...Material Earth’s Dynamic Ocean and Atmosphere I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean’s seawater. 1. What is the current theory on the evolution of the world ocean?the theory of the earth’s ocean, is possibly the earth was formed between 4 and 4.56 billion years ago. The most ancient grain discovered was a mineral grain of zircon in the middle of west austraillia. That element shows to have made contact with water, but the origin of the water is still unkown. 2. Discuss the origin of the salinity of seawater and how the ocean maintains salinity. The salinity of the ocean is created after the seawater evaporates. At that point three quarters of dissolved matter becomes sodium chloride. (table salt). The ocean maintains its salinity because it constantly receives fresh water from parcipitation and river flow. Often times other elements parcipitate out of mineral form and settle to the seafloor. As a result the composition of the seawater does not change. Part 2 Surface currents obtain their energy from the wind blowing over the surface waters. The currents do not exactly follow the wind direction because of an apparent force known as the Coriolis force. Using Figure 12.11 from the text, briefly explain surface currents of the world ocean and how the Coriolis...
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...Human History of Fishery Exploitation and Marine Trophic Dynamics The World's Oceans cover approximately 70% of the Earth's surface; and has been an integral part of human history and development (Brett, Clausen). These large bodies of water are filled with marine life, and provide mankind with food as well as various ecological services. The vast resources and value of the world's oceans have been depended on by the human race virtually since its origin. In early history, marine vegetation and fish were harvested on a subsistence level. As mankind progressed, and populations increased, the nature of there relationship with marine environments shifted from a subsistence based practice to that of a commercial nature. Fish were no longer harvested on a level relative to the individuals and families it provided for, but became an industry tethered to supply and demand. This change altered the dynamics between man and the oceans when commercial fishing effectively became a "commodities market" (Brett, Clausen). Certain species carried higher values than others and fishing practices became exploitive as the supply was thought to be endless within the huge bodies of water. However, at the time marine ecology was little understood and thus sustainable fishing practices were ignored as well as the not yet realized affects the commercial fishing industry had on trophic dynamics. As commercial fishing developed and spread along with population increase, intensive extraction...
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...QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM 1. What is control? 2. What is automatic control? 3. What is called as automatic control system? 4. What is the primary goal of automatic control? 5. What is called as object of management? 6. What is called as the operated size? 7. What is called as operating body? 8. What is called as a sensitive element? 9. What is the entrance and target sizes? 10. What is called as operating influence? 11. What is called as indignation? 12. What is called as a deviation from the set size? 13. What is called as the actuation device? 14. What is called as the setting device? 15. What is called as a function chart and of what it consists? 16. In what difference of a signal from physical size? 17. In what an essence of a principle of the opened management? 18. In what an essence of a principle of indemnification? 19. In what an essence of a principle of feedback? 20. List merits and demerits of principles of management? 21. What special case of management is called as regulation? 22. In what difference of systems of direct and indirect regulation? 23. List and give the short characteristic of principal views CS? 24. What is called as static mode CS? 25. What is called as static characteristics CS? 26. What is called as the equation of statics CS? 27. What difference from strengthening factor is called in transfer factor, in what? 28. In what difference...
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...climate change: regions already marked by droughts will continue to dry out in the future climate. Regions that already have a moist climate will experience additional rainfall. In short: dry gets drier; wet gets wetter (DDWW). However, this formula is less universally valid than previously assumed. This was demonstrated by a team of ETH climate researchers led by Peter Greve, lead author of a study recently published in Nature Geoscience. Traditional analyses use technology that can comprehensively describe climate characteristics above the ocean, but is problematic over land. While this fact was mentioned in said studies, scientific and public discourse has neglected this aspect so far. In their new study, the ETH researchers in the group headed by Sonia Seneviratne's, professor for land-climate dynamics, take into account the specific climatic properties of land surfaces, where the amount of available water is limited when compared with the ocean. In her...
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...Glossary of musical terminology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of musical terms that are likely to be encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian (see also Italian musical terms used in English), in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by "(Fr)" and "(Ger)", respectively. Others are from languages such as Portuguese, Latin, and Spanish. Unless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms here. Contents A· B· C· D· E· F· G· H· I· J· K· L· M· N· O· P· Q· R· S· T· U· V· W· Z See also· References· External links See also: Glossary of jazz and popular music A[edit] a, à (Fr): at, to, by, for, in, in the style of... a 2: see a due in this list a battuta: return to normal tempo after a deviation. Not recommended in string parts, due to possible confusion with battuto (qv.); use a tempo, which means the same thing. ab (Ger): Off, organ stops...
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...Phoenix Material Earth’s Dynamic Ocean and Atmosphere I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean’s seawater. What is the current theory on the evolution of the world ocean? Discuss the origin of the salinity of seawater and how the ocean maintains salinity. A: The current theory on the evolution of the worlds ocean is that, it was possibly formed between four, and four and a half billion years ago. The oldest grain found was a grain called zircon. It was found in Australia. That element shows to have made contact with water, yet the origin of the water is still undetermined. Salinity of sea water is created as salt water evaporates. When sea water evaporates, three quarters of what is left is sodium chloride, which is table salt. The ocean maintains its salinity because it is constantly receiving fresh water from precipitation and tributaries. Minerals are also used by many different forms of sea life, thus resulting in sea water maintaining its salinity. Part 2 Surface currents obtain their energy from the wind blowing over the surface waters. The currents do not exactly follow the wind direction because of an apparent force known as the Coriolis force. Using Figure 12.11 from the text, briefly explain surface currents of the world ocean and how the Coriolis force...
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...The ocean is constantly in motion. The energy that arrives into the oceanic system on the planetary scales create large scale mean flows that are constantly breaking down into smaller scales features. The most important source of energy is the differential solar heat, warmer in the equator and colder in the poles. With the water transport, also heat, nutrients, salt, organisms and chemical particles in the ocean are moved, regulating the planet whether, climate and marine ecosystems. Both large scale and smaller scale oceanic currents, gyres and eddies, transport water masses long distances. Water masses are homogeneous bodies of seawater on their properties. These bodies of water have formed through surface processes that have their origin...
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...Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming". Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record — extending deep into the Earth's past — has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change. Terminology The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long periods...
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...includes geology, oceanography, meteorology, and astronomy. Meteorology: is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. Geology: the study of Earth. Geology is traditionally divided into two broad areas; physical and historical Oceanography: involves the application of all sciences in a comprehensive and interrelated study of the oceans in all their aspects and relationships. Oceanography integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. Astronomy: the study of the universe (is useful in determining the origins of our own environment) Hydrosphere: is a dynamic mass of water that is continually moving, evaporating from the oceans to the atmosphere, precipitating to the land, and flowing back to the ocean. Atmosphere: The gaseous portion of a planet; the planets envelope of air. One of the traditional subdivisions of Earth's physical environment. Biosphere: includes all life on Earth; the parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere in which living organisms can be found. Solid Earth/Geosphere: lies beneath the atmosphere and oceans. Extends from the Earth’s surface to the center of the planet (depth of 6,400 km) System: is a group of interacting, or interdependent parts that form a complex whole. Environment: refers to everything that surround and influences an organism. Some are biological, some are social, some are nonliving. Physical Environment: The part of the environment that encompasses...
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...killing our coasts, marine life, and eventually ourselves by dumping into the ocean, but this article also shows how people are saving our coasts from further pollution by getting out there and actually doing something that is good for our environment. This article is very interesting because of the fact that it brings in the perspective of ordinary people and what they do to help as well as the perspective of scientists and what they do to help. This is a very important subject to learn more about because if we do not stop dumping into the ocean than we will end up killing our oceans and ourselves. This article is also important because we can learn from the people that are trying to save our coasts. Loving our coasts to death is mostly about how certain people are trying to save our coasts from pollution in ways large or small, it also talks about how bad we are polluting our ocean’s coastlines and how that pollution can affect us. More and more people are moving to coastal counties, which means more pollution in and around that area and this article is trying open our eyes and tell us that polluting our coasts is threatening human health, marine resources, and putting our future at risk. The article also includes the views on pollution of the coasts from people that basically can’t live without the ocean. Harry and Donna Frye, or the dynamic duo, are people that can’t live without the ocean. Harry is a surfer that has lost faith in humans because of our polluting ways...
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...sets our planet apart from our neighbors and it is the topic of this chapter. The hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth, but this is a little misleading since it gives the impression that there is one place where water occurs. Instead, water is everywhere, or nearly so. Water is present in the atmosphere, in the form of vapor, liquid, and solid. It is tied up in rocks, locked away in the crystal lattices of minerals that make up rocks; it occurs in the innumerable small pore spaces of rocks, from the surface to depths greater than 5 km. Water is also tied up in living organisms; humans, for example, contain about 70% water. Water is stored in ice sheets large and small, it occurs in various surface water bodies, and, of course the oceans, the reservoir of the great majority of Earth's water. The hydrosphere, then, is intimately tied up with all of the other spheres that make up our whole Earth system. Inventory of Water Here is a partial breakdown of...
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...Fiji Island is a “pearl” embedded in the South Pacific Ocean. With thick tropical trees shading the cool sands, white beaches glistening in the sun, and colored ocean water accompanying grotesque coral reefs and fish, you will be amazed by the vitality and brightness of Fiji, an island full of imagination. With an official language of English, Fiji welcomes tourists all around the world. Housing Fiji is a suitable place for water sports due to its island location: golf, scuba-diving, cross-country adventure, bamboo rafting, yacht cruising, etc. Fiji has a tropical marine climate which is warm year round, with an average temperature of 22 掳C, so the houses are wooden and ventilated to lower the temperature. Belief and Taboo Fiji people are...
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...3 working groups and a special tasks force. Terminology – 99%-100% (Virtually Certain) 90%-100% (Very Likely) 66%-100 (Likely) 33%-60% (About as likely as not) 0%-33% (Unlikely) 0%-10% (Very Unlikely) 0%-1% (Exceptionally Unlikely) o Causes of climate change Relative forcing components – Long-live greenhouse gases (Global), Ozone (Continental to Global), Stratospheric water vapor from methane (Global), Surface albedo, Aerosol (Direct Affect, Cloud Albedo Affect, Surface to Continental), Linear Contrails (Continental) , Solar irradiance (Global) Earth’s energy budget & human use Quadrillion BTU 100% Incoming Solar Energy Wood 64% - Radiated to space Coal 51% - Absorbed by land and oceans Oil &Gas 23% - Carried to clouds Hydropower &Nuclear (1900-) 20% - Reflected by clouds 16% - Absorbed by atmosphere 15% - Radiation absorbed by atmosphere 7% - Conduction and rising air 6% - Reflected by atmosphere 6% - Radiated directly into space 4% - Reflected from Earth’s surface 3% - Absorbed by clouds Greenhouse gases (types and impact) – Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Halocarbons (fluorine, chlorine, bromine) Ozone – Good up high, bad nearby Surface albedo - The proportion of the incident light or radiation reflected by a surface. Tropical deforestation increases the albedo of the Earth’s surface. Cooling effect with land use change, Heating effect with heating effect with black carbon...
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...GLOBAL WARMING: Energy, Fall 2005 v30 i4 p36(2) It could get a lot warmer. (GLOBAL WARMING) Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Business Communications Company, Inc. If humans continue to use fossil fuels in a business as usual manner for the next few centuries, the polar ice caps will be depleted, ocean sea levels will rise by seven meters and median air temperatures will soar to 14.5 degrees warmer than current day. These are the stunning results of climate and carbon cycle model simulations conducted by scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. By using a coupled climate and carbon cycle model to look at global climate and carbon cycle changes, the scientists found that the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.5 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300. The jump in temperature would have alarming consequences for the polar ice caps and the ocean, said lead author Govindasamy Bala of the Laboratory's Energy and Environment Directorate. In the polar regions alone, the temperature would spike more than 20 degrees Celsius, forcing the land in the region to change from ice and tundra to boreal forests. "The temperature estimate is actually conservative because the model didn't take into consideration changing land use such as deforestation and build-out of cities into outlying wilderness areas," Bala said. Today's level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 380 parts per million (ppm). By the year 2300, the model...
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...difficult to solve. Basically it is composed of various parts which are related either directly or indirectly. They all entail processes which produce outputs from inputs. It is not only dynamic but also holistic and seeks to produce results of the complex problems. Systems thinking is the only critical way to solve complex issues impeding sustainability challenges and develop quality solutions. Since its conception in 1920 by Jan Smuts Holism, it has developed and solved many issues (Gharajedaghi p.2013 558). Pollution is a complex issue which is intertwined in different processes and impacts in diverse ways. Thus, the topic is significance in pursuing ways to help solve the pollution. Ocean pollution also referred to as marine pollution is a wicked problem which has been increasing in complexity day in day out. This is because of the increasing population growth which stands at 7.2 billion worldwide (Noga & Wolbring 2013 p.3615). The increased industry establishment is directly proportional to chemical waste which settle in the oceans. It causes death of marine animals and plants hence poor marine ecology. The aim of this essay is to use the knowledge and skills acquired in role of systems thinking to address Ocean pollution as a sustainability challenge. It will explore various sources of ocean pollution, types and elucidate possible strategies which could be adopted as mitigation...
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