...factors, lifestyle, and other medications. Hence, education, early monitoring and lifestyle modification is highly recommended. Conclusion: Atypical drugs are the frequently used treatment for mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia; but despite of its metabolic and cardiovascular side effects still it’s used is increasing. Therefore, early intervention and monitoring must be implemented, with the promotions of education, lifestyle and diet management. Introduction It is well known that psychotropic drugs, in general and antipsychotic drugs, in particular have as one of their side effect liabilities and potential to cause weight gain and disturbances in metabolic parameters; and the prevalence of these risk is high among patients taking these drugs. At this point, it is still unclear why these drugs caused this such abnormalities and we don't know the way in which the potential to cause weight gain,...
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...LP 5 Assignment: Lipid Panels Case Study Lipids: also known as fats, play many important roles in your body, from providing energy to producing hormones. You won’t be able to digest and absorb food properly without lipids. Of course, eating more fat than you need can lead to weight gain, but in proper amounts lipids are a healthy part of your diet. For example; bacon, sausage, and luncheon meats; whole, low-fat and reduced -fat milk, cream, butter, cheeses made with cream, egg yolk, fried foods, pastries, avocado, and nuts. Triglycerides: is composed of three fatty acids attached to a framework of glycerol. Glycerol is derived from a water-soluble carbohydrate. Fatty acids are organic compounds of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are attached. For examples: meats, Coconut, Palm oil, Butter, Egg yolks, Canola oil, Olive oil, Nuts, Sardines, Avocados, Soybeans, Sunflower oil, Soybean oils, Tofu, Peanut oil, Milk and milk products (except fat-free types) Phospholipids: are vital for healthy cellular and body function. A subclass of a large and of a large and diverse group of organic compounds called lipids. They are building blocks of cellular membranes. Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer that encloses all living matter within a cell. Cholesterol: the body make cholesterol in the liver and uses it for a variety of important functions ranging from maintaining healthy cell membranes to building crucial hormones and vitamins. Cholesterol is a waxy substance...
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...The differential diagnosis associated with this type of dyslipidemia are; hypercholesterolemia, Mixed hyperlipidemia, and other and unspecified hyperlipidemia (Tharpe, Farley, and Jordan 2013). Comparing the above lab results with the normal range of total cholesterol: <150mg/dL. The patient’s risk factor for cardiovascular accident is high, therefore diet modification, life style change and lastly medications should be added if the above proved unsuccessful. Although cholesterol is essential for different physiological process in health, including making cell walls and the synthesis of vitamin B2, it affects the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system when the opposite is noted. However, increased lipid level is attributed to deposit of fat in the arterial lining, which narrows the lumen leading to coronary artery diseases, stroke, and peripheral artery diseases. To obtain an accurate lipid panel result, the patient should be instructed to fast for at least 12 hours Bostock, (2016). Unfortunately, in case study # 1, a comprehensive health history and lifestyle wasn’t mentioned. Nevertheless, with the patient been overweight and have a high lipid level, her chances of developing cardiovascular problems is high,...
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...from: http:// www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/index-eng.php. Scott Murray, Data Angel Policy Research, Incorporated, Rima Rudd, Harvard School of Public Health, Irwin Kirsch, Educational Testing, Service, Kentaro Yamamoto, Educational Testing Service and, Sylvie Grenier, Statistics Canada. Health literacy in Canada: initial results from the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey 2007 [monograph on Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Council on Learning; 2007 [cited 2011 Nov 26]. Available from: www.ccl-cca.ca/pdfs/HealthLiteracy/HealthLiteracyinCanada.pdf Rao JK, Anderson LA, Inui TS, Frankel RM. Communication interventions make a difference in conversation between physician and patients: a systemic review of the evidence. Med Care. 2007;45(4):340-9. Stewart MA. Effective physician–patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ. 1995;152(9):1423-33. Rootman I, Gordon-El-Bihbety D, Frankish J, Hemming H, Kaszap M, Langille L, et al. National Literacy and Health Research Program: needs assessment and environmental scan [monograph on the Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Public Health Association; 2002 [cited 2011 Nov 25]. Available from: www.cpha.ca/uploads/portals/h-l/needs_e.pdf 6. 7. 8. 4. 5. Multi-Disciplinary Health...
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...man. That is a bold statement but when you consider that a big percentage of the other most deadly diseases like heart disease, kidney failure and strokes can be caused by diabetes then it puts it in to perspective. Diabetes causes many health problems besides these as well. The complications associated with diabetes are numerous but include neuropathy, blindness, amputation, impotency, depression and cognitive decline just to name a few. Some of these complications are inevitable but they can be avoided or at least prevented for an amount of time with proper diet and exercise or following a medication regimen. For some however the disease hits too hard too fast or because of physical restraints exercise is not a viable option. For these patients a surgical option such as weight loss surgery may be their only recourse. There are 4 major types of weight loss surgery that can be used to treat morbid obesity and in turn diabetes. There are the Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass, the Gastric sleeve, Gastric banding, and the Duodenal switch. The most popular for mild weight loss is the gastric band in which an adjustable band is place around the stomach limiting the size and thereby limiting the amount of food intake. This is less invasive and reversible but also less effective overall for rapid weight loss. He gastric sleeve is the process of removing a large portion of the stomach causing less overall intake. The duodenal switch is very complex procedure ofreducing the size of the stomach and...
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... The old analogy of take two pills and call your doctor in the morning is becoming the norm in today’s society. This Reflective Paper will provide a multi-systemic approach which addresses the following topics: (1) the genetic link to ADHD, (2) population trends of psychotropic use, (3) concerns for the safety and efficacy of children have risen due to the lack of studies. The Genetic Link to ADHD Several decades of study has shown Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to be a neurobiological disorder. Research has shown other contributing causes of ADHD can be caused by environmental (home, school etc.), brain dysfunction and toxins found in food additives, yet strong supporting data can be found in genetic studies too. Researchers have concluded the phenotypic display of ADHD is attributed by the abnormal amounts of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and dopamine which controls, sleep, learning, mood and attention (Faraone, & Asherson, P, 2005). Link between ADHD 3 Studies show that on the average, 25% of all families who have a member diagnosed with ADHD are usually...
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...Comprehensive Case Study: Coronary Artery Disease Jennifer Plucinak Santa Barbra City College Introduction My patient, C.R., went to his primary physician for complaints of dypsnea on exertion and frequent dyspepsia. The physician gave C.R. an exercise stress test and found abnormal ECG readings, and he was diagnosed with severe coronary artery disease. He was admitted to the hospital for a quadruple coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) a week later. Patient Assessment C.R. has a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He also has a twenty-year history of smoking, and he has been drinking 3 to 4 beers every night for about the same amount of time. My patient is 5’11’’ and weighs 212 pounds, so he is overweight. He also stated that he rarely exercises, but is on his feet, and moving around at work. C.R. has no past surgical history. When I took care of him, C.R. was post-op day three from his quadruple coronary artery bypass graft. I didn’t notice any psycho-social issues with my patient. C.R. was a pleasant 61 year old, Caucasian male, whose wife was at his bedside throughout the day. He seemed well adjusted to his new diagnosis of coronary artery disease, along with his recent open-heart surgery. He was very cooperative with his medications, he used his voldyne every hour, and he walked several times a day. He was also very receptive to learning about his new diet...
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...In no more than 1-2 paragraphs discuss the major differences (controversies) between the new ACC/AHA’s Guidelines on the treatment of cholesterol and the “old” lipid guidelines known as ATP III (Adult treatment plan III). What are your thoughs on these changes? Lipid management over the last decade has been utilizing guidelines from the 3rd report of the National Cholesterol Education Program. In November 2013 new guidelines were established with controversy regarding some of the changes that were to be made. The 2013 AHA/ACC lipid guidelines provide a new method to the management of hyperlipidemia, which differs from the ATP-III guidelines. The new guidelines created differ in that it includes the change from treating target levels or lab tests to treatment based on risk level and intensity of statin therapy. They identified 4 groups that would likely benefit from statin therapy: * History of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) * LDL- cholesterol >190 mg/dl * Between 40-75 years of age with history of diabetes * Between 40-75 year of age and a 10-year ASVD Risk > 7.5% A second key difference is lack of LDL goals in order to monitor the effectiveness of cholesterol lowering medications. There were no recommendations made on follow up LDL testing, which differs from previous guidelines. The best way to accomplish the AHA/ACC recommended goals is to focus on decreasing cardiovascular disease events or ASCVD. Another major change to the guidelines...
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...2008). 2 Information about Kaiser Permanente was synthesized in part from a presentation by CEO George Halvorson to a Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health Care System meeting in San Francisco, and from the Commission’s site visit to the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center in March 2007. Additional information was obtained from presentations, telephone interviews, or e-mail communications with the individuals named in the acknowledgments; from information and documents available on the organization’s Web site (www.kp.org) and from regulatory filings; and from other presentations and publications cited below. 3 A summary of findings from all case studies in the series can be found in D. McCarthy and K. Mueller, Organizing for Higher Performance: Case Studies of Organized Delivery Systems. Series Overview, Findings, and Methods (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 2009). 4 For examples, see A. C. Enthoven and L. A. Tollen, “Epilogue,” in Toward a 21st Century Health System, edited by A. C. Enthoven and L. A. Tollen (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004). 5 The Colorado region developed an EHR in collaboration with IBM Corporation that was fully functional by 1997. Physicians in the Northwest region had access to an EHR (from Epic Systems Corp.) starting in 1994; exam room computers were installed in 2001. Kaiser began rolling out the Colorado EHR to other regions early in the decade but reevaluated that decision and, through a process ...
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...Population 12 December 2011 Vulnerable Populations and Self Awareness Introduction This paper is a study of the vulnerable population of the elderly in the United States and will discuss the mindfulness of this author’s personal biases, attitudes, and conceived stereotypes regarding this population. The patient chosen as an example for this paper is Norma James from the University of Phoenix “neighborhood”. Mrs James is a widow who’s vulnerability relating to health care will be compared with information gathered through research and applied to the elderly population and those with chronic illness. The vulnerabilities faced by Norma will be a realistic representation of the challenges associated with this population. Elderly Patients with Chronic Illness Despite the efforts of healthcare providers and various organizations across the United States to reduce or eliminate disparities within vulnerable healthcare populations, significant disparities continue to cause limited access to healthcare. This limitation poses risk to populations such as elderly and those living in poverty. The health domains of vulnerable populations can be divided into 3 categories: physical, psychological, and social. Those with physical needs include the elderly, chronically ill and disabled, chronic medical conditions include respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. Eighty-seven percent of those 65 years and older have 1 or more chronic conditions, and...
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...716 Index major depressive disorder, brain imaging studies, 70–71 malignant catatonia, 333 malingering, 530–531 ‘manic depressive insanity’, 45 manic states, 250, 253 abnormal beliefs and perceptions, 254 amphetamines and, 266 course and outcome, 274 delusional, 16 in HIV patients, 345 in ICD-10, 42 in old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change...
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...consumption of sweeteners containing fructose has occurred in parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, suggesting that increased consumption of fructose may contribute to the current epidemic of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome2. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a syndrome of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure (BP), and often precedes the development of diabetes4. In some studies, humans and animals that have been administered fructose have developed these symptoms, however they have not been observed with glucose or starch-based diets. Fructose and glucose are metabolized quite differently, and it has been hypothesized that this differentiation is the key factor in the development of pathologies associated with MetS5. Additionally, ingestion of fructose does not stimulate the release of the hormones insulin and leptin, nor does it suppress the secretion of the hormone ghrelin as does glucose, and this has been proven to lead to overeating and obesity6. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that fructose has been demonstrated to increase circulating uric acid concentrations in both animals and humans. Evidence suggests that elevated levels of uric acid and increased activity of the liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine...
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...Is type 2 diabetes a public health emergency? Definition: The term ‘diabetes mellitus’ describes a metabolic disorder of multiple causes characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrates , fats and protein metabolism which results in abnormal insulin secretion or/ and insulin action. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage dysfunction and failure of various organs (WHO). Types of diabetes: There are two main types of Diabetes: * Type 1diabetes (T1B) which usually develops in childhood and adolescence and the patients require lifelong insulin injections for survival. * Type 2 diabetes (T2B) usually occurs in adulthood and it is also related to obesity as well as lack of physical activity and unhealthy diets. This is the more common type of diabetes (representing 90% of diabetes cases worldwide) and treatment may involve lifestyle modifications and weight loss alone or oral medicines or even insulin injections. * Other categories of diabetes: There are other categories of diabetes which includes gestational diabetes (a state of hyperglycaemia which develops during pregnancy) and other rarer causes (genetic syndromes, acquired processes such as pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis or exposure to certain drugs, viruses and unknown causes). Burden of diabetes: * The development of diabetes is projected to reach pandemic proportions over the next 10-20 years. * International diabetes federation data showed in 2025 the number...
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...StaturePolicy implications CASE REPORT Sinking of Failure Doña Paz – II. in a 43 year-old male Table 1. Initial Laboratory Results Heart Failure recommendations to address these to hypothyroidism. with cardiomyopathy secondary factors. The patient had been born full term to a then 31-yearMethod. ReviewPara 3 (G4P3), the 4th of preparedness in the old Gravida 4 of the state of maritime 9 siblings, with an pre-disaster setting and the post-disaster responsefacilitated the apparently unremarkable delivery at home following by Table 2. Thyroid Doña Paz by the sinking of the MV Function Tests government and responsible a traditional birth attendant. He was noted to be normal agencies. A scrutiny Reference Value preparedness of concerned of the state of Result at birth. and subsequent response to thewith age was agencies The patient was allegedly at par0.02 disaster both Free T4 (0.8-2.0) ng/dL physically and mentally until formulating 24.75 Uiu/ml conducted with the objective of eight years old when he was recommendations TSH (0.4-6.0) said to have stopped growing in height. He was brought to which may lead to prevention and mitigate loss of lives. a private doctor, whose diagnosis was undisclosed, and he Results. Multiple factors to increase for the occurrence patient was given medications accounted height, which the of this tragedy. only one month with no improvement. Through the took for These factors include an inherent risk due to the geography patient was apparently well, although...
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...The Devastation of Dementia: Pathophysiology and Case Study Introduction Relatively little is known about dementia, a disease which affects over 35 million people worldwide (Norton, et al., 2012). Early signs and symptoms may be confused with the “normal” aging process. Those with the disease often try to cover up their mental decline in the early stages, making early diagnosis even more difficult. Educating the medical community and the general population about the signs, symptoms and causes of dementia is an important step in seeking out a cure for this fatal disease. Dementia is a general term for a syndrome that is progressive in nature and is marked by deterioration in cognitive function that is greater than what would normally be expected. There are many types of dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Disease accounts for over 60% of the cases of dementia. Vascular Dementia is the second most common form. Others include Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinsonian Dementia, and Frontotemporal Dementia. There is no cure for any type of dementia, although there are treatments that help lessen the symptoms. Dementia is a progressive disorder and always results in death, either from complications such as falls" or pneumonia or the dementia itself. The number of people with dementia worldwide is expected to reach over 115 million by the year 2050. The current cost of treating dementia is over 1.5 times that of all cancers combined (Hurd...
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