as a real estate mogul owning millions of dollars in real estate assets. Kiyosaki is best known for his “Rich Dad Poor Dad” book and other materials published and found on the top 10 best-seller lists of The Wall Street Journal, USA Today and the New York Times. Before becoming a best selling author he began his career as a salesman for the Xerox Corporation a company that sells copy machines. In his popular book “Rich Dad Poor...
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...If you wanted to get rich, how would you do it? I think your best bet would be to start or join a startup. That's been a reliable way to get rich for hundreds of years. The word "startup" dates from the 1960s, but what happens in one is very similar to the venture-backed trading voyages of the Middle Ages. Startups usually involve technology, so much so that the phrase "high-tech startup" is almost redundant. A startup is a small company that takes on a hard technical problem. Lots of people get rich knowing nothing more than that. You don't have to know physics to be a good pitcher. But I think it could give you an edge to understand the underlying principles. Why do startups have to be small? Will a startup inevitably stop being a startup as it grows larger? And why do they so often work on developing new technology? Why are there so many startups selling new drugs or computer software, and none selling corn oil or laundry detergent? The Proposition Economically, you can think of a startup as a way to compress your whole working life into a few years. Instead of working at a low intensity for forty years, you work as hard as you possibly can for four. This pays especially well in technology, where you earn a premium for working fast. Here is a brief sketch of the economic proposition. If you're a good hacker in your mid twenties, you can get a job paying about $80,000 per year. So on average such a hacker must be able to do at least $80,000 worth of work per year...
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...An Aldol Condensation Reaction: The Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone—An Example of a Double-Crossed Aldol Addition Reactions of Carbonyl Groups The chemical reactivity of aldehydes and ketones is closely associated with the presence of the carbonyl group in their structures. For example, both aldehydes and ketones undergo addition reactions such as the addition of a Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Addition reactions. The reactions in Figure 1 differ only because the pink H of an aldehyde is replaced by R′′ in the ketone. The addition reaction occurs at the carbonyl group. The carbonyl group is polarized so that the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge and the oxygen atom bears a partial negative charge. The R′ group of the Grignard reagent is negative relative to the positive Mg atom. Thus, the negative R′ group bonds to the positive carbon atom, and the negative oxygen and metallic magnesium form an ionic bond, yielding a salt in each reaction. The addition product is acidified in each case to make a covalent alcohol. The aldehyde produces a IIo alcohol; whereas, the ketone produces a IIIo alcohol owing to the R′′ group. The two equations for addition reactions in Figure 1 are summarized in Figure 2. A nucleophile (negative species) bonds to the carbonyl carbon (positive), breaking the π bond of the carbonyl group. Figure 2. Addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl group. Figure 2 focuses our...
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...Macroeconomics 11/30/2010 What is Really Happening in Our Economy? Before getting into what I think is the root of the problem, I’d like to give a little insight into some of the opinions of my family members. Every night, my family sits down at the dinner table to eat together. Sometimes I miss out on this because I work nights, but I always have at least one night of the week home. I raised the question, “what do you think is going on in our economy?” and received a variety of responses. I started first with my 11 year old sister, who comically replied “I think that the inflation will cause everyone in the country to form an angry mob”. For an 11 year old, I’d say her assessment is pretty spot on. Next my father, a 47 year old scientist, furrowed his brow a little and then responded by saying “I think the housing market is the problem.” Because unemployment and underemployment are so high, it is becoming increasingly difficult for a larger percentage of people to buy homes. More people are living with their parents well into their twenties, since, to put it quite simply: “the rent is too damn high”. With home sales at an all-time low, new housing construction is at a standstill. This negatively affects all the people that work in the housing industry. On top of that, home foreclosure is at an all-time high. All of these factors combined are causing the collapse of the housing market. I then referred the question to my other sister, who is 17...
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...The aphorism ‘the rich get richer and the poor get poorer’ truly illustrates the message put forth by D.W. Griffith in his film A Corner in Wheat. Set in the early 1900’s, this film highlights the development of capitalism in the United States of America. Griffith parallels three different perspectives in the film by presenting the viewpoints from a farmer, a successful businessman and the owner of a bread shop. This techniques helps illustrate the rise of the populist movement and the increasing divide between the upper class and lower class. With these contrasting views a Corner in Wheat offers a populist interpretation by utilizing the experiences of these three characters. Three specific scenes that support this populist interpretation are the scene with the farmer and his family, the scene in the pit and the scene in the bread shop. These events make up the film and set the populist atmosphere and criticize the unfairness of imperialism. Another factor that helps support the populist vision A Corner in Wheat presents is the fact that this film was released in 1909; around the time of the uprising of the populist movement. In class we talked about the formation of the Farmers Alliance in the 1880s a major social movement in which farmers fought against the developing imperialism of America (Lecture, January 30, 2014). Along with the formation of the People Party in 1892 that gained the attention of many impoverished Americans as they fought against the growing divide between...
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...“It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.” -William J. Clinton The world works in a series of actions and reactions. Everyday something happens that occurs as a reaction of something else, which respectively was a reaction of yet another event. Looking at the world today, many global issues are prevalent and are affecting the lives of many if not all. What the majority of the population fails to realize, is that, every one of these issues is a repercussion of another and is most likely causing more repercussions. The justice system never over passes a crime without searching for the motive, reason and effect. So why is the grand scale different? Without searching for the cause, the issues will never truly be solved. The inequality of wealth distribution is a root of many of the world’s most principal issues, affecting the world economically, socially, and physically. Without proper distribution of wealth, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer causing extreme poverty among many nations. Poverty strikes up many social issues among countries and within countries, causing wars and revolutions to occur; only increasing violence. Without money, and in a world where nations thrive based...
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...What are the causes and effect of youth crime? Nowadays, the topic of youth crime had caught more attention all over the world, more specifically, it’s a growing concern due to the increasing social influence, such as offending, re-offending, hate and drug crime. What’s the reason for youth crime? What’s the exactly effect of youth crime? Is there any effective solution that can help young people decrease the crime rate? These are the three parts we will clarify in this essay. First of all, from my point of view, the reason caused youth crime is mainly connected with the family. Nowadays, due to the parents in most the families need to work for their economic reason, lack of time caused less communication between children and parents, children might be neglected and feeling cannot get support from the parents when they need, they don’t have enough life experience for the right justice, so that they are easy to lost themselves when they meet some problem in their life, so that they use their own way, which is easy to cause the crime, to solve the problem. Besides, the other factor is the increasing levels of poverty around the world. We have seen with globalization the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, and this inevitably means that those who are poorer will have to resort to illegal means to get what others have. Of course, this caused youth crime of the children from the poorer families. As the consequence, youth crime caused quite serious social effect...
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...Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 What is Plutocracy? 3 Is America a Plutocracy? 3 Ethics and Plutocracy 4 Why is America Still a Plutocracy? 4 The Rich Get Richer 5 The American Dream 6 Objectivism and Plutocracy 7 Utilitarianism and Plutocracy 8 Solutions to Plutocracy 9 Glossary of Terms 12 Bibliography 13 Plutocracy in America: What is Plutocracy? Plutocracy is a political system where the wealthy rule. Examples of plutocracies throughout the years include the Empire of Japan before WWII, some city-states in Ancient Greece, Carthage, and the Roman Republic. (Wikipedia, 2011) It’s not surprising that places such as these were plutocracies. Wealth can easily be converted into power and power can easily be used for political control. Systems such as these have an immense disparity between those that are wealthy and those that are not because once you are wealthy you can use that to become even more wealthy which leads to more power and if desired, more political control. (Warden, 2008) Before WWII Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany referred to western democratic states, such as the United States of America and Great Britain, as plutocracies. They implied that a small number of extremely wealthy individuals were controlling these countries and holding them ransom. (Wikipedia, 2011) While this may sound completely untrue there is more merit to this implication than meets the eye. Is America a Plutocracy? Yes, America is a plutocracy...
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...In William Domhoff’s article, Wealth, Income, and Power, he examines wealth distribution in the United States, specifically financial inequality. He concludes that the wealthiest 10% of the United States effectively owns America, and that this is due in large part to an increase in unequal distribution of wealth between 1983 and 2004. Domhoff also states that the unequal wealth distribution is due in large part to tax cuts for the wealthy and the defeat of labor unions. Most of Domhoff’s information is accurate and includes strong, valid arguments and statements. However, there is room for improvement when identifying the subject of what is causing the inequality. The most important points made in Domhoff’s article are his statistics, the reason behind the unequal wealth distribution, and his closing statement concerning the top 10%. In his article, Domhoff cites many statistics regarding the distribution of wealth between America’s top and bottom percentiles. There is quite a bit of research to back up his claims, and his data is generally very accurate. However, when it comes to the cause of such gaps in wealth distribution, there is more to consider than simply tax cuts and labor unions. Domhoff begins with a broad overview of wealth distribution in the United States. He states that the top 1% held 34.6% of all privately held wealth, with 85% in the hands of the top 20%, leaving the bottom 80% in control of only 15% of privately held wealth. In terms of financial wealth...
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...the weak as defined “ineffective” they are the people who are not capable of performing well. Example would be a person who lacks knowledge; these are usually the people who don’t have education. Weak also define “impotent” they are the people who don’t have or lack power. The weak also don’t have confidence to defend themselves especially for their own justice. Lastly, the marginalized is defined as people who are unimportant to the society, they are powerless because they are not rich or don’t have enough money. Marginalized are insignificant because higher class people think they are inferior. They, the marginalized people, are treated badly by not giving them a chance to anything. Examples of this are people who apply for a job, usually people who have excellent education background gets a job, while the marginalized people are left unemployed. I heard from the news say there is a big gap of the rich and the poor, “the poor get poorer and the rich get richer”, because of unequal distribution of wealth and opportunities. I think the reason of this because the poor don’t have good education; they only finish elementary or high school or finished college from a school that is not known. The poor has a limited opportunity while the rich has a numerous of opportunities opening to them. Another reason is most of the poor, the weak and the marginalized are losing hope to pursue their dreams because of very limited opportunities. The rich always win; the rich are the one who has...
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...Abstract In this lab, we synthesize three types of polymers including the Nylon 6,10. During the process, observations of the physical characteristics and appearance are taken. Subsequently, these properties are discussed and related to the structure of the reactants used, and the products formed. Lab 1 Report Condensation polymers are the type of polymers formed through condensation reactions, in which molecules join together with the release of small products such as water and methanol. Condensation polymerization plays an important role in our lives since many of the products we use and rely on are prepared through these reactions. Our choice of polymer-based products in our lives depends on the properties of the polymers and the way we want to utilize them. Therefore, it became necessary to have the techniques and the knowledge of how to produce polymers with the specific properties needed for ultimate performance. In this lab, we prepare a variety of polymers and observe their properties. After that, a discussion is made of the reasons behind the differences in their characteristics. We began the procedure by choosing between reacting either ethylene glycol or glycerin with phthalic anhydride. Our group had the choice of glycerin. We added 1.00 g of phthalic anhydride into a test tube. 50 mg of sodium acetate was added to the tube as a catalyst. Then we added 0.4 ml of glycerin to the mixture to start the reaction. The test tube was heated using an alcohol...
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