...pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, and also noted that when it went awry it did so obviously, unlike methods which could be subtly incorrect. While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose public distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space.[50] John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project, when ENIAC was being modified to contain a stored program. Since the modified ENIAC was fully functional by 1948 and the EDVAC wasn't delivered to Ballistics Research Laboratory until 1949, one could argue that ENIAC was the first computer to use a stored program. John von Neumann also designed the instruction set for the modified ENIAC, and he should be given credit for this. The stored program version of ENIAC ran 6 times slower, but it was still entirely I/O bound, and...
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...their traumatic memories to their children, and how these memories consequently become an integral part of their lives and their identities. Indeed, biographies and psychoanalytical research have proven that many descendants of Holocaust survivors display psychological symptoms similar to those of their parents, despite the fact that they were born many years after the Holocaust. Although many critics insist that postmemory does not qualify as actual memory because the children have not lived through the Holocaust themselves, postmemory is indeed a legitimate form of memory. Furthermore, when compared to memory, postmemory is equally traumatizing and painful. Although postmemory is a frequent theme in many works from and on the second generation, its validity is still debated. Hirsch first defines the term as the relationship between the second generation and the memories they inherit from their parents by means of stories, images and behaviors among which they grew up. Karein Goertz, in her essay “Transgenerational Representations of the Holocaust: From Memory to ‘Post-Memory’” also describes postmemory as “a hybrid form of memory that distinguishes itself from personal memory by generational distance and from history by a deep personal connection” (33). Indeed, the prefix “post” in postmemory powerfully captures its essence as an aftermath, a temporal delay and characterizes its disconnectedness from the real sequence of events, setting it apart from the real memory of the survivors...
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...this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system. Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output. Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of...
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...A Look into the Human Memory Process Jasmin Chopper American Intercontinental University Abstract The memory process is comprised of different aspects which a person uses to acquire, retain, store, and later retrieve information. There are different systems of the memory process that are in charge of different types of memories. A stage model is used to help better understand the 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long- term memory. There are ways to help one improve the process of information flowing into the next stage of memory. Some factors contribute to a person’s inability to properly retrieve information as well as cause a person to forget information. Memory is a complex process that pertains to more than just looking at an object and remembering what you saw. A Look into the Human Memory Process The human memory is a process in which we use to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. Memory has to deal with different systems that are in charge of different types of memories (Sayre, 2011). A way of understanding more about memory would be to look at the stage model of memory, which is often used to explain the basic structure as well as function of memory. The model was initially proposed by Atkinson and Shiffron in 1968, this theory outlines 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory where sensory information from...
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...Nt1210 Mind Map Research Paper A Mind Map is a tool used to entice, delight, stimulate and challenge a person. The person will discover some astonishing facts about their brain and its function, and they will take the first major steps on the path to freedom of the mind when they are trying to solve a problem. A mind map takes the ideas that are in a person or group’s mind and organizes them into a logical way to solve problems. A mind map can be compared to a map of a city. The city center represents the main idea; the main roads leading from the center represent the key thoughts in your thinking process; the secondary roads or branches represent your secondary thoughts, and so on (Buzan). Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as "rough notes" during a lecture or meeting, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Diagrams that visually map information using branching and radial maps trace back centuries. These pictorial methods record knowledge and model systems, and a long history in learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking, and problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists, and others. Some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed by Porphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. Philosopher Ramon Llull (1235–1315) also used such techniques (Willis). A mind map contains that following 5 elements. The main idea, subject or focus...
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...Stewart, 2015). However, just because a historical event or social movement may transform policy, it doesn’t necessarily shift individual attitudes. Perpetrators and victims of historical injustice often view events differently because they have different incentives for acknowledging the past. People who benefit from inequality tend to distance themselves and blame the victims, while the victims attempt to preserve memories of past atrocities (Perlman et al., 2015)....
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...Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, degenerating disorder that affects the brain cells. It is NOT a normal part of aging and it is also not something that happens inevitably in later life. The disease was named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician in 1906, after he had performed an autopsy on the brain of a dead woman who had experienced severe memory loss, confusion and difficulty understanding questions and found dense deposits around her nerve cells. It is the most common type of dementia, which is a progressive dysfunction of the brain which results in a restriction of daily activities. A lot of kids grow up being first introduced to this disease in their grandparents or older people in their...
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...Research the Westwood online library and/or other sources and prepare a written assignment addressing the early research into the addictive nature of alcohol by E.M. Jellinek. At a minimum your paper should be 250 words or more and should address, but is not limited to the importance of his research, and how his research affected or set the stage for alcoholic treatment programs. Suggested resources: Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics by E.M. Jellinek, Sc.D. Alcoholism in San Francisco by Babow, Watts, Auerback, and Callaway An Overview of Alcoholism Research by J. Fox Alcoholism, a Genus and Some of Its Species by E.M. Jellinek, Sc.D. The Withdrawal Syndrome in Alcoholism by E.M. Jellinek, Sc.D. Prepare an APA formatted reference page citing the resource(s) used to conduct your research. Discussion points to assist with your assignment... Theories differ greatly as to the cause of drug abuse and alcoholism. The medical model theory suggests that much of a person’s behavior is based on a biological predisposition. This means inappropriate behavior is based on a biological dysfunction. Therefore, all drug abuse cannot be avoided, and some people are born with a propensity to abuse chemicals. With that as a basis, it’s only logical that we would look at substance use disorders (SUD) as treatable only through counselors and other mental health physicians and not treatable as a disease. Another theory considers alcoholism to be a disease and therefore...
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...Rosemarie Stanislaus Term Paper August 1, 2014 The Quest for the Historical Jesus INTRODUCTION Over the centuries scholars from around the world have written a lot about religion, its meaning, relevance and contribution to humanity. There have been many speculations upon the nature and historical background of Jesus Christ. Many scholars have tried to dig into the few clues as to His identity and come up with a human side to which we can all relate. The study of Christianity and how it relates to Jesus Christ is very important to the whole world. Concerning the issue of Christianity, for example, the majority of people are taught in most schools and churches that Jesus Christ was an actual historical figure and that the only controversy regarding him is that some people accept him as the Son of God and the Messiah, while others do not. While the historicity of Jesus is the most debated subject in the field of religion today, the most enduring and profound controversy in this subject is whether or not Jesus Christ really existed. This paper will discuss who Jesus is, the controversy and biblical sources based on the views of scholars surrounding the historicity of Jesus. Finally, this paper will give Biblical evidence that Jesus existed. WHO IS JESUS? It is generally accepted that Jesus was truly a man who walked the earth 2000 years ago. Almost every religion teaches that Jesus was a prophet, excellent teacher or a Godly man. The...
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...to lead but not to seek power as an end in itself); honesty and integrity; self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability); cognitive ability; and knowledge of the business. (Lock, 1991) The point here is that being a leader can not be simply assigned, as to effectively function as a leader one must possess many or all of these required traits. What interests me is the question of whether or not people are actually born leaders, or is it simply a book that people read and learn on their own. The purpose of my research paper is to better understand this question. Are the best leaders born or taught? It’s quite possible that all of the skills of a leader are naturally ingrained into an individual thought process. An example that could relate to this might be a child that learns to play an instrument by ear rather than being taught. From my earliest memories as a child in pre-school and into kindergarten I have very vivid memories of having a desire to be in charge, or lead the other children. This transpired into me always deciding what game was best to be played or the best order in which we should do things. I cannot make such a bold claim nor do I have personal proof that leaders are born, but ever since my childhood I have had a strong determination to lead people. At some of the...
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...Verbal Learning Paper Types of learning abound. As a result, people apply different kinds of methods that are appropriate for them during learning process. Various learning approaches showcase how a learner commences the efforts of gripping, processing, focusing on, and sustaining current and challenging information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler, and Rohrer, 2008). The study of memory and learning is synonymous with Ebbinghaus, Herman. The earliest scientific approach to the study of memory in 1885 by Herman Ebbinghaus gave impetus to some techniques used by psychologists to assess learning methods. This paper shall examine the concept of verbal learning. Compares and contrasts serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall. It will also explore the concept of mnemonics in the recall of verbal stimuli. The Concept of Verbal Learning The concept of verbal learning is associated with Herman Ebbibghaus’ (1885) scientific research on memory. This scientific exploration and breakthrough illuminates the impact of explicit independent features on learning first the verbal learning items or objects. The concept of verbal learning relates to some learning techniques propounded by Ebbinghaus. The techniques include serial learning, (e.g., the list of words), and nonsense syllables ( consant-vowel-consant, e.g., LoJ, TAQ). These techniques also gave hunch to many experimental events and controls for meaning. This verbal learning tends to reflect. Verbal learning simply depicts...
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...From the Abacus to the PC: A Selective History of the Computer Thousands of years ago, the abacus was invented; it was this seemingly simple device that aided a human with calculations, which would be used as the conceptual model to build the computer. Looking back, one of the earliest instances of computer technology in action was not found in a computer at all but in a loom. The Jacquard loom, patented in 1804, was programmed by punched cards to create patterns in woven cloth (Keats 72). Charles Babbage, the English mathematician and many others would eventually use punch cards to program the computers they developed. The computer has taken many forms through the ages, and it would not be until almost 100 years later that the first fully electronic computer, the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC), would be developed, ushering in the age of electronic computing. The earliest computing device known, the abacus, a tool for counting and calculating, was invented thousands of years ago, and it consisted of beads on a frame whose numerical value was indicated by their position on the frame (Fernandes). In addition to being beads on a frame, an abacus was a stone or an area on the ground with grooves in which pebbles were placed and then manipulated for calculating. The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used (“Abacus”). The abacus used the biquinary numbering system, a numbering system used in some early computers...
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...PSYCH/550 April 30, 2012 Dr Terri Edwards Verbal Learning Types of learning abound. As a result, people apply different kinds of methods that are appropriate for them during learning process. Various learning approaches showcase how a learner commences the efforts of gripping, processing, focusing on, and sustaining current and challenging information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler,& Rohrer, 2008). The study of memory and learning is synonymous with Ebbinghaus, Herman. The earliest scientific approach to the study of memory in 1885 by Herman Ebbinghaus gave impetus to some techniques used by psychologists to assess learning methods. This paper will examine the concept of verbal learning. Compares and contrasts serial learning paired associate learning, and free recall. It will also explore the concept of mnemonics in the recall of verbal stimuli. The Concept of Verbal Learning The concept of verbal learning is associated with Herman Ebbibghaus’ (1885) scientific research on memory. This scientific exploration and breakthrough illuminates the impact of explicit independent features on learning first the verbal learning items or objects. The concept of verbal learning relates to some learning techniques propounded by Ebbinghaus. The techniques include serial learning, (e.g., the list of words), and nonsense syllables (consant-vowel-consant, e.g., LoJ, TAQ). These techniques also gave hunch to...
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...Abstract: This term paper presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: The advent of microprocessor and strides in integrated circuit technology improved the performance of computer system at roughly 35% per year. Mass production of lower cost microprocessors has increased the share of microprocessor based computer in the market. This new architecture of microprocessor based computers has become a true success after two major changes in computer marketplace. One is elimination of programming at the assembly language level which eliminated the need for object-code compatibility. So any architecture could reuse the source code written in higher level languages. The second is the creation of standardized vendor-independent operating systems like UNIX and its clones like Linux which lowered the cost and risk of bringing out a new architecture. The open standard of systems eased the new computer architecture introduction. The above improvements helped evolve computer architecture from general microprocessor based architecture to a new set of architectures called RISC architectures. RISC stands for Reduced...
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...Lenora-Maria Casso ENG 101 Research Paper Romare Bearden African American Arties This artist has brilliant works of art that uses many types of mediums and showing figures of African Americans and others by combining different kinds of images, using oil paints, and also water colors he did when he lived on Island of St. Martin, he use’s collage materials to show us the world thought his eyes,” Bearden is one of Americas greatest Artists” (Romare Bearden His Life and Art) cover page. “He was born on September 2, 1911 the only child of Bessye and Howard Bearden in his grandmother home at 401 South Graham Street, Charlotte, North Carolina”. Due to the prejudice of the South and Jim Crow laws plus the lack of professional opportunities, for young blacks his father moved the family to New York City when he was three years old. Romare family had it very tuff times moving back and front out of New York, but they ended up in a stable apartment in Harlem in 1920. It was hard times for black people then and finding work was very difficult for his parents (Romare Bearden His Life and Art) page 15, 17, 20. Bessye his mother who had a college education got a job working for New York City school board and was the first black women to have that position. And she also was a correspondent at the Chicago Defender, a social club of the community. So she expected her son to do very well in school. But Harlem school were changing everyday with more black moving up from...
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