...Earth Science In my personal observation if you truly want to learn about science visit this section. There are so many things to learn in his one section that is hard to explain. I will start off by talking about mineral. Minerals are substances that occur naturally in the earth, are formed by physical (not biological) methods, and have characteristic chemical composition, physical properties and crystalline structures (though not necessarily visible crystals). Classification of Minerals are antimonates, vanadium oxysalts, tungstates amd molybdates, silicates, phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates, sulfosalts, halides, sulfates and chromates sulfides, carbonates, borates, nitrates and iodates. An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom. Among the over one-hundred known elements only about twenty are found not combined with other elements. Rocks are composed of one or more minerals. While a mineral is the same throughout, a rock is a mix, and can vary from part to part. Minerals form a variety of crystals like monoclinic, tetragonal, triclinic, hexagonal, isometric, orthorhombic system. Types of meteorites stony meterorites are made mostly of silicated minerals such as olivine and pyroxene (most common). Stony-iron meteorites are made of about equal amounts of silicate minerals and metal (least common). Iron- metorites are made almost entirely of metal-iron, nickel and cobalt (heavy metal). Meteorites come from out in space. Most meteorite are stony and...
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...Lecture note 1 Earth Science is the study of the Earth and its neighbors in space the four basic areas of Earth science study are: geology, meteorology, oceanography and astronomy. Geology deals with the composition of Earth materials, Earth structures, and Earth processes. It is also concerned with the organisms of the planet and how the planet has changed over time. Geologists search for fuels and minerals, study natural hazards, and work to protect Earth's environment Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and how processes in the atmosphere determine Earth's weather and climate Oceanography is the study of Earth's oceans - their composition, movement, organisms and processes. Astronomy is the study of the universe Lecture note 2. Earth in the Universe According to the Big Bang theory, the universe began about 13.7 billion years ago, when everything in the universe was squeezed into a very small volume, as described above. There was an enormous explosion—a big bang—which caused the universe to start expanding rapidly. All the matter and energy in the universe—and even space itself—came out of this explosion. some stars are actually grouped closely together in space. These small groups of stars are called star systems and larger groups of hundreds or thousands of stars are called star clusters. The biggest groups of stars are called galaxies. Galaxies are divided into three types according to shape: spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies, and irregular galaxies ...
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...Earth Science Jan 26, 2016 Summary – 3# * Recognize many events: * Ice houses * Hot houses * Mass extinctions? * Largest – end Permian – 252 Ma * Famous – K/T – 65 Ma * Largest Icehouse – Marinoan – 650 Ma K/T Event * Three theories * Missed boat * Sink the other boat * Bolide impact * Extraterrestrial signatures * Iridium anomaly * Shock quartz End Permian * Best archives * Brachiopods * Conodonts * Largest mass extinction * 90% of marine species * 70% of terrestrial species * Gradual * Sudden * Step-wise * Causes: extraterrestrial – terrestrial * Leading: anoxia and global warming * Major trigger – Serbian flood basalts * 1 – 2 Km thick * 6 million km3 (volume) * Transition in rocks full of diverse life to devoid (world-wide) * No Ir, No SQ Screening of archival material: * Visual inspection * Petrography * SEM (scanning electron microscopy) * CL (cathodoluminescence) * TE (trace elements) * SI (isotopes – carbon, oxygeb, strontium) * Sudden Event (geologic) * Onset: 1000 – 2000 years * Duration: -60000 years * Global warming: tropical seas >40 degrees Global change in seawater temperature – 1 degree (0.67/100 years) IPCC * -ALBEDO * Ice melting feedback * Peramfrost feedback Modern data collection: satellite (1985) Ground measurements...
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...deep space. b Humans mine coal. h Continents deflect ocean currents. k Winds generate waves. c Plants release oxygen. n A stream carves a canyon. l Fish live in oceans. e Asteroid impacts Earth. a 2. Describe how the intensity of sunlight (insolation) varies as a function of latitude. Insolation decreases with increased latitude. 3. How does insolation explain why the equator hotter than the poles? The sun shines on the equator 100% of the time. 4. What effect does tilting the Earth’s rotational axis have on the distribution of solar radiation (insolation)? It causes seasons. 5. Why it can be winter in the U.S. when it is summer in Australia? Because of the way the Earth tilts toward the sun. When it is summer in the US, it is winter in Australia. 6. At what latitude are direct rays hitting during each season in the U.S.? Spring Summer Fall Winter 0-23.5N 23.5N-0 0-23.5S 23.5S-0 7. What would happen to temperatures in Australia if Earth’s tilt angle increased during summer in the northern hemisphere and why? It would become much colder in Australia. 8. Compare and contrast compositional and mechanical boundaries in the Earth. The Earth has 3 compositional layers: 1. Crust-composed of silicate rock. There are 2 separate types: continental and oceanic. 2. The mantle: consisting of ultramafic silicate rock which can flow when subjected to long duration...
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...1. Title: EARTH SCIENCES 2. Course Name: Origin and Geology of the Solar System 3. Course number: 1086G 4. Student Name: 5. Student number: 6. Authors name: 7. Course: 8. Tutor: 9. Date: Introduction Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) can be defined as heavenly bodies or solar system objects that have been pulled gently by the gravitational force of the Earth bringing them close to into orbits and the Earth’s neighborhood. These NEOs include Near-Earth comets, Near- Earth asteroids, meteoroids and a few solar-orbiting spacecraft huge enough to be trailed in space before hitting the Earth. The collision of the NEOs in the past has had a significant part in shaping the biological and geological history of the Earth. Near-Earth asteroids (NEA) have orbits that rest between 0.983 to 1.3 astronomical units from the sun (Shapiro, 1999). Due to this the Earth’s orbit cross with some NEA orbits posing a collision danger. By 2012 August there were 848 Near-Earth asteroids that were larger than 1km and 154 of those had were potential hazardous asteroids (PHAs).Comets are mostly composed of ice water with engrafted dust particles. They are formed on the outer system of the planet. The asteroids are mainly rocky and are formed in the warmer inner solar system between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars (Bally, Reipurth 2005). Scientific interest in asteroids and comets is due to their status because they have unchanged debris from the solar system formation dated back to up to 4.6 billion years...
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...3rd Qt. Redemption Test 1. Which element, found in both biotite mica and muscovite mica, makes up the greatest percent by volume of Earth's crust? A) nitrogen C) potassium B) oxygen D) silicon 2. Which mineral can be found in all samples of rhyolite and andesite? A) pyroxene C) biotite B) quartz D) potassium feldspar 3. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The shaded areas on the map represent regions of the United States that have evaporite rock layers (layers of rock formed from the evaporation of seawater) under the surface bedrock. The cross section shows the generalized structure of the area in which the evaporite layers are found in New York State. These evaporite deposits could be composed of which minerals? A) garnet and pyroxene C) hornblende and olivine B) mica and feldspar D) halite and gypsum 4. What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 1.8 g/cm3 C) 6.1 g/cm3 B) 5.7 g/cm3 D) 12.2 g/cm3 Page 1 3rd Qt. Redemption Test 5. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. The luster of this mineral could be determined by A) using an electronic balance B) using a graduated cylinder C) observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineral D) observing what happens...
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...Trevino Geology 1301 M02 20 November 2015 Challenges in Earth Sciences: The 21st Century Extra Credit Report 1 LAB “Challenges in Earth Sciences: The 21st Century” introduces an Earth science perspective for the 21st century in an Indian outlook. The 21st century has brought many challenges for the Earth and the way it should sustain itself. This article describes how the human race will be challenged with the lack of raw materials and typical energy riches. India will soon be a region with a contributing increase in the demand of energy and other resources. Since India will also become the most populated region of the world, it will have to be responsible for the consequences the 21st century has brought. India is already working in experimenting to see if it can resolve this problem by coming up with innovating ideas of environmental technology and principles regarding the managing and utilization of resources. Earth sciences, including sudden climate change, will play an important role in leading human beings in making the discovery and ways of using resources a priority in our lives. Earth sciences will also teach society how to take the greatest advantage we can in consuming the resources that Earth gives to us. Earth observing tools, such as the satellites that are sent to the galaxy, simply demonstrate how Earth sciences are in constant development. These innovating tools will allow us to observe Earth from a closer level, as well as its way and reasons of constantly...
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...Week One - University of Phoenix Material Earth and Earth Materials Worksheet Part 1: Layers of the Earth • Complete the following diagram by identifying and naming Earth’s layers. Layers of the Earth [pic] • Write a 150-word summary or list that describes the basic attributes of the layers you listed in the diagram. The inner core is made of solid metal, mostly iron-nickel alloy. The outer core is made of the same substance, just molten. The outer core is about the same temperature as the surface of the sun, while the inner core is cooler, thus making it solid. Scientists have confirmed this by examining waves and how they pass through the layers. The next layer is the Mesosphere, made of hard dense rock. It lies just beneath the Asthenosphere with is liquid magma. It is a tar like substance that spews out of volcanoes. Above that is the Lithosphere which is weak brittle rock that makes up the crust of the earth. This basically floats on the lithosphere like a marshmallow on hot chocolate. This is how the plates on the earth move around by seismic activity, and how volcanic eruptions happen. The rock on the crust is brittle and easily formed into mountains or broken apart. Part 2: Rocks and Minerals Summary • Complete the following WileyPLUS® GeoDiscoveries®: Chapter 2- Ungraded • Minerals Drag-Drop • Density of Minerals • Silicate Links • Igneous Rocks and Silicates • Virtual Rock Lab Graded •...
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...Mr. Wedel, Room E102, 2012-2013 Web Site: Phone Number: Email: Office Hours: https://www.tracy.k12.ca.us/sites/kwedel/Pages/ClassInformation.aspx EARTH SCIENCE SYLLABUS 209-830-3360 ext 2509 kwedel@tusd.net Wednesday 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm or by arrangement Welcome to Earth Science – the study of the world around you. Our topics will include Astronomy (study of outer space), Geology (study of rocks, earthquakes, volcanoes and plate tectonics), Meteorology (study of the atmosphere, climate and climate change), and Oceanography (study of the oceans and water systems). This course will use hands-on experimentation, activities, and direct instruction. You will be enabled to learn the ‘how’ and ‘why’, not just the ‘what’ of science. I will show how Earth Science is relevant in your everyday life; you must provide the willingness to learn. MATERIALS Textbook: Bring to class everyday: Optional but useful: Earth Science, published by Holt (Please keep your textbook at home.) Composition Book and Science Binder/folder with paper - see below Pencil and/or Pen (dark blue or black ink only) Calculator, colored pens and/or pencils, scissors, ruler RULES AND EXPECTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arrive prepared to learn (mentally ready and equipped with the correct materials) Never prevent others from learning (inappropriate behavior or talking) Always follow safety rules during lab (prevent injures) Do not take or damage any classroom equipment Participate in class discussions...
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...Mr. Wedel, Room E102, 2012-2013 Web Site: Phone Number: Email: Office Hours: https://www.tracy.k12.ca.us/sites/kwedel/Pages/ClassInformation.aspx EARTH SCIENCE SYLLABUS 209-830-3360 ext 2509 kwedel@tusd.net Wednesday 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm or by arrangement Welcome to Earth Science – the study of the world around you. Our topics will include Astronomy (study of outer space), Geology (study of rocks, earthquakes, volcanoes and plate tectonics), Meteorology (study of the atmosphere, climate and climate change), and Oceanography (study of the oceans and water systems). This course will use hands-on experimentation, activities, and direct instruction. You will be enabled to learn the ‘how’ and ‘why’, not just the ‘what’ of science. I will show how Earth Science is relevant in your everyday life; you must provide the willingness to learn. MATERIALS Textbook: Bring to class everyday: Optional but useful: Earth Science, published by Holt (Please keep your textbook at home.) Composition Book and Science Binder/folder with paper - see below Pencil and/or Pen (dark blue or black ink only) Calculator, colored pens and/or pencils, scissors, ruler RULES AND EXPECTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arrive prepared to learn (mentally ready and equipped with the correct materials) Never prevent others from learning (inappropriate behavior or talking) Always follow safety rules during lab (prevent injures) Do not take or damage any classroom equipment Participate in class discussions...
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...The Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) at NASA Langley Research Center is responsible for the ingestion, archiving, and distribution of NASA Earth Science data in the areas of radiation budget, clouds, aerosols, and tropospheric chemistry. The ASDC specializes in atmospheric data that is important to understanding the causes and processes of global climate change and the consequences of human activities on the climate. In 2012, the ASDC facilitated the development of the first-ever strategic plan intended for fiscal year 2013 and beyond [4]. The 2013 Strategic Plan serves as a mission-focused plan with six defined goals. The first goal says: The ASDC will strive to expand beyond our existing customer base by increasing accessibility to a broader, worldwide market; through the use of innovative technologies, the ASDC will enhance data access capabilities and develop plans to share data with new user communities. Pursuant of this goal, the ASDC is piloting the use of new technologies to implement for enhanced data access capabilities for observing Earth’s climate. The technologies being explored and piloted include Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, which can be leveraged for planning, response, and awareness of climate change. The purpose of the pilot is to increase discoverability of and accessibility to the useful big science data held at the NASA’s ASDC. The growing GIS community can access ASDC data holdings in order to gain a better understanding...
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...frica’s East A Great Rift Valley: A Complex Rift System Journal Article Review Stephen Underwood, Instructor PHSC 210 Elements of Earth Science March 23, 2012 Introduction The East African Rift System (EARS) seems to be one of the most amazing geographic studies of the world. A rift can be defined as a split in the earth’s surface that becomes wider over time. In this case, the EARS has developed into two plates or branches, which have been named the Nubian Plate and the Somalian Plate. The two branches include a west branch, which consists of the African Great Lakes, and a nearly parallel east branch, which divides Kenya from north to south and enters Tanzania. Because the two branches have become so distinct, there is a common misconception that there is only a single rift in East Africa. However, geologists have discovered a series of rifts in Africa. Thus, the growing number of rifts has become of interest to many geologists and scientist. Brief Overview and Main Points In this article, James Wood and Alex Guth discuss the geographic and physical structure of the East African Rift System as well as the underlying causes of rift formation. The East African Rift (EAR) involves a fracture that has resulted in two branches-- a western branch, consisting of the East African Great Lakes, and an Eastern branch, dividing Kenya completely and entering Tanzania. The EAR has been grouped with other rifts, especially the Ethiopian rift, to form the East African Rift...
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...be rubbed off easily. The color of the rock is mostly white, with hints of red and black sediments. There are no visible crystals either, but there are a vast amount of grains seen throughout the rock. Mainly due to my observations, I believe that my rock is of a sedimentary origin. I believe this because of several details I made that help justify my classification. First off, the rock's texture is clastic, as there are many visible fragments. I can also tell that the grains in the rock are very fine, due to the fact that I would have to use a microscope to distinguish them. Sediments chip and fall off easily when rubbed against any surface, which proves the sediments and grain size is very small. I narrowed my search down in the Earth Sciences References Tables (ESRT). Looking at the ESRT, on page 7, I found that there are two tables with Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification. One table was categorized with the texture "clastic", which had to be what I was searching for. I narrowed my results down even further by distinguishing the grain sizes in the rocks. Conglomerate had rounded fragments, with bigger grain sizes than I had noticed. I moved on to breccia, which had...
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...[Type the company name] | Written Assignment 3 | Earth Science | | | | | Written Assignment 3 1. Describe the bathymetry of the ocean seafloor and how the features relate to plate tectonics. The term “bathymetry” originally referred to the ocean’s depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain. In the same way that topographic maps represent the three-dimensional features of overland terrain, bathymetric maps illustrate the land that lies underwater. The ocean has mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, canyons, and other structures. The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are 180 million years old. This is young compared with the oldest continental rocks, which date from 3.8 billion years ago. While the continental crust has been steadily accumulating throughout Earth’s history, it seems the oceanic crust is created and destroyed rather quickly. It is created at the mid-ocean ridges from hot material rising in the mantle, and then spreads away from the ridges, before eventually being recycled into the mantle at subduction zones. Continental crust is always less dense and more buoyant than oceanic crust, so where they meet, it is the oceanic crust that gives way, sinking (subducting) back into the mantle The boundaries of a tectonic plate may be divergent, convergent, or transform. At divergent boundaries, the crust is extended, thinned, and fractured by the upwelling...
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...Earth Science: Volcanoes Report by: Kenneth Ragragio What is Volcanoes? * Volcanoes are vents that allow lava, rock fragments and gases to escape from layers beneath the earth's surface. Learn how volcanoes form both on land and underwater and why they erupt. * Volcanoes are spectacular events and because of this, they have found their way into the plot of many Hollywood movies. While the movies have given most of us the vivid image of red-hot lava spewing out of the top of a towering volcano, they do not share the entire story of volcanoes Magma and Lava * So what exactly is a volcano? Well, it can be defined as a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. In other words, a volcano is the earth's way of letting off a little steam. * The super-heated particles that eject out of a volcano come from deep below the earth's surface where temperatures can become so hot that rock actually melts. Magma is the term used to describe this hot molten rock from deep within the earth. * A volcano begins to form when magma, which is less dense than the rock it originated from, rises toward the earth's surface. This liquid rock collects in chambers called 'magma chambers,' where pressure builds due to expanding steam and gases associated with the magma. As pressure reaches a peak within these chambers, magma finds its way through a vent or fissure in the earth's surface, resulting in a volcanic eruption and the expulsion...
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