...economic and ecological areas, as well as the physical environment in which a child is raised, influenced by neighborhood location, home life and educational facilities. Lorraine Maxwell, associate professor of design and environmental analysis at Cornell University defines these environments as "settings where a person spends a great deal of time and establishes important relationships." (Ulrich 12) When combined, these factors directly and indirectly influence the physical and emotional development of children. Negative impacts of environment on early upbringing have been shown to affect many areas, including behavior and academic performance, social and emotional issues, as well as actual physical development of the brain. Urie Brofenbrenner defined this relationship between development and the environment in his "Proposition 1" which went on to say, "especially in its early phases, and to a great extent throughout the life course, human development takes place through processes of progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between an active, evolving biopsychological human organism and persons, objects, and symbols in its immediate environment." (Brofenbrenner 38). In this early work Brofenbrenner explains the ecological model of human development, and his Proposition 1 explains the importance of the environment in the process of early human development. The Urban Child Institute states “A child’s early home environment has a profound effect on his well-being.” and goes...
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...Second Edition DANIEL A. WREN The University of Oklahoma JOHN WILEY AND SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto CONTENTS PART ONE EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3 A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet. The Social Facet. The Political Facet. P eople, Management, and Organizations: The Human Being. Organizations and Management. MANAGEMENT BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 15 Management in Early Civilizations: The Near East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece. Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. T he Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE The Industrial Revolution in England: The Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Factor of Production. M anagement Problems in the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Motivation. Management Functions in the Early 42 Xll CONTENTS Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker. Child and Female Labor. MANAGEMENT PIONEERS IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius: The First Computer. Analyzing Industrial Operations. Andrew Ure:...
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...Genesis of Humankind.” this part of the book is thirteen pages that are divided into six subsections evenly. The focus of this critique will center on how tone, voice, language, and structure is used to argue that Africa has been considered the cradle for humankind. This chapter focused on a few major points. The first point was that physical environments play an important role in determining the course of human development. In Africa, humans have been able to change the physical environment an the way the environment impacts society. The next point shown was that Africa is a huge continent of human and geographic diversity. This diversity contributes to a greater diversity in society and cultures. The third point was that Africa was the cradle of humankind not only for early ancestors but also for modern day. Evidence have been found by scientists that show that the early evolution of humankind was locate din Africa. The physical environment played a crucial role in the early human evolution. Humans also contribute to the environment change by constantly interacting with it. Humans have altered the constraints of the environment and human society is vastly different today. This relationship is now also more complex than it was a...
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...Humans belong to the species Homo sapiens, which is a member of the subgroup Homininin (Rasmussen, 1993). Along with chimpanzees and gorillas, humans belong to the subfamily Homininae. Fossil evidence and genetic studies show that humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor dating back millions of years ago (Rasmussen, 1993). Four trends led to major evolutionary changes and the development of Homo sapiens. The Hall of Human Origins is an exhibit at the National Museum of History that summarizes the changes that sets us apart as humans. The path to becoming human began 1.8 million years ago when our ancestors started to walk upright. The first major change to occur was the development of a bipedal structure. Initially our early ancestors walked on four legs while on the ground and climbed trees. Changes in anatomy such as reshaping the hips, skull, and lower limbs resulted in an upright body, longer stride, efficient gait, and the ability to run (Blaxland and Dorey, 2012). The second major change occurred when human ancestors developed shorter jaws and smaller teeth. The canines became shorter and rounded and the less protruding jaw allowed the face to become more vertical and proportionate (Blaxland and Dorey, 2012). One of the more significant changes that occurred was the development of a larger brain size. Early on about 3 million years ago the brain size of our early ancestors was very similar to the modern chimpanzee. The dramatic change in size led to...
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...Basic concepts in nursing science School of Nursing Medical University March, 2005 Introduction 1. Definition of nursing science 2. Four basic concepts that affect and determine the nursing practice (1) Human being (2) Environment (3) Health (4) Nursing Human being 1. The human being is a uniform whole （entirety） (1) Concept of a whole (2) The uniform whole of human being 1) Physiological 2) Psychological 3) Social 4) Spiritual 5) Cultural 3. The human being is an open system (open whole) (1) Close system (2) Open system 4. The scope of human being in nursing (1) Individual (2) Family (3) Community (4) Society Basic goal of human being: To maintain the balance of organism 1) Balance among subsystems of an organism 2) Balance between organism and its environment (internal environment and external environment) 2. Basic need of human being (1) Definition of basic need 1) Need 2) Basic need of human being (2) Types of basic need 1) Physiological need 2) Social need 3) Affective need 4) Cognitive need 5) Spiritual need (3) Characteristics of basic need 1) Approximately same basic need 2) The importance of each need for each person is different 3) All the basic needs are interconnected and interactive (4) Factors that affect meeting needs ...
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...Critical Review Introduction Humans have been known to have different personalities and the differences in perception, mindset and behaviors are caused by divergent experiences. The classical psychological theory of Freud argues that humans tend to develop their personalities in the early five years of the lives and continue to strengthen it as they grow old. However, people do change with the passage of time (Blatt, McDonald, Sugarman, & Wilber, 1984). The changes in personality occur in response to external environment but these modifications are superficial in nature and therefore, they do not last long and the basic personality will emerge once external forces are removed. The Psychodynamic and Humanistic theories of personality are intertwined and interdependent. The abovementioned frameworks are joined because basic personality development can be influenced by the environment. In simple terms, an apparently bad person can be converted into a good one with the help of offering supportive behaviors. The support groups that render help to addicts, criminals and prisoners are there in order to ascertain likeness towards positive behaviors in people who demonstrated negative attitudes in the past. The philosophy of support group is developed on the basis of a belief that humans respond to their immediate environments and tend to win the legitimacy of their actions from the society. The theory of Humanism is of the view that humans are basically good and they become...
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...Human development has been and would continue to be a very complex process; from birth to death. Human development spans a broad range of human endeavor that has attempted to understand why human beings to the things they do, grow the way they do, and the potential of human beings. There has been an ongoing debate whether human development is impacted by nature or nurture. If the growth of the individual were to be guided by nature, the individual would take the position that all or most of its behaviors and characteristics are the result of genetics inherited from their parents (Colella, 2013). Meaning that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical...
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...Professional Moral Compass Ethics, a branch of philosophy refers to the values for human conduct, considering the rightness and wrongness of actions and motives. As nursing profession is an integral part of the health care environment, the nursing ethics provides the insight to the values and ethical principles governing nursing practice, conduct, and relationships. The Code of Ethics for Nurses, adopted by the American Nurses' Association (ANA) is intended to provide definite standards of practice and conduct that are essential to the ethical discharge of the nurse's responsibility (American Nurses Association, 2012). A nurse cultivates personal ethics through personal, cultural and spiritual values which becomes a moral compass for their professional ethics. Personal ethics in combination with the code of ethics often assist the nurses in personal and social decision making during ethical dilemma. This ability prompts them to better respond to needs of the suffering patient and their own well-being. This paper will discuss the personal, cultural, and spiritual values contributing to nurses’ individual worldview and philosophy of nursing and the moral and ethical dilemma being faced in this profession. Values Contributing to Individual’s Worldview and Philosophy of Nursing Born in a Christian middle class South Indian family, the strict traditional values helped to embed the concept of service, trust, respect, integrity and responsibility through family, friends, education...
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...evidence of the human evolution. Within Biological Anthropology, evolution is observed as the change of humans and human ancestors over time. These changes that occur do not take place over night, nor do they happen over a decade. It takes thousands of years to produce changes in an organism to the effect that it would be classified as evolution. Physical Anthropologists study the remains of Hominins and other ancestors of humans to discover the link that connects us all. They also study other creatures to compare them to humans in an effort to understand where humans come from and what makes us human (Gonder, 2013). One way that Physical Anthropologists have found links of evolution from early Humans and Neanderthals is through dental evidence found and investigated by Professor Alan Mann. He concluded that modern humans did in fact evolve from Neanderthals by finding links in the dental history of each species. Though his evidence is disputed by some, like any other scientific evidence, there have been some that support him and have come to the same conclusion of the relationship between Humans and Neanderthals. One piece of evidence that supports his theory is from a group of researchers from Germany that came to the conclusion in May 2010 “ based on DNA analysis, that Neanderthals and humans had mated, and 1 to 4 percent of the human genome of non-Africans today came from Neanderthals” (Patel, 2011). Mann goes on to say that through his research of human evolution, Evolution...
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...of the environment on human experiences, behaviors, and the well-being of the individual. An important milestone in the development of environmental psychology was during the early 20th century when scholar Hellpach introduced the term environmental psychology and began to study the different environmental stimuli and its effect on human activities. The topics presented by Hellpach are considerable, yet too early to speak of environmental psychology as an independent field. An important milestone in the development of environmental psychology occurred in 1902 with the analysis of culture and the nervous system, presented by Wundt’s student, Willy Hellpach. In 1911, Hellpach continues his studies with the publication of Geopsyche in which he analyzes the effects of climatic and geographical differences at the macro, mezzo, and micro levels. Furthermore, Hellpach’s writings within Geopsyche, explain the effect of the sun and the moon and its relationships towards people’s activities; the effect of color and form; the effect of extreme environments; the effect of urban microclimates, etc. Hellpach believes the goal of studies in environmental psychology should not be “artificially individualized psychic life” but rather “the psyche in as far as it depends on its factual environment” (Hellpach, 1924: 110). Brunswik and Lewin are known to be the ‘founding fathers’ of environmental psychology. Their ideas consist of the interactions between the physical environment and psychological...
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...Nature vs. Nurture There is an issue that has been conferred upon by philosophers in the past and still so by scientists today. This issue is whether heredity or environment plays a greater role in the determining or shaping of an individual's behavior. It is known as the nature versus nurture debate. Numerous generations before us have deliberated on the reasons behind the development of human behavior. There have been many theories formulated to explain why humans behave the way they do. The surviving theories for behavior derive from physiological and sociological explanations. However, the two explanations have not always been compatible with each other. The famous nature vs. nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological (nature) and sociological (nurture) explanations. Throughout history, research has swayed popularity back and forth between the theories. Yet, theorists have broken down the line separating nature and nurture. As of today, people utilize both explanations to explore human behavior. Way before our time, early philosophers endeavored to understand the human behavior. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. Plato believed behavior and knowledge was due to innate factors. Author Fiona Cowie states, "The claim that the character of our mental furniture is to...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Marie A. Hines PSY/103 March 12, 2012 Colleen Donald Lifespan Development and Personality Early childhood development can be affected by a number of factors, and it is impossible to underestimate the immense importance of the early development of children. Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development contributed to the understanding of personality development throughout the lifespan. The lifespan development of human being involves the psychological and genetic alterations from the birth and end of the life. The progress of life is highly influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors involving the different aspects related to physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Erik Erikson felt as if middle age children between the ages of six and twelve is where they begin to develop the mental skills needed in later years.“Elementary school-aged children, who succeed in learning new, productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior)” (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). The phase of physical development of a child is classified as gross motor skills development and fine motor skills development. Hereditary factors play an important role in the physical growth and characteristics development of the child in the middle...
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...Jeffrey Domond Biology 112 Human Origins Around six or seven million years ago in Africa, our first members of our human family the Hominidae was created in Africa. During through the six or seven million years ago, they spent much of their time in trees, like there close relatives the primates. Once the early hominids went on ground they stood and walk on two feet. That separated them and the primates. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa more than 150,000 years ago. To understand the history on how did human evolved and how they adapt to their setting. Scientist relies on evidence including fossils, artifacts, and DNA analysis. By understanding these clues and exploring the data it is clear how much we are evolved from one period to the next. In the exbiht Human Origins at the Natural History Museum fossils and DNA gave clues about the earliest members of the human family. Humans were thought to be most related to chimpanzees and bonobos. But the DNA of humans and chimpanzees is 98% the same and 2% different. Many scientists believed the 2% occurred when hominids evolved from living in trees to adapted living on the ground. DNA is considered the identifying mark of a living system such as the human evolution tree. The DNA code is complex in its basic structure. DNA is a double helix structure molecule. It’s like a long ladder and twisted into a spiral structure. DNA molecules are sugar and phosphate forms the sides of the ladder. DNA has four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine...
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...hominid is defined as ‘modern human and African apes and their direct ancestors. The term previously referred to humans and human ancestors only, under a phonetic taxonomy.’ The earliest well-accepted hominin is the Australopithecus, or Southern ape. Fossils, dated to 4.2 to 2.5 mya have been found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Chad and South Africa. From these fossils, we know that these early humans walked fully upright on two legs, known as bipedalism. These early humans showed prognathism, the jutting forward of the lower face and jaw area, they also had pointed canine teeth like that of apes. They had the brain size of chimps, about 480 ml, and weighed about 105 pounds on average. They also had long and heavily muscled arms and relatively shorter legs. These early hominins looked like apes, except they walked bipedally. Microscopic analyses of their teeth indicate a mixed vegetable diet of fruits and leaves. The fossil skeleton of ‘Lucy’ is an example of Australopithecus. The adaptive themes of bipedalism, large brains, complex social organizations, and tool technology were established during this period. The first hominin feature to evolve was bipedalism, millions of years before the development of our big brains. The evolution of bipedalism with the retention of long, strong, and powerful shoulders and arms was an adaptation to living in an environment of both arboreal (forested) and terrestrial (plains) areas, giving our early ancestors great adaptive flexibility...
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...determines human behavior has been going on for many years now, is it nature or nurture? The broad scope of human behavior has compelled researchers across various fields to systematically analyze what compels individuals to act the way they do. Is human behavior encoded in genetics or does it evolve by way of individual experience and environment. Through the review of recent empirical data across these various fields it is clear that both nature and nurture plan an important role in the development of human behavior. Subsequently multidirectional models have emerged with a mounting emphasis on how nature and nurture act independently in addition to collectively each forever shaping the other. Together Nature and Nurture Shape Human Behavior. The discussion concerning the appropriate significance of genetics and environment in human behavior has been around for quite a long while. This topic has generated massive attention, throughout the years, gaining numerous supporters on both sides of the debate. This attention essentially, has lead to some of the most remarkable psychological discoveries in recent years. The terms nature and nurture can be traced back to13th century France, expressed by Francis Galton in 1874 (Nature versus nurture, 2011). The term nurture in refers to the manner in which behavior is shaped by culture and environment. It builds its foundation on John B. Watson's theory of behaviorism, which suggests that human behavior is...
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