...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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...of several weeks and in which the pain is usually limited to one side of the head Convulsion- a sudden, violent, irregular movement of a limb or of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated esp. with brain disorders such as epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other agents in the blood, or fever in children. Migraine headache- a recurrent throbbing headache that typically affects one side of the head and is often accompanied by nausea and disturbed vision. Multiple sclerosis- a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue. Neuroma- another term for neurofibrousa Paralysis- the loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury. Tay sachs- disease (also known as GM2 gangliosidosis or hexosaminidase A deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Tension headache- headaches are the most common type of headaches among adults. They are commonly referred to as stress headaches Chapter 11 Chapter Assesment: Terms: Alzheimer’s disease- progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-...
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...important factor because the immunity diminishes with age as well as there are increased chances for the cells turning from benign to malignant tumor cells. This is further supported by the fact released recently in 2008 which says that oral cancer exists even among the non smokers who are below 50 years of age. Predominantly the cause for oral cancer is attributed to the factors like the use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol and infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Among all these different causes, tobacco is considered to be the primary culprit although it takes a long time to get precipitated into an oral cancer. Especially the people who are above 50 years of age are widely affected and more than 75% of those people are constant users of tobacco. Tobacco in combination with alcohol is even more harmful and the chances are 15 times more for oral cancer if a person is addictive to both tobacco and alcohol. Recent reports also suggest that the demographics are changing rapidly as the incidence of oral cancer caused by viral infections is increasing day by day. The factors for the cause of oral cancer can be grouped as physical factors, chemical factors and biological factors. Alcohol and tobacco comes under chemical factors. Ultraviolet (UV) rays and x-rays are the major physical factors responsible for causing oral cancer. UV rays cause lip or skin cancers. Radiographs in x-rays can cause various types of neck or head cancers. Now days, there is more awareness towards...
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... July 5, 2015 Chickenpox is an infection caused by the highly contagious varicella-zoster virus. A common communicable disease which can be a harmless or deadly disease depending on the community which is affected. Education and healthcare prevention will prove evident in the control of the spread of the chickenpox disease. Chickenpox is an airborne disease which is spread by coughing and sneezing of an infected person or direct contact with skin lesions. The initial symptoms of chickenpox are a fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache and a sore throat. A red skin rash appears a few days after the initial symptoms and forms small, itchy blisters. “After a chickenpox red spot appears, it usually takes about 1 or 2 days for the spot to go through all its stages, this includes blistering, bursting, drying and crusting over. New red spots will appear every day for up to 5 to 7 days” (Chickenpox (Varicella)-Topic Overview, n.d.). The rash initially appears on the face, back and chest to quickly cover the body including mucous membranes such as the mouth, genital area or in the ears. These symptoms will begin ten to twenty-one days after exposure to a contagious person. The virus can be spread by a person who is infected with chickenpox before symptoms even appear and until all blisters have crusted over. Chickenpox is a common childhood disease, “more than 90% of cases occur in children younger than 10 years old” (Chickenpox:...
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...Claim: Data: Start[ “Halima is an 11-year-old girl who clips loose threads off of Hanes underwear in a Bangladeshi factory.1 She works about eight hours a day, six days per week. She has to process 150 pairs of underwear an hour. At work she feels “very tired and exhausted,” and sometimes falls asleep standing up. She makes 53 cents a day for her efforts. Make no mistake, it is a rough life. Any decent person’s heart would go out to Halima and other child employees like her. Unfortunately, all too often, people’s emotional reaction lead them to advocate policies that will harm the very children they intend to help. Provisions against child labor are part of the International Labor Organization’s core labor standards. Anti-sweatshop groups almost universally condemn child labor and call for laws prohibiting child employment or boycotting products made with child labor.” Warrant: APA: Benjamin Powell. “A Case Against Child Labor Prohibitions” Cato Institute. July 29, 2014. Retrieved: http://www.cato.org/publications/economic-development-bulletin/case-against-child-labor-prohibitions Credibility: Psy. & Social H. 3 Disadvantage: Harm Psychological and Social Claim: Data: “ physical and psychological hazards” First aid training appeared to reduce participant willingness to accept prevailing levels of occupational safety and health...
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...involving a whole limb, to more severe, even life threatening presentations of necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according to severity of cellulitis with reference to current and relevant literature. The management of cellulitis will not be discussed as it goes beyond the capacity of this essay to accommodate this highly researched area (See appendix IV for empirical antibiotics used to treat...
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...1 Introduction to Clinical Applications Objectives In this chapter we will study • various approaches to the study of disease; • the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; • common causes of disease; • the distinction between signs and symptoms of disease; • terms used to describe the time course of a disease; and • common abbreviations for medical specialists and specialties. Homeostasis and Disease The body’s tendency to maintain internal stability is called homeostasis. Examples include the body’s relatively stable temperature, blood glucose concentration, hormone levels, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance. When physiological variables deviate too much from their set point, the body activates negative feedback loops that tend to restore stability and maintain health. In some cases, such as the stoppage of bleeding, positive feedback loops are activated to bring about rapid change. If the attempt to regain homeostasis fails, disease results. There is a strong emphasis in medicine today on promoting wellness through prevention. However, this manual focuses on what happens when prevention fails, homeostasis is disrupted, and disease occurs. The Study of Disease Disease (illness) is any deviation from normal that interferes with correct, life-sustaining bodily function. Literally, the word means dis-ease, the opposite of ease (comfort and normal function). Disease may have underlying structural foundations, such as a broken bone, and its...
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...assignment of screeners (paragraph 9). . Simplifies training requirements (paragraph 10). . Refines supervisory requirements (paragraph 11). . Significantly revises the screeners’ performance evaluation requirements (paragraph 13). . Allows the use of other approved algorithmic systems besides the ADTMC (paragraph 18). . Deletes the use of MEDCOM Form 425-R (Internal/External Audit Form for ADTMC). . Provides changes to the narratives that accompany the following algorithms: SORE THROAT, A-1 EAR PAIN/DISCOMFORT/DRAINAGE, A-2 SINUS PROBLEMS/PAIN, A-4 RINGING IN THE EARS (TINNITUS), A-8 EXTREMITY PAIN NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A JOINT, B-3 NAUSEA/VOMITING/DIARRHEA, C-1 RECTAL PAIN/ITCHING/BLEEDING, C-3 CONSTIPATION, C-4 CHEST PAIN, D-2 DIZZINESS/FAINTNESS/BLACKOUT, F- 1 NUMBNESS/TINGLING, F-3 PARALYSIS/WEAKNESS, F-4 FATIGUE, G-1 MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 FEVER/CHILLS, G-2 ACNE, J-2 SHAVING PROBLEM--PSEUDOFOLLICULITIS BARBAE (PFB) (INGROWN HAIRS), J-3 DANDRUFF (SCALING OF THE SCALP), J-4 HAIR LOSS, J-5 ATHLETE’S FOOT (TINEA PEDIS), J-6 JOCK ITCH (TINEA CRURIS), J-7 SCALING, DEPIGMENTED SPOTS ON THE CHEST, BACK, AND UPPER ARMS (TINEA VERSICOLOR), J-8 FEVER BLISTERS (COLD SORES), J-10 DRUG RASH, J-14 SUNBURN, K-8 . Contains changes in appendix B, List of Medications. . Adds constipation to list of terms defined in the glossary. 2 MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL COMMAND 2050 Worth Road Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-6000 MEDCOM Pamphlet...
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...screeners (paragraph 9). . Simplifies training requirements (paragraph 10). . Refines supervisory requirements (paragraph 11). . Significantly revises the screeners’ performance evaluation requirements (paragraph 13). . Allows the use of other approved algorithmic systems besides the ADTMC (paragraph 18). . Deletes the use of MEDCOM Form 425-R (Internal/External Audit Form for ADTMC). . Provides changes to the narratives that accompany the following algorithms: SORE THROAT, A-1 EAR PAIN/DISCOMFORT/DRAINAGE, A-2 SINUS PROBLEMS/PAIN, A-4 RINGING IN THE EARS (TINNITUS), A-8 EXTREMITY PAIN NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A JOINT, B-3 NAUSEA/VOMITING/DIARRHEA, C-1 RECTAL PAIN/ITCHING/BLEEDING, C-3 CONSTIPATION, C-4 CHEST PAIN, D-2 DIZZINESS/FAINTNESS/BLACKOUT, F- 1 NUMBNESS/TINGLING, F-3 PARALYSIS/WEAKNESS, F-4 FATIGUE, G-1 MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 FEVER/CHILLS, G-2 ACNE, J-2 SHAVING PROBLEM--PSEUDOFOLLICULITIS BARBAE (PFB) (INGROWN HAIRS), J-3 DANDRUFF (SCALING OF THE SCALP), J-4 HAIR LOSS, J-5 ATHLETE’S FOOT (TINEA PEDIS), J-6 JOCK ITCH (TINEA CRURIS), J-7 SCALING, DEPIGMENTED SPOTS ON THE CHEST, BACK, AND UPPER ARMS (TINEA VERSICOLOR), J-8 FEVER BLISTERS (COLD SORES), J-10 DRUG RASH, J-14 SUNBURN, K-8 . Contains changes in appendix B, List of Medications. . Adds constipation to list of terms defined in the glossary. 2 MEDCOM Pam 40-7-21 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS, UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL COMMAND 2050 Worth Road Fort Sam Houston, Texas...
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...DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES College of Nursing Tigatto Road, Buhangin Davao City In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements In Nursing Care Management 104 Related Learning Experience R/O Kawasaki Disease Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome Presented to: 4th year level clinical instructors of DMMA College of Southern Philippines Presented by: Cagabhion, Joanna Mae, Apurada,Ingrid Katrina Padilla,Chucky Angelo, Arevalo,Hanneli Mae Falco,Gracelyn Joy, Cubero,Elden Joy, Martin,Joani Joel, Bermoy,Floridel, Caluban,Lilibeth, Lumasag,Mark, Callar,Jonna INTRODUCTION Our human body is a very complex system. One functions for the benefit and or expense of another. Our subsystem is a vital as the other thus they are interrelated. Considering this fact, we have looked into the reality that in this diverse physiological wonder lies the infinite possibility of not only optimum functioning but of disparities and deviations as well. In life, one continues to exist in oblivion. There are always uncertainties in every events and occurrences whirl through our lives. We do not know when is the exact point in time where our bodily homeostasis will be disturbed and when change will cease to happen. Some of the surprising changes can be considered blessings but most the time they are we fervently hope would not occur especially those that concern our health. In this particular case study, we wish to present the case of our patient, A.K.A. Baby...
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...with no treatment, but crypto can cause serious problems in people with weak immune systems such as in people with HIV/AIDS. To reduce your risk of crypto, wash your hands often, avoid water that may be infected, and wash or peel fresh fruits and vegetables before eating. A protozoan that can infect cats, dogs, cattle, sheep, and humans, is usually transmitted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, blood transfusion, transplancental infection of the fetus, on inhalation of dust contaminated with cat droppings. Although most of cases of toxoplasmosis in nonimmunisuppressed individuals are asymptomatic, the disease can result in massive lesions of the brain, liver, lungs, and other organs in AIDS patients. MORPHOLOGY According to Bhoi’s Basics of Microbiology (2008) that Cryptosporidium parvum is a small round parasite measuring 3 to 5 micrometers which live in the intestine of humans and animals cause epidemic of diarrhea in most of the humans thru contaminated water and food. Humans were infected by the C. parvum oocysts. The Cryptosporidium spp., having the smallest oocysts of all known enteric protozoa,...
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... berry, vanilla, and apple3,4 Types of smokeless tobacco: * Chewing tobacco (loose leaf, plug, or twist and may come in flavors)1 * Snuff (moist, dry, or in packets [U.S. snus]) * Dissolvable (lozenges, sticks, strips, orbs) Tobacco Facts and Figures Smoking * Harms nearly every organ of the body * Causes many diseases and reduces the health of smokers in general * Nearly 18 of every 100 U.S. adults aged 18 years or older (17.8%) currently smoke cigarettes. This means an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes.1 * Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States, accounting for more than 480,000 deaths every year, or 1 of every 5 deaths.2 * More than 16...
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...the opening of the cervix; measured from 0-10 cm * Stages of Labor: ~1st Stage -Early/Latent: -0-3 cm dilatation -contractions 5-30 min apart -lasting 30-45 seconds -mild to moderate intensity -lasting 6-8 hours -Active: -4-7 cm dilatation -contractions 3-5 min apart -lasting 40-70 seconds -mild to strong intensity -lasting 3-6 hours -inwardly directed, focused, serious -Transition: -8-10 cm dilatation -contractions 2-3 min apart -strong intensity -lasting 45-90 seconds -lasting about 20-30 min -severe pain, N/V, irritable ~2nd Stage: Pushing -from complete dilatation until the birth of the baby -Early/Latent: -contractions are weak; no urge to push yet -Active: -strong contractions resume; urge to push comes (Ferguson reflex) ~3rd Stage: Placenta -from the delivery of the baby to the delivery of the placenta -usually occurs within 10 min -uterus changes shape; globular right before it detaches; sudden gush of blood; cord lengthens ~4th Stage: Post partum Recovery -1st hour after birth -Post partum period: 1st 6 weeks *Cardinal Movements: ~Descent: head enters the pelvis ~Flexion: occurs as head meets resistance ~Internal Rotation: head rotates L to R ~Extension: head extension as it goes under the symphysis pubis ~Restitution: shoulders enter pelvis and head rotates; neck twists then untwists and head aligns with back ~External...
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...ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS DISCLOSED _________________________ A Case Study Presented to The Clinical Instructors AUP College of Nursing Adventist University of the Philippines __________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course NMCN 244, Care of Mother, Child, Family and Population at Risk ___________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Significance of the Study II. Patient DataBase A. Demographic Data B. Nursing History 1. Developmental Tasks 2. Health History 3. Medical Diagnosis & Chief Complaints III. The Disease Entity A. Review of Normal Physiology B. Theoretical Background C. Statistical Report D. Risk/Aggravating Factors E. Pathophysiology Narrative w/ Documentation F. Pathophysiology Diagram G. Prognosis of Disease IV. Assessment A. Gordon’s or Head to Toe Assessment B. Book Picture vs Patient’s Manifestations V. The Management A. Diagnostic Test Result and Significant B. Therapeutic/Medical Interventions 1. Surgeries/Treatment 2. Drugs C. Nursing Initiated Interventions 1. Nursing Care Plan 2. Discharge Plan VI. General Evaluation of the Study A. Summary B. Recommendation VII. Bibliography I. Introduction Acute glomerulonephritis is a disease that affects glomerular capillaries. Etiologic factors are many and varied; they include immunologic reactions, vascular injury, metabolic...
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...INTRODUCTION Infection remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in man, particularly in developing areas where it is associated with poverty and overcrowding.In the developed world increasing prosperity, universal immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious disease. However, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms and diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ,avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have emerged. In the developing world successes such as the eradication of smallpox have been balanced or outweighed by the new plagues. Infectious diseases cause nearly 25% of all human deaths. Two billion people one-third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis (TB),500 million people catch malaria every year, and 200 million are infected with schistosomiasis. 39.5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 4.3 million new HIV infections in 2006 (65% in sub-Saharan Africa). The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) hope to be achieved by 2015. These are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction in child mortality,improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,malaria and other diseases, ensuring environment sustainability and developing global partnership for development. DEFINITION INFECTION An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infections...
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