...Anticlines are folds that arch upward, with older rocks in the center and younger rocks on the outside. What is Geology? The science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing. Why is geology important? An important part of geology is the study of how Earth's materials, structures, organisms, and the processes acting upon them, have changed over time. By studying geology, we can better understand the nature and probable consequences of the many events that the future holds for Earth and its inhabitants (especially humans). What are some benefits of geology? Geology is used in all sorts of ways to benefit man. Minerals exploration; petroleum exploration; groundwater exploration; volcanic hazard prediction; identifying safe localities for dams, or for disposal of hazardous waste; in engineering - for roads and foundations; remote sensing is also used in many applications; These are just a few examples of benefits from geological science. What are Plate Tectonics? In geology, a theory that the Earth's lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle) is divided into a number of large, plate like sections that move as distinct masses. The movement of the plates is believed to result from the presence of large convection cells in the Earth's mantle, which allows the rigid plates to move over the relatively plastic asthenosphere. The...
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...scientists. At first scientists, including Wegener only compiled a small amount of evidence supporting this theory. However, scientists have now composed a more accurate and reliable hypothesis about the movement of all contents as well as the forming of several of the Earth’s geographical features, such as earthquakes, volcanos, tsunamis and mountain ranges. The scientific...
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...GEOGRAPHY STYUDY GUIDE William Morris Davis- father of American geography, Light year- a unit of distance equal to the distance that light travels in one year Terrestrial planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, The terrestrial planets in our Solar System are also known as the inner planets because these planets are the four closest to the Sun. Jovian planets- known as gas giants. There are four Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. These four planets also comprise the outer planets. Solar systems- comprises the Sun and its planetary system of eight planets Rotation- when a planet or moon turns all the way around or spins on its axis one time. The axis of rotation is an imaginary line going from the north pole to the south pole. Revolution- earth goes around the sun once a year Tropic of Cancer- also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith Tropic of Capricorn- It is the southernmost point on Earth where the sun's rays can be directly overhead at local noon. It is also one of the five major circles of latitude dividing the Earth Contour lines- a line on a map or chart joining points of equal height or depth Often shortened to contour The weather elements- Insolation- is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area and recorded during a given time Electromagnetic spectrum- is the range...
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...5 Themes Essay The 5 themes of geography are Movement, Region, Human Environment interaction, Location, and Place. These can be described and remembered using the acronym MR.HELP. The 5 themes show us how geography can connect to both our community, and other parts of the world. The first theme in MR.HELP is movement. According to http://maps.unomaha.edu/workshops/career/fivethemes.html , movement is how humans interact on earth. Movement is evident in my life through my neighbors, because we all identify with separate cultures. When we get together for block parties and such, I'm exposed to many foods and traditions from their diverse cultures. A theme outside of the US is the movement of Syrian refugees to Europe. Refugees are suffering from a loss of hope, due to deepening poverty and...
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...Solved Assignment 2013 Free Foundation Course in English-2 (FEG-02) Assignment Course Code: FEG-02 Assignment Code: FEG-2/TM A/2012-13 Max. Marks: 100 All Questions are compulsory 1. Read the following passage and make notes in the appropriate formal. (15) 'The perpetual cycle of change which has created the face of the Earth, with all its rugged and Fascinating variety usually happens too slowly to be noticed. But occasionally it is rapid and Violent. Volcanoes disgorge molten lava, earthquakes rip open the landscape, landslides, carry away Whole mountainsides. Then human beings become aware of the awesome forces that are shaping Their planet. These forces are fuelled by three powerful sources of energy - heat from within the Earth, heat from the Sun, and the force of gravity. Every landform in the world has been shaped by these ttu.ee energy sources. 'the continents that drift across the surface of the globe, setting off volcanoes and earthquakes and Building mountains. are driven by heat from the Earth's interior which has a temperature of about 5000"C (9000'F). Most of this heat is created by the breakdown of radioactive elements. Earth is unique among the planets of the Solar System in having liquid water on the surface and water has a major role in shaping the planet. The warmth of the Sun evaporates water from seas and lakes. The vapor rises and condenses to form clouds and then falls again as rain and snow. It is then that its landscaping powers begin, weathering...
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...-43 power seconds ... if time is discreet. Further details: The smallest.. The orientation of a rocks magnetic field can tell you it's relative age. It depends on the context. In a.c. circuits, 'reverse polarity' describes a situation in which a device, such as a socket outlet, is wrongly wired -with the line and neutral conductors interchanged. The spreading of the sea floor comes from magma oozing up between the cracks between continental plates as lava. This lava subsequently cools rapidly and forms solid rock. The primitive atmosphere was mainly composed of CO2. However, with the emergence of life, this CO2 was reduced in photosynthesis and increased Oxygen. Now our atmosphere is mainly composed of Nitrogen. the tilt of the earth affects the earth's climate by when the north is tilted closer to the sun it is warmer and sunny for six months strait. but when the north is tilted away it is colder and dark.. These pollutants are sulfur dioxide, particulates (such as dust and smoke), carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead. These pollutants were regarded as the greatest danger to human health. Because criteria were established to limit their emission, these materials are sometimes referred to as "criteria pollutants. Plankton The...
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...Coriolis effect What is the Coriolis effect? Produces Coriolis effect force Attalah that affect the moving object on the surface of the rotor, such as the Earth. Has been described this effect for the first time in 1835 by the French scientist Gustav - Gaspard Coriolis. Affect Attalah force on the left side to the direction of motion, for the movement of rotation in a clockwise direction, and on the right side, for the movement of rotation in the counter-clockwise direction. The Coriolis effect leads to a virtual deviation in the path of moving objects in a straight line on the rotating coordinate system. In fact no actual body deviates from a straight line, but it seems also because of the movement of the surface actually below. Commensurate Coriolis force on the ground with the sine of the latitude at the site. Where such a force equal zero at the equator and reach the maximum at the poles. The method Merry Go-Round (Tempozan) of the best and simplest ways to get to know the amount of the Coriolis force and unique direction. Stand near the outer edge of the rotary swing slow rotation so that they are in the face of the middle of it, taking care to hold strongly in the bars every time. If you try to tilt forward in the direction of the center, you will feel a kind of side force - the Coriolis force. But commensurate amount of this force with speed Tempozan and tilt forward speed. Alternatively, try to roll the ball on the length of a quick swing rotation, as shown in...
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...A seismic tremor (otherwise called a shudder, tremor or quake) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, coming about because of the sudden arrival of vitality in the Earth's lithosphere that makes seismic waves. Quakes can extend in size from those that are weak to the point that they can't be felt to those sufficiently vicious to hurl individuals around and decimate entire urban areas. The seismicity or seismic action of a territory alludes to the recurrence, sort and size of quakes experienced over a time frame, Quakes are measured utilizing estimations from seismometers. The minute size is the most well-known scale on which tremors bigger than roughly 5 are accounted for the whole globe. The more various quakes littler than greatness 5...
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...deep space. b Humans mine coal. h Continents deflect ocean currents. k Winds generate waves. c Plants release oxygen. n A stream carves a canyon. l Fish live in oceans. e Asteroid impacts Earth. a 2. Describe how the intensity of sunlight (insolation) varies as a function of latitude. Insolation decreases with increased latitude. 3. How does insolation explain why the equator hotter than the poles? The sun shines on the equator 100% of the time. 4. What effect does tilting the Earth’s rotational axis have on the distribution of solar radiation (insolation)? It causes seasons. 5. Why it can be winter in the U.S. when it is summer in Australia? Because of the way the Earth tilts toward the sun. When it is summer in the US, it is winter in Australia. 6. At what latitude are direct rays hitting during each season in the U.S.? Spring Summer Fall Winter 0-23.5N 23.5N-0 0-23.5S 23.5S-0 7. What would happen to temperatures in Australia if Earth’s tilt angle increased during summer in the northern hemisphere and why? It would become much colder in Australia. 8. Compare and contrast compositional and mechanical boundaries in the Earth. The Earth has 3 compositional layers: 1. Crust-composed of silicate rock. There are 2 separate types: continental and oceanic. 2. The mantle: consisting of ultramafic silicate rock which can flow when subjected to long duration...
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...Outline I. Our place in the universe A. The modern view of the universe 1. The Sun is a star in our solar system that generates heat and light to our planet, Earth through nuclear fusion. 2. Our Milky Way galaxy is an island of stars in space with hundreds of billions of stars like our Sun. 3. The Big Bang is a theory of when the universe started expanding about 14 billion years ago. 4. The phase “looking out in the universe is looking back in time,” refers to the light from other stars we see at night happened in 1913 because light takes time to travel through space. B. Where are we in the universe? 1. Earth’s place in the solar system is the third planet nearest to the Sun, a star. It is very small but the only dense planet with life forms. 2. The nearest stars to the Sun and compare the distance between the Sun and Earth a. The nearest star system is Alpha Centauri that is 4.4 light-years away. b. The distance between the Earth, and the Sun is 92,600,000 miles; it takes eight minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. 3. The Milky Way galaxy is about one hundred thousand light-years in diameter. 4. It is estimated that one hundred billion stars are in our galaxy. 5. The Earth is only four and one-half billion years of age in comparison to the universe is 14 billion. C. Motion in the universe 1. Earth orbits the Sun at 66,000 miles per hour that is equal to 107,000 kilometers per hour, which is one hundred times faster than a speeding bullet. 2. Our Sun...
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...cyclical view of life and nature. (from The Bible Exposition Commentary: Old Testament © 2001-2004 by Warren W. Wiersbe. All rights reserved.) But this "cyclical" view of life was a burden to Solomon. For if life is only part of a great cycle over which we have no control, is life worth living? If this cycle is repeated season after season, century after century, why are we unable to understand it and explain it? Solomon pondered these questions as he looked at the cycle of life "under the sun," and he came to three bleak conclusions: nothing is changed (1:4-7), nothing is new (1:8-11), and nothing is understood (1:12-18). In this section, Solomon approached the problem as a scientist and examined the "wheel of nature" around him: the earth, the...
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...entirely around the sky above it. Every building is aligned with bright stars and specifically oriented to face the horizon where special events like the sunrise would occur. Many structures would additionally be designed with strategically placed windows that would effectively turn it into an observatory for viewing the rising and setting of certain constellations (Welser-Sherrill 2007). Egyptian pyramids and temples were similarly oriented, sometimes in relation to constellations that were significant to farming, and other times in relation to solstices or equinoxes. One Egyptian temple, El Karnak, was built in celebration of the Egyptian sun god, Re, the ‘bringer of light’. El Karnak was realigned every few hundred years to match the movement of stars because it was also a scientific instrument used to predict the length of a year with exceptional accuracy when aligned properly...
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...within the place visited. Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. "To provide accurate, orderly, and rational description and interpretation of the variable character of the earth surface." - Richard Hartshorne, 1959 Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography. Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and issues of : lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Physical geography can be divided into many following categories, including: | | | | Ecology | Climatology & Meteorology | Pedology | Hydrology & Hydrography | | | | | | Geomorphology | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Physical geography, or geomorphology, is the study of the shape and composition of the upper surface of the earth (Fairbridge 1968, McIntyre 1991). Geomorphology encompasses earth processes such as changes in sea level, erosion, formation of rivers and flood plains, coastal dynamics of wind, water, and sediments, and island formation, as well as other processes. Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism, because tourism is geographical in nature. Tourism occurs in places, it involves movement and activities between places and it is an activity in which both place characteristics and personal self-identities...
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...about scientific research and our society, even today? Copernicus release his theory of the heliocentric view while he was on his death bed. Primary reason for this was because of the Catholic’s church control on society at the time and the effects it would have on religious society stating that the earth was not the center of the universe. After Copernicus released his theory, other key astronomers that supported and advanced Capernicus’ theory included Galileo, Keppler, Brahe, and Newton. Galileo Galilei, a contributed to astronomy and physics, advanced the use of the telescope towards use in astronomy. because of his invention, and ability to view the planets and starts, he identified four of Jupiters moons, and the phases of Venus which directly supported Copernicus’ theory, that earth, like the other planets, revolved around the sun, and moons, revolved around their planets. Tyco Brahe, an astronomer, under the support of King Frederick the II, established an observatory on the Danish island of Hveen. The establishment of this observatory was critical for the next 20 years in establishing observations of the stars, and planets, and their distance to and from the earth. This research directly led to Kepler, who was Brahe’s last assistant when Brahe died in 1601. Johannes Kepler was Brahe’s assistant, in Brahe’s final days. Kepler then took over at the Observatory, and focused his study of Mars. This study, allowed Kepler to establish what is now knowns as Kepler’s...
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... During this movement the temperature rises as well as the air rises vertically and moves the poles wards into the upper atmosphere, this is known as Hadley Cell. Such is the reason for cells that dominate the tropics and also the sub-tropics. There is another cell involved which is the ferrel cell which is a mid-latitude cell of the atmospheric circulation. In this specific cell the air moves the poles towards the ear nearer to the surface and the equator while in the west direction at higher levels. The last cell asociated is called the polar cell. The polar cell makes heat rise and then spreads it out and it then travels towards the poles. The air spreads out from the polar high and the surface winds are easterly at the surface. If the air is circuated higher than the poles, the air may then drop and form a polar high. There is also the factor of solar equator which si the latitutde beneath the sun. the sun is positioned there vertically only at midday. The solar equator varies during the year because of our earth orbit. In more of the cold or polar areas the rays from the sun strike the earth in a slant and then less energy is delivered to the tropics. Seasonal variation in temperature and day length increases with latitude because of the rotation of the axis. Global temperature diffrentials happen to create winds and drives the atmospheric circulation. Atmospheric circulation is a huge movement of air where energy is distributes on the surface of the earth. From year to...
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